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Nhng nhà trii 30 tui, h o dng s nghip trên Internet bao gm Mark Zuckeberg The Particle-Wave Duality The Particle-Wave Duality Bởi: OpenStaxCollege We have long known that EM radiation is a wave, capable of interference and diffraction We now see that light can be modeled as photons, which are massless particles This may seem contradictory, since we ordinarily deal with large objects that never act like both wave and particle An ocean wave, for example, looks nothing like a rock To understand small-scale phenomena, we make analogies with the large-scale phenomena we observe directly When we say something behaves like a wave, we mean it shows interference effects analogous to those seen in overlapping water waves (See [link].) Two examples of waves are sound and EM radiation When we say something behaves like a particle, we mean that it interacts as a discrete unit with no interference effects Examples of particles include electrons, atoms, and photons of EM radiation How we talk about a phenomenon that acts like both a particle and a wave? (a) The interference pattern for light through a double slit is a wave property understood by analogy to water waves (b) The properties of photons having quantized energy and momentum and acting as a concentrated unit are understood by analogy to macroscopic particles There is no doubt that EM radiation interferes and has the properties of wavelength and frequency There is also no doubt that it behaves as particles—photons with discrete energy We call this twofold nature the particle-wave duality, meaning that EM radiation has both particle and wave properties This so-called duality is simply a term for properties of the photon analogous to phenomena we can observe directly, on a macroscopic scale If this term seems strange, it is because we not ordinarily observe 1/2 The Particle-Wave Duality details on the quantum level directly, and our observations yield either particle or wavelike properties, but never both simultaneously Since we have a particle-wave duality for photons, and since we have seen connections between photons and matter in that both have momentum, it is reasonable to ask whether there is a particle-wave duality for matter as well If the EM radiation we once thought to be a pure wave has particle properties, is it possible that matter has wave properties? The answer is yes The consequences are tremendous, as we will begin to see in the next section PhET Explorations: Quantum Wave Interference When photons, electrons, and atoms behave like particles and when they behave like waves? Watch waves spread out and interfere as they pass through a double slit, then get detected on a screen as tiny dots Use quantum detectors to explore how measurements change the waves and the patterns they produce on the screen Quantum Wave Interference Section Summary • EM radiation can behave like either a particle or a wave • This is termed particle-wave duality 2/2 4. We had planned to go to France on our vacation, but we ________ ________ going to Spain instead. 5. Will you ________ ________! If we don't leave soon we're going to be late. 6. Mark hates his job, and he comes home every night and ________ it _______ ________ his family. 7. My doctor got the test results from the lab, and she ________ them ________ very carefully. 8. ________ your coat ________. It's cold outside. 9. Don't wait until the last minute to make your vacation airline reservations. You have to _______ ________. 10. The detective didn't believe that the gun had ________ ________ accidentally. 11. I hated my older brother when I was a kid. He always ________ ________ me. 12. How are we going to get $500 in two days? We need to ______ _____ a good plan. 13. I didn't understand everything the computer shop guy said, but it had something to ________ ________ memory. 14. Jim tries to answer every question the teacher asks. He's always_____ ______. 15. That meeting was so boring. It seemed like it was going to _____ _____ forever. 16. The police officer must be off duty; he doesn't ________ his uniform ________. 27. FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs with the particle off and the adverb right The particle off is used in many phrasal verbs to say that something is separated or removed: The cup handle broke. (The handle is broken, but it is still attached to the cup.) The cup handle broke off. (The handle is no longer attached to the cup.) Right, discussed in Section 19, is often used with these phrasal verbs to indicate that the action of the verb happened quickly: 202 He washed the dirt off. (The dirt was removed.) He washed the dirt right off. (The dirt was removed quickly.) Remember that right can be used in this way only after an object that separates the verb and the particle: He washed the dirt right off. Ho washed right off the dirt. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle bite off bite off & bites off biting off bit off bitten off 1. bite . off p.v. When you bite off something, you use your teeth to remove a piece. When you bite off more than you can chew, you agree to do something that you do not have the time or the ability to do. The lion bit off a huge piece of the zebra's flesh. You can't finish that huge project by tomorrow. I think you've bitten off more than you can chew. break off break off & breaks off breaking off broke off broken off 1. break . off p.v. When something breaks off or someone breaks something off, a part or smaller piece is separated from something larger by force. Jim broke off a piece of chocolate and gave it to his girlfriend. One of the arms broke off the statue when it fell off the pedestal. broken off part.adj. After something breaks off, it is broken off. The handle of the coffee cup is broken off. 1. break . off p.v. When you break off relations or contact with someone, you decide to end relations or contact with that person. The two countries broke off relations with each other. I was so angry at my in-laws that I broke off alt contact with them. dry off dry off & dries off drying off dried off dried off 1. dry . off p.v. When something dries off or you dry something off, water or other liquids that are on it evaporate. It 15. Bill was talking about moving to Florida or Hawaii, but I'm not sure where he finally ________ ________. 16. Someone told me that Sarah is in town, but I haven't ______ _______ her yet. 36. FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs with the particle down The particle down is used in many phrasal verbs and has many meanings. Down can be used to say that something literally moves from a higher position to a lower position or from north to south: Bob went down the ladder. His friends came down from Canada. Sit down; dinner is ready. that something decreases in size, intensity, quantity, or quality: Her fever has gone down to 100 degrees. The doctor gave her a sedative to calm her down. We've narrowed the list down to three choices. that something or someone is fought, defeated, or overpowered: Hank backed down when he saw my shotgun. The police cracked down on street crime. that something falls to the ground: The boy was running and fell down. The warehouse burned down. Open the door or I'll break it down! or that a process or activity is ending or has ended: My car broke down on the highway. The FBI tracked down the spy. The campaign is winding down. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle back down back down & backs down backing down backed down backed down 1. backdown p.v. When one side in a disagreement stops making threats and lets the other have what it wants or do what it wants, the side that stops making threats backs down. The dictator didn't back down after the United Nations Security Council voted in favor of sending in troops. The police officer tried to force me to pay him a bribe, but when I said I would report him to the chief of police, he backed down. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle calm down calm down & calms down calming down calmed down calmed down 1. calm . down p.v. When you calm down, you become less active, nervous, or upset. When you calm other people down, you do something to make them less active, nervous, or upset. Settle down is similar to calm down. I was very nervous about the test, but I calmed down when I saw how easy it was. Mike tried to calm his sister down after she had a fight with her husband. 2. calm . down p.v. When a confused or violent situation becomes less confused or violent, it calms down. When you calm a confused or violent situation down, you make it less confused or violent and more calm. Settle down is similar to calm down. The neighborhood where the riot occurred calmed down after the army started patrolling the streets. A conference between the two sides was organized to try to calm the situation down. fall down fall down & falls down falling down fell down fallen down 1. fall down p.v. When people or things fall to the ground from a higher position, they fall down. I slipped on some ice on the sidewalk and fell down. All the dishes on that shelf will fall down if there's another earthquake. go down go down & goes down going down went down gone down 1. go down (to) p.v. When you move to a lower level or position or from north to south, you go down 9. I ________ ________ thinking it wouldn't cost more than $300 to fix my car, but I've already spent more than $700. 10. Jimmy didn't used to get in trouble until he started to _______ ________ with Jake. 11. If you don't quit smoking and lose some weight, you're going to ________ ________ dying before you're fifty. 12. Visiting my old high school last week______________a lot of great memories. 13. Are you going to do anything today or just ________ ________ watching TV? 14. I'm sorry I interrupted your story. Please ________ ________. 15. The cashier ________ ________ my stuff and said, "That comes to $47.21." 16. Alfonso left his credit card at the restaurant, so he had to ______ ______ to get it. 22. FOCUS ON: the particle up and the adverbs right and all The particle up is used in many phrasal verbs, and one of its uses is to say that something has been done thoroughly or completely: The building burned. (The building was damaged but not destroyed.) The building burned UP . (The building was completely destroyed.) Right, discussed in Section 19, is often used in phrasal verbs with up to indicate that the action of the verb not only happened thoroughly and completely but also quickly: They ate it up. (They ate all the food.) They ate it right up. (They ate all the food, and they ate it quickly.) Remember that right can be used in this way only after an object that is separating the verb and particle: They ate the pizza right up. They ate right up the pizza. Even though up indicates that the action of the verb is thorough and complete, all is sometimes used for further emphasis with participle adjectives derived from phrasal verbs with up: My taxes are all paid up. The drain is all plugged up. 165 Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle burn up burn up & burns up burning up burned up burned up 1. burn up p.v. When something is completely destroyed by heat or fire, it burns up. The meteor burned up in the atmosphere. The rocket's fuel will burn up after only forty seconds. 2. burn . up p.v. When people or things destroy something with heat or fire, they burn it up. There's no more coal. We burned it all up. Jet engines burn up fuel at a tremendous rate. burned up part.adj. After something is completely destroyed by heat or fire, it is burned up. There isn't anymore firewood; it's all burned up. The house is all burned up. There's no way it can be saved. 3. burned . up p.v. [informal] When something makes you very angry, it burns you up. It really burns me up when other people take credit for my work. I have to say something to Sally about what she did. It's burning me up. burned up part.adj. [informal] When you are very angry, you are burned up. Jim was burned up when his boss criticized him during the meeting. Relax — it's nothing to get all burned up about. clear up clear up & clears up clearing up cleared up cleared up 1. clear up p.v. When a problem, misunderstanding, or disease goes away, it clears up. The misunderstanding cleared up right away after we talked about it. My rash is clearing up by itself. I don't need to go to the doctor. cleared up part.adj. After a problem, misunderstanding, or disease goes away, it is cleared up. / feel great. My sinus infection is all cleared up. Everything's okay. It was a 13. My son is a good boy. If he was shoplifting, I'm sure someone ________ him ________________it. 14. In my history class we studied the various things that ________ ________ ________ the current situation. 15. The month we spent in Italy was a lot of fun, but it seemed to ________ _______ so quickly. 16. My brother-in-law is so sneaky. He tried to ________ me ________ telling him the combination to my safe. 41. FOCUS ON: two-word phrasal verbs with the particle in that require into when used with an object We have seen in Sections 9 and 23 that some two-word phrasal verbs require a second particle when they are transitive, which makes them three-word phrasal verbs. Many phrasal verbs with the particle in have a meaning that relates to entering or penetrating. When what is being entered or penetrated is named, these verbs become transitive; however, this is not done by adding a second particle but by changing in to into. Another way to look at it is to consider intro two particles, in and to, written as one word: The thief broke in. The thieves broke into the jewelry store. But this is true only for meanings of the phrasal verb that relate to entering or penetrating, not for all meanings. Some meanings with in have no into version (and are included in this section), and some meanings with into have no in version (and are not included in this section). Moreover, sometimes into is optional, and the verb can be used transitively with either in or into. We see also in this section that there is often a phrasal verb with an opposite meaning with in and into corresponding to out and out of: I sneaked in. I sneaked out. I sneaked into the house. I sneaked out of the house. 314 Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle break in break in & breaks in breaking in broke in broken in 1. break inlinto p.v. When you break in or break into a place, you enter illegally using force or deception. A thief broke in and stole my TV. When I saw the smashed glass in the street, I knew my car had been broken into. break-in n. A break-in is an illegal entry into a place using force or deception. The police investigated a break-in at the liquor store. 2. break . in p.v. When you break in a new mechanical device or a car, you use it slowly and carefully until you are sure it ready for heavier use. When you break in a pair of shoes, you wear them only occasionally and for a short time until they are comfortable. When you break in people at a new job, you train and supervise them and give them less than the normal amount of work until they are ready for something more difficult. l don't want to wear these boots on the expedition. I haven't broken them in yet. We're breaking in a new secretary, so things have been a bit confused at our office lately. broken in part.adj. After you break in a new mechanical device or a car, a pair of shoes, or people at a new job, they are broken in. l don't want to wear those shoes to the dance. They're not broken in yet. check in check in & checks in checking in checked in checked in 1. check inlinto p.v. When you arrive at a hotel and arrange for a room, you check in or .. .The Particle- Wave Duality details on the quantum level directly, and our observations yield either particle or wavelike properties, but never both simultaneously Since we have a particle- wave. .. interfere as they pass through a double slit, then get detected on a screen as tiny dots Use quantum detectors to explore how measurements change the waves and the patterns they produce on the screen... they produce on the screen Quantum Wave Interference Section Summary • EM radiation can behave like either a particle or a wave • This is termed particle- wave duality 2/2