Features of the Animal Kingdom

i ABSTRACT Name is not a name, it’s a special linguistic features. On this basis, the thesis investigates the names of coffee shops in English versus Vietnamese in terms of structural and semantic features on descriptive, quantitative and contrastive methods.The study uses 420 samples which were taken from Internet for the sake of the structural and semantic analysis. They are analyzed under phrasal structures and sentence structures in terms of syntactic features. With regard to the semantic features, samples are analyzed and described on the basis of semantic changes and semantic fields. The thesis also offers some implications for the teachers, learners and owners of the coffee shops. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (4.13) Meya Meya Coffee Shop [ ] 33 In example (4.12) and (4.13) the word “Tico” and “Meya” is repeated. Total reduplication would be used to provide emphasis .33 (4.14) Three Beans [ ] .34 - Ordinal Number .34 (4.34 ) Ollie's Coffee Shop [ ] 41 Possessive NP-Pre.M Head 41 We can find that there are some coffee shops whose names include words related to Literature, Art and Music. Let us consider the following example: 76 A F K A Coffee Shop 1 Abbey Road Coffee Shop 1 Centre Coffee Shop .3 Cinnamon Coffee Shop .3 Coffee Dreams Coffee Shop 3 Fat Chef Coffee Shop 4 Feedwell Cafe 4 Global Coffee Shops Ltd .4 Golden Cafe Coffee Shop 4 Jess's Coffee Shop Ltd .5 King's X Coffee Shop 5 Kingsland Coffee Shop Ltd .5 Med Coffee Shop .6 Meya Meya Coffee Shop .6 Old English Coffee House .6 Sahara Coffee Shop .8 The Desert Rose Coffee Shop .9 The Duck Inn Coffee Shop 9 The Italian Touch Coffee Shop & Sandwich Bar .9 The Theatre Coffee Shop .9 iii Turkish Coffee Shop 10 Walker Wyatt Coffee Shop .10 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS N : Noun V : Verb Adj : Adjective Adv : Adverb Prep : Prep NP : Noun Phrase VP : Verb Phrase Adj P : Adjective Phrase Adv P : Adverb Phrase Prep.P : Prepositional Phrase Pre. M : Pre – modifier P. M : Post modifier PA : Possessive Adjective Pa.P : Past Participle Pres.P : Present Participle v LIST OF TABLES Number of tables Name of Tables Pages Table 4.1 Frequency of Morphological features of the names of coffee shop in Features of the Animal Kingdom Features of the Animal Kingdom Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Even though members of the animal kingdom are incredibly diverse, most animals share certain features that distinguish them from organisms in other kingdoms All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms, and almost all animals have a complex tissue structure with differentiated and specialized tissues Most animals are motile, at least during certain life stages All animals require a source of food and are therefore heterotrophic, ingesting other living or dead organisms; this feature distinguishes them from autotrophic organisms, such as most plants, which synthesize their own nutrients through photosynthesis As heterotrophs, animals may be carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, or parasites ([link]ab) Most animals reproduce sexually, and the offspring pass through a series of developmental stages that establish a determined and fixed body plan The body plan refers to the morphology of an animal, determined by developmental cues All animals are heterotrophs that derive energy from food The (a) black bear is an omnivore, eating both plants and animals The (b) heartworm Dirofilaria immitis is a parasite that derives energy from its hosts It spends its larval stage in mosquitoes and its adult stage infesting the heart of dogs and other mammals, as shown here (credit a: modification of work by USDA Forest Service; credit b: modification of work by Clyde Robinson) 1/8 Features of the Animal Kingdom Complex Tissue Structure As multicellular organisms, animals differ from plants and fungi because their cells don’t have cell walls, their cells may be embedded in an extracellular matrix (such as bone, skin, or connective tissue), and their cells have unique structures for intercellular communication (such as gap junctions) In addition, animals possess unique tissues, absent in fungi and plants, which allow coordination (nerve tissue) of motility (muscle tissue) Animals are also characterized by specialized connective tissues that provide structural support for cells and organs This connective tissue constitutes the extracellular surroundings of cells and is made up of organic and inorganic materials In vertebrates, bone tissue is a type of connective tissue that supports the entire body structure The complex bodies and activities of vertebrates demand such supportive tissues Epithelial tissues cover, line, protect, and secrete Epithelial tissues include the epidermis of the integument, the lining of the digestive tract and trachea, and make up the ducts of the liver and glands of advanced animals The animal kingdom is divided into Parazoa (sponges) and Eumetazoa (all other animals) As very simple animals, the organisms in group Parazoa (“beside animal”) not contain true specialized tissues; although they possess specialized cells that perform different functions, those cells are not organized into tissues These organisms are considered animals since they lack the ability to make their own food Animals with true tissues are in the group Eumetazoa (“true animals”) When we think of animals, we usually think of Eumetazoans, since most animals fall into this category The different types of tissues in true animals are responsible for carrying out specific functions for the organism This differentiation and specialization of tissues is part of what allows for such incredible animal diversity For example, the evolution of nerve tissues and muscle tissues has resulted in animals’ unique ability to rapidly sense and respond to changes in their environment This allows animals to survive in environments where they must compete with other species to meet their nutritional demands Link to Learning Watch a presentation by biologist E.O Wilson on the importance of diversity 2/8 Features of the Animal Kingdom Animal Reproduction and Development Most animals are diploid organisms, meaning that their body (somatic) cells are diploid and haploid reproductive (gamete) cells are produced through meiosis Some exceptions exist: For example, in bees, wasps, and ants, the male is haploid because it develops from unfertilized eggs Most animals undergo sexual reproduction: This fact distinguishes animals from fungi, protists, and bacteria, where asexual reproduction is common or exclusive However, a few groups, such as cnidarians, flatworm, and roundworms, undergo asexual reproduction, although nearly all of those animals also have a sexual phase to their life cycle Processes of Animal Reproduction and Embryonic Development During sexual reproduction, the haploid gametes of the male and female individuals of a species combine in a process called fertilization Typically, the small, motile male sperm fertilizes the much larger, sessile female egg This process produces a diploid fertilized egg called a zygote Some animal species—including sea stars and sea anemones, as well as some insects, reptiles, and fish—are capable of asexual reproduction The most common ... 1 THE MINISTRY OF TRAINING AND EDUCATION DANANG UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ HUỆ A STUDY OF SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF THE ADJECTIVE “WARM” AND ITS VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS Subject Area: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 M.A THESIS ON LINGUISTICS (SUMMARY) SUPERVISOR: Assoc.Prof. Dr. TRAN VAN PHUOC DANANG - 2010 2 The thesis has been completed at the College of Foreign Language, Danang University Supervisor : Assoc.Prof. Dr. Tran Van Phuoc Examiner 1: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Ngo Dinh Phuong Examiner 2: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Luu Quy Khuong The thesis will be orally defended at The Examining Committee. Time: 15.30, 15/ 01/ 2011 Venue: University of Danang The thesis is accessible for the purpose of reference at: - The Library of College of Foreign Language, University of Danang - Information Resource Center, University of Danang. 3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE Language takes an important role in every day communication. However, we are very likely to face with some problems in expressing our ideas, especially in transferring meanings of words from a language to another one. Adjective always takes an important role in enriching language by its abundance and potentially descriptive qualities and characteristics. In English, the adjective is multi-functional. It is used essentially to describe an object but, in general, it is meant to enrich and clarify ideas and lead the interlocutors to communicate eloquently. The adjective Warm is commonly known as one of four adjectives indicating temperature. In fact, it can bear various meanings in different categories. It can be used to indicate the weather, describe seasons, and more specially, express feelings, show attitudes and political expressions as well. This thesis deals with the adjective Warm through the investigation of its semantic and pragmatic features and its Vietnamese equivalents. This topic must be important to learners of English and it will provide them a deep understanding of such adjective in different situations. 1.2. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY 4 Hopefully, doing a research of the adjective Warm will be a contribution to the present recognition of the field. And the findings of classification of semantics as well as analysis of pragmatic aspects of this kind of adjective will be expected as great benefits for Vietnamese learners of English. 1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.3.1. Aims The study aims at: - Making an investigation of some semantic and pragmatic features of the adjective Warm in English and its equivalents in Vietnamese. - Analyzing meanings of the adjective Warm in particular contexts, getting access to various features of that in expression. - Finding out the features of pragmatics of the adjective Warm so that individuals have the best understanding and the most effective use of such adjective in different situations. 1.3.2. Objectives To achieve these above aims, this study attempts: - Describing the semantic features of the adjective Warm in English and its Vietnamese equivalents. - Making it Emergence of the Animal Emergence of the Animal Kingdom Kingdom Or “Rise of the Chordates” Phylum Chordata Leading to Subphylum Vertebrata  Chordates include the following: 1. 1. Fish Fish 2. 2. Reptiles Reptiles 3. 3. Amphibians Amphibians 4. 4. Birds Birds 5. 5. Mammals Mammals Chordates Chordates – 4 characteristics 1. notochord - support 2. post-anal tail 3. pharyngeal gill slits 4. dorsal hollow nerve cord Chordate Characteristics Gills in Humans! – check it out Tunicates are Chordates! Sea Squirts • sponge like - filter feeder • larva free swimming, bilateral with all Chordate traits • Lancets (a primitive fish like organism) closely resembles the idealized chordate. – The notochord, dorsal nerve cord, numerous gill slits, and post-anal tail all persist in the adult Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings “Ontogency Recapituates Evolution” Evolution Playing out in Fetus… (all these Chordates (birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, have strikingly similar Embryonic Development) Chp 33 – Rise of the Mammals • Definition of a Mammal: 1. Homoeothermic – meaning that mammals produce their own body heat 2. Mammary tissue - for the production of Milk 3. Hair Follicles - for the production of Hair 4. Generally, internal fertilization and harboring of young, however, this is only a generality because not all young are “cooked” to term internally. [...]... Order of Class Mammalia Monotremes eg The Platypus, which has a BILL, lays EGGS, but still has mammary glands and produces MILK for young This suggests a relationship between REPTILES, BIRDS and mammals Imagine that? Marsupials – eg The Kangaroo, which is a non-placental mammal Here, the development of the young is very complex, and a baby kangaroo is born very “uncooked”, and must crawl into the mother’s... Internal Fertilization development of young to a highly Advanced stage The Placenta is Key In Mammals, all the Major Body Systems are online and advanced Skeletal System Muscular System Advanced Circulatory System Respiratory System Nervous System is online and advanced! Excretory System – ooo look, Kidneys! Endocrine System – Controls you Hormones Lots of Mammals in the Simpsons  Lastly, we can Learn... Endocrine System – Controls you Hormones Lots of Mammals in the Simpsons  Lastly, we can Learn Important Lessons from Mammals like Homer This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers This is a completely free site and requires no registration Please visit and I hope it will help in your teachingThe Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Many questions regarding the origins and evolutionary history of the animal kingdom continue to be researched and debated, as new fossil and molecular evidence change prevailing theories Some of these questions include the following: How long have animals existed on Earth? What were the earliest members of the animal kingdom, and what organism was their common ancestor? While animal diversity increased during the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era, 530 million years ago, modern fossil evidence suggests that primitive animal species existed much earlier Pre-Cambrian Animal Life The time before the Cambrian period is known as the Ediacaran period (from about 635 million years ago to 543 million years ago), the final period of the late Proterozoic Neoproterozoic Era ([link]) It is believed that early animal life, termed Ediacaran biota, evolved from protists at this time Some protest species called choanoflagellates closely resemble the choanocyte cells in the simplest animals, sponges In addition to their morphological similarity, molecular analyses have revealed similar sequence homologies in their DNA 1/9 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom (a) Earth’s history is divided into eons, eras, and periods Note that the Ediacaran period starts in the Proterozoic eon and ends in the Cambrian period of the Phanerozoic eon (b) Stages on the geological time scale are represented as a spiral (credit: modification of work by USGS) The earliest life comprising Ediacaran biota was long believed to include only tiny, sessile, soft-bodied sea creatures However, recently there has been increasing scientific evidence suggesting that more varied and complex animal species lived during this time, and possibly even before the Ediacaran period Fossils believed to represent the oldest animals with hard body parts were recently discovered in South Australia These sponge-like fossils, named Coronacollina acula, date back as far as 560 million years, and are believed to show the existence of hard body parts and spicules that extended 20–40 cm from the main body (estimated about cm long) Other fossils from the Ediacaran period are shown in [link]ab Fossils of (a) Cyclomedusa and (b) Dickinsonia date to 650 million years ago, during the Ediacaran period (credit: modification of work by “Smith609”/Wikimedia Commons) Another recent fossil discovery may represent the earliest animal species ever found While the validity of this claim is still under investigation, these primitive fossils appear to be small, one-centimeter long, sponge-like creatures These fossils from South Australia date back 650 million years, actually placing the putative animal before the great ice age extinction event that marked the transition between the Cryogenian period and the Ediacaran period Until this discovery, most scientists believed that there was no animal life prior to the Ediacaran period Many scientists now believe that animals may in fact have evolved during the Cryogenian period The Cambrian Explosion of Animal Life The Cambrian period, occurring between approximately 542–488 million years ago, marks the most rapid evolution of new animal phyla and animal diversity in Earth’s history It is believed that most of the animal phyla in existence today had their origins during this time, often referred to as the Cambrian explosion ([link]) Echinoderms, mollusks, worms, arthropods, and chordates arose during this period One of the most 2/9 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom dominant species during the Cambrian period was the trilobite, an arthropod that was among the first animals to exhibit a sense of vision ([link]abcd) An artist’s rendition depicts some organisms from the Cambrian period These fossils (a–d) belong to trilobites, extinct arthropods that appeared in the early Cambrian period, 525 million years ago, and disappeared from i ABSTRACT Name is not a name, it’s a special linguistic features. On this basis, the thesis investigates the names of coffee shops in English versus Vietnamese in terms of structural and semantic features on descriptive, quantitative and contrastive methods.The study uses 420 samples which were taken from Internet for the sake of the structural and semantic analysis. They are analyzed under phrasal structures and sentence structures in terms of syntactic features. With regard to the semantic features, samples are analyzed and described on the basis of semantic changes and semantic fields. The thesis also offers some implications for the teachers, learners and owners of the coffee shops. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (4.13) Meya Meya Coffee Shop [ ] 33 In example (4.12) and (4.13) the word “Tico” and “Meya” is repeated. Total reduplication would be used to provide emphasis .33 (4.14) Three Beans [ ] .34 - Ordinal Number .34 (4.34 ) Ollie's Coffee Shop [ ] 41 Possessive NP-Pre.M Head 41 We can find that there are some coffee shops whose names include words related to Literature, Art and Music. Let us consider the following example: 76 A F K A Coffee Shop 1 Abbey Road Coffee Shop 1 Centre Coffee Shop .3 Cinnamon Coffee Shop .3 Coffee Dreams Coffee Shop 3 Fat Chef Coffee Shop 4 Feedwell Cafe 4 Global Coffee Shops Ltd .4 Golden Cafe Coffee Shop 4 Jess's Coffee Shop Ltd .5 King's X Coffee Shop 5 Kingsland Coffee Shop Ltd .5 Med Coffee Shop .6 Meya Meya Coffee Shop .6 Old English Coffee House .6 Sahara Coffee Shop .8 The Desert Rose Coffee Shop .9 The Duck Inn Coffee Shop 9 The Italian Touch Coffee Shop & Sandwich Bar .9 The Theatre Coffee Shop .9 iii Turkish Coffee Shop 10 Walker Wyatt Coffee Shop .10 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS N : Noun V : Verb Adj : Adjective Adv : Adverb Prep : Prep NP : Noun Phrase VP : Verb Phrase Adj P : Adjective Phrase Adv P : Adverb Phrase Prep.P : Prepositional Phrase Pre. M : Pre – modifier P. M : Post modifier PA : Possessive Adjective Pa.P : Past Participle Pres.P : Present Participle v LIST OF TABLES Number of tables Name of Tables Pages Table 4.1 Frequency of Morphological features of the names of coffee shop in Features of the Animal Kingdom Features of the Animal Kingdom Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Even though members of the animal kingdom are incredibly diverse, animals share common features that distinguish them from organisms in other kingdoms All ... incomplete metamorphosis, the series of developmental stages of the embryo remains largely the same for most members of the animal kingdom 3/8 Features of the Animal Kingdom (a) The grasshopper undergoes... trachea, and make up the ducts of the liver and glands of advanced animals The animal kingdom is divided into Parazoa (sponges) and Eumetazoa (all other animals) As very simple animals, the organisms... alter animal development? [link] The animal might develop two heads and no tail 6/8 Features of the Animal Kingdom Review Questions Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals?