The Particle Wave Duality Reviewed

The Next Wave TG: Vince Tan – IM Group biên dịch Trang 1 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN ĐT & PT IM – IM GROUP ĐC: 178/26 Đường D1, Phường 25, Quận Bình Thạnh, TP.HCM Tel: (08) 62 77 83 96 - 0907 253 168 Hotline: Ms Hiền (0906 842 925) - Ms Phương (090 866 3476) Email: info@imgroup.vn Website: www.imgroup.vn LU SN SÀNG CHO TH THÁCH MI! ,, Trong thi ca Internet hii ngày càng n mình thêm sau màn hình máy tính. Mt  ng mi ca xã hi ni bt lên là vic con i dành nhiu th   cho vic mua s và hong xã hi trên Internet . Nhng trang mng xã hi    Facebook, ngày càng ph bin và phát trin mnh m, tràn ngp s ng ng và say mê t kh gii, chim ly v trí du ca Google v s ng truy cp, Twitter tr c kt ni liên tc vi bn bè mi lúc m The Next Wave TG: Vince Tan – IM Group biên dịch Trang 2 Qua ri thi ca tin nhn SMS Twitter  chia s mi u, t tình hình công vic cho ti mi nhu cu gii trí khác Tin nhn s c chuyn ti tt c bn c i, ngay lp tc. Youtube, trang chia s video trc tuyn va k nim sinh nht ln th 5, hit quá 2 t t xem mi ngày ! Vi cách này, ngày càng nhic n bó vi coi c th k nay là TV! C tng phút trong 24 gi u có video mi post lên Youtubei thích vì sao mt phn ba dân s th gi là gii tr li lên Youtube thay vì xem TV! Nhng tng công ty ln thay nhau nh chi n hàng t -la vào ca hàng bán l trên mng. Nhng công ty hàng không, c hàng không giá r và sang tr     nhau bán vé qua mng, và vic bán vé qua mn chóng mMi có th mua vé qua mng và in vé ra trc tip. H không cn phi mt vong kt cng xe c và phi x ti quy mua vé. Nhng ca hàng bán l    Parkson , nhng n Starbuck , và công ty máy tính Dell t thành công trong vic s dng các mng xã h liên kt vi tiêu dùng th h tr     ng ca nhãn hiu. Nhng công ty không ho ng trên Ii mt vt bi và b lãng quên.  b lên hay b b li phía sau ? Câu h có th xí phn trong ming bánh tri ng cá nhân tìm ra con   thành nhng triu phú, thm chí là t phú ch n ngi. H ng tm  n. The Next Wave TG: Vince Tan – IM Group biên dịch Trang 3 Th i mi c    i th gi     các b   khong 10,000$ ti 200,000$ cho vic ly tm bi h ó bn có th ra làm vic và ki c t 3000$ ti 5000$ m   i Internet Marketing, mt khi bc k n thc chính xác, bn có th kim ra s tin i khác làm ra trong 1 tháng hay th trong 1 ngày ! ch và li nhun gt hái li t nhiu ! Tp chí Fortune i giàu nht th gii 40 tui và mt na trong s h bu s nghip t Internet ! Bao gm Micheal Dell (Nhà sáng lp công ty Dell) vi h thng tài sn lên ti 17.95 t USD, Pierre Omidyar (Nhà sáng lp Ebay) có tng tài sn lên ti 10.05 t USD, Sergey Brin và Larry Page (ng sáng l . Vi s phát trin ca Internet, bn s thy ngày càng nhiu nhng trang web có giá tr hàng trii tay các ông ch ch 17 tui! Nhng nhà trii 30 tui, h o dng s nghip trên Internet bao gm Mark Zuckeberg The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Particle-wave duality—the fact that all particles have wave properties—is one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics We first came across it in the treatment of photons, those particles of EM radiation that exhibit both particle and wave properties, but not at the same time Later it was noted that particles of matter have wave properties as well The dual properties of particles and waves are found for all particles, whether massless like photons, or having a mass like electrons (See [link].) On a quantum-mechanical scale (i.e., very small), particles with and without mass have wave properties For example, both electrons and photons have wavelengths but also behave as particles There are many submicroscopic particles in nature Most have mass and are expected to act as particles, or the smallest units of matter All these masses have wave properties, with wavelengths given by the de Broglie relationship λ = h / p So, too, combinations of these particles, such as nuclei, atoms, and molecules As a combination of masses becomes large, particularly if it is large enough to be called macroscopic, its wave nature becomes difficult to observe This is consistent with our common experience with matter Some particles in nature are massless We have only treated the photon so far, but all massless entities travel at the speed of light, have a wavelength, and exhibit particle and wave behaviors They have momentum given by a rearrangement of the de Broglie relationship, p = h / λ In large combinations of these massless particles (such large combinations are common only for photons or EM waves), there is mostly wave 1/8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed behavior upon detection, and the particle nature becomes difficult to observe This is also consistent with experience (See [link].) On a classical scale (macroscopic), particles with mass behave as particles and not as waves Particles without mass act as waves and not as particles The particle-wave duality is a universal attribute It is another connection between matter and energy Not only has modern physics been able to describe nature for high speeds and small sizes, it has also discovered new connections and symmetries There is greater unity and symmetry in nature than was known in the classical era—but they were dreamt of A beautiful poem written by the English poet William Blake some two centuries ago contains the following four lines: To see the World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour Integrated Concepts The problem set for this section involves concepts from this chapter and several others Physics is most interesting when applied to general situations involving more than a narrow set of physical principles For example, photons have momentum, hence the relevance of Linear Momentum and Collisions The following topics are involved in some or all of the problems in this section: • • • • • • • • Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion Work, Energy, and Energy Resources Linear Momentum and Collisions Heat and Heat Transfer Methods Electric Potential and Electric Field Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm’s Law Wave Optics Special Relativity 2/8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed Problem-Solving Strategy Identify which physical principles are involved Solve the problem using strategies outlined in the text [link] illustrates how these strategies are applied to an integrated-concept problem Recoil of a Dust Particle after Absorbing a Photon The following topics are involved in this integrated concepts worked example: Topics Photons (quantum mechanics) Linear Momentum A 550-nm photon (visible light) is absorbed by a 1.00-μg particle of dust in outer space (a) Find the momentum of such a photon (b) What is the recoil velocity of the particle of dust, assuming it is initially at rest? Strategy Step To solve an integrated-concept problem, such as those following this example, we must first identify the physical principles involved and identify the chapters in which they are found Part (a) of this example asks for the momentum of a photon, a topic of the present chapter Part (b) considers recoil following a collision, a topic of Linear Momentum and Collisions Strategy Step The following solutions to each part of the example illustrate how specific problemsolving strategies are applied These involve identifying knowns and unknowns, checking to see if the answer is reasonable, and so on Solution for (a) The momentum of a photon is related to its wavelength by the equation: h p = λ Entering the known value for Planck’s constant h and given the wavelength λ, we obtain 3/8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed p = = 6.63×10 −34 J ⋅ s 550×10–9 m 1.21×10 −27 kg⋅m/s Discussion for (a) This momentum is small, as expected from discussions in the text and the fact that photons of visible light carry small amounts of energy and ... 4. We had planned to go to France on our vacation, but we ________ ________ going to Spain instead. 5. Will you ________ ________! If we don't leave soon we're going to be late. 6. Mark hates his job, and he comes home every night and ________ it _______ ________ his family. 7. My doctor got the test results from the lab, and she ________ them ________ very carefully. 8. ________ your coat ________. It's cold outside. 9. Don't wait until the last minute to make your vacation airline reservations. You have to _______ ________. 10. The detective didn't believe that the gun had ________ ________ accidentally. 11. I hated my older brother when I was a kid. He always ________ ________ me. 12. How are we going to get $500 in two days? We need to ______ _____ a good plan. 13. I didn't understand everything the computer shop guy said, but it had something to ________ ________ memory. 14. Jim tries to answer every question the teacher asks. He's always_____ ______. 15. That meeting was so boring. It seemed like it was going to _____ _____ forever. 16. The police officer must be off duty; he doesn't ________ his uniform ________. 27. FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs with the particle off and the adverb right The particle off is used in many phrasal verbs to say that something is separated or removed: The cup handle broke. (The handle is broken, but it is still attached to the cup.) The cup handle broke off. (The handle is no longer attached to the cup.) Right, discussed in Section 19, is often used with these phrasal verbs to indicate that the action of the verb happened quickly: 202 He washed the dirt off. (The dirt was removed.) He washed the dirt right off. (The dirt was removed quickly.) Remember that right can be used in this way only after an object that separates the verb and the particle: He washed the dirt right off. Ho washed right off the dirt. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle bite off bite off & bites off biting off bit off bitten off 1. bite . off p.v. When you bite off something, you use your teeth to remove a piece. When you bite off more than you can chew, you agree to do something that you do not have the time or the ability to do. The lion bit off a huge piece of the zebra's flesh. You can't finish that huge project by tomorrow. I think you've bitten off more than you can chew. break off break off & breaks off breaking off broke off broken off 1. break . off p.v. When something breaks off or someone breaks something off, a part or smaller piece is separated from something larger by force. Jim broke off a piece of chocolate and gave it to his girlfriend. One of the arms broke off the statue when it fell off the pedestal. broken off part.adj. After something breaks off, it is broken off. The handle of the coffee cup is broken off. 1. break . off p.v. When you break off relations or contact with someone, you decide to end relations or contact with that person. The two countries broke off relations with each other. I was so angry at my in-laws that I broke off alt contact with them. dry off dry off & dries off drying off dried off dried off 1. dry . off p.v. When something dries off or you dry something off, water or other liquids that are on it evaporate. It 15. Bill was talking about moving to Florida or Hawaii, but I'm not sure where he finally ________ ________. 16. Someone told me that Sarah is in town, but I haven't ______ _______ her yet. 36. FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs with the particle down The particle down is used in many phrasal verbs and has many meanings. Down can be used to say that something literally moves from a higher position to a lower position or from north to south: Bob went down the ladder. His friends came down from Canada. Sit down; dinner is ready. that something decreases in size, intensity, quantity, or quality: Her fever has gone down to 100 degrees. The doctor gave her a sedative to calm her down. We've narrowed the list down to three choices. that something or someone is fought, defeated, or overpowered: Hank backed down when he saw my shotgun. The police cracked down on street crime. that something falls to the ground: The boy was running and fell down. The warehouse burned down. Open the door or I'll break it down! or that a process or activity is ending or has ended: My car broke down on the highway. The FBI tracked down the spy. The campaign is winding down. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle back down back down & backs down backing down backed down backed down 1. backdown p.v. When one side in a disagreement stops making threats and lets the other have what it wants or do what it wants, the side that stops making threats backs down. The dictator didn't back down after the United Nations Security Council voted in favor of sending in troops. The police officer tried to force me to pay him a bribe, but when I said I would report him to the chief of police, he backed down. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle calm down calm down & calms down calming down calmed down calmed down 1. calm . down p.v. When you calm down, you become less active, nervous, or upset. When you calm other people down, you do something to make them less active, nervous, or upset. Settle down is similar to calm down. I was very nervous about the test, but I calmed down when I saw how easy it was. Mike tried to calm his sister down after she had a fight with her husband. 2. calm . down p.v. When a confused or violent situation becomes less confused or violent, it calms down. When you calm a confused or violent situation down, you make it less confused or violent and more calm. Settle down is similar to calm down. The neighborhood where the riot occurred calmed down after the army started patrolling the streets. A conference between the two sides was organized to try to calm the situation down. fall down fall down & falls down falling down fell down fallen down 1. fall down p.v. When people or things fall to the ground from a higher position, they fall down. I slipped on some ice on the sidewalk and fell down. All the dishes on that shelf will fall down if there's another earthquake. go down go down & goes down going down went down gone down 1. go down (to) p.v. When you move to a lower level or position or from north to south, you go down 9. I ________ ________ thinking it wouldn't cost more than $300 to fix my car, but I've already spent more than $700. 10. Jimmy didn't used to get in trouble until he started to _______ ________ with Jake. 11. If you don't quit smoking and lose some weight, you're going to ________ ________ dying before you're fifty. 12. Visiting my old high school last week______________a lot of great memories. 13. Are you going to do anything today or just ________ ________ watching TV? 14. I'm sorry I interrupted your story. Please ________ ________. 15. The cashier ________ ________ my stuff and said, "That comes to $47.21." 16. Alfonso left his credit card at the restaurant, so he had to ______ ______ to get it. 22. FOCUS ON: the particle up and the adverbs right and all The particle up is used in many phrasal verbs, and one of its uses is to say that something has been done thoroughly or completely: The building burned. (The building was damaged but not destroyed.) The building burned UP . (The building was completely destroyed.) Right, discussed in Section 19, is often used in phrasal verbs with up to indicate that the action of the verb not only happened thoroughly and completely but also quickly: They ate it up. (They ate all the food.) They ate it right up. (They ate all the food, and they ate it quickly.) Remember that right can be used in this way only after an object that is separating the verb and particle: They ate the pizza right up. They ate right up the pizza. Even though up indicates that the action of the verb is thorough and complete, all is sometimes used for further emphasis with participle adjectives derived from phrasal verbs with up: My taxes are all paid up. The drain is all plugged up. 165 Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle burn up burn up & burns up burning up burned up burned up 1. burn up p.v. When something is completely destroyed by heat or fire, it burns up. The meteor burned up in the atmosphere. The rocket's fuel will burn up after only forty seconds. 2. burn . up p.v. When people or things destroy something with heat or fire, they burn it up. There's no more coal. We burned it all up. Jet engines burn up fuel at a tremendous rate. burned up part.adj. After something is completely destroyed by heat or fire, it is burned up. There isn't anymore firewood; it's all burned up. The house is all burned up. There's no way it can be saved. 3. burned . up p.v. [informal] When something makes you very angry, it burns you up. It really burns me up when other people take credit for my work. I have to say something to Sally about what she did. It's burning me up. burned up part.adj. [informal] When you are very angry, you are burned up. Jim was burned up when his boss criticized him during the meeting. Relax — it's nothing to get all burned up about. clear up clear up & clears up clearing up cleared up cleared up 1. clear up p.v. When a problem, misunderstanding, or disease goes away, it clears up. The misunderstanding cleared up right away after we talked about it. My rash is clearing up by itself. I don't need to go to the doctor. cleared up part.adj. After a problem, misunderstanding, or disease goes away, it is cleared up. / feel great. My sinus infection is all cleared up. Everything's okay. It was a The Next Wave TG: Vince Tan – IM Group biên dịch Trang 1 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN ĐT & PT IM – IM GROUP ĐC: 178/26 Đường D1, Phường 25, Quận Bình Thạnh, TP.HCM Tel: (08) 62 77 83 96 - 0907 253 168 Hotline: Ms Hiền (0906 842 925) - Ms Phương (090 866 3476) Email: info@imgroup.vn Website: www.imgroup.vn LU SN SÀNG CHO TH THÁCH MI! ,, Trong thi ca Internet hii ngày càng n mình thêm sau màn hình máy tính. Mt  ng mi ca xã hi ni bt lên là vic con i dành nhiu th   cho vic mua s và hong xã hi trên Internet . Nhng trang mng xã hi    Facebook, ngày càng ph bin và phát trin mnh m, tràn ngp s ng ng và say mê t kh gii, chim ly v trí du ca Google v s ng truy cp, Twitter tr c kt ni liên tc vi bn bè mi lúc m The Next Wave TG: Vince Tan – IM Group biên dịch Trang 2 Qua ri thi ca tin nhn SMS Twitter  chia s mi u, t tình hình công vic cho ti mi nhu cu gii trí khác Tin nhn s c chuyn ti tt c bn c i, ngay lp tc. Youtube, trang chia s video trc tuyn va k nim sinh nht ln th 5, hit quá 2 t t xem mi ngày ! Vi cách này, ngày càng nhic n bó vi coi c th k nay là TV! C tng phút trong 24 gi u có video mi post lên Youtubei thích vì sao mt phn ba dân s th gi là gii tr li lên Youtube thay vì xem TV! Nhng tng công ty ln thay nhau nh chi n hàng t -la vào ca hàng bán l trên mng. Nhng công ty hàng không, c hàng không giá r và sang tr     nhau bán vé qua mng, và vic bán vé qua mn chóng mMi có th mua vé qua mng và in vé ra trc tip. H không cn phi mt vong kt cng xe c và phi x ti quy mua vé. Nhng ca hàng bán l    Parkson , nhng n Starbuck , và công ty máy tính Dell t thành công trong vic s dng các mng xã h liên kt vi tiêu dùng th h tr     ng ca nhãn hiu. Nhng công ty không ho ng trên Ii mt vt bi và b lãng quên.  b lên hay b b li phía sau ? Câu h có th xí phn trong ming bánh tri ng cá nhân tìm ra con   thành nhng triu phú, thm chí là t phú ch n ngi. H ng tm  n. The Next Wave TG: Vince Tan – IM Group biên dịch Trang 3 Th i mi c    i th gi     các b   khong 10,000$ ti 200,000$ cho vic ly tm bi h ó bn có th ra làm vic và ki c t 3000$ ti 5000$ m   i Internet Marketing, mt khi bc k n thc chính xác, bn có th kim ra s tin i khác làm ra trong 1 tháng hay th trong 1 ngày ! ch và li nhun gt hái li t nhiu ! Tp chí Fortune i giàu nht th gii 40 tui và mt na trong s h bu s nghip t Internet ! Bao gm Micheal Dell (Nhà sáng lp công ty Dell) vi h thng tài sn lên ti 17.95 t USD, Pierre Omidyar (Nhà sáng lp Ebay) có tng tài sn lên ti 10.05 t USD, Sergey Brin và Larry Page (ng sáng l . Vi s phát trin ca Internet, bn s thy ngày càng nhiu nhng trang web có giá tr hàng trii tay các ông ch ch 17 tui! Nhng nhà trii 30 tui, h o dng s nghip trên Internet bao gm Mark Zuckeberg The ... (macroscopic), particles with mass behave as particles and not as waves Particles without mass act as waves and not as particles The particle- wave duality is a universal attribute It is another connection... (a) The momentum of a photon is related to its wavelength by the equation: h p = λ Entering the known value for Planck’s constant h and given the wavelength λ, we obtain 3/8 The Particle- Wave Duality. .. rays under the following conditions The energy of the x-ray photons is 200 keV, and 7/8 The Particle- Wave Duality Reviewed 4.00 × 1013 of them are absorbed per kilogram of tissue, the specific