Mollusks and Annelids

Mollusks and Annelids tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả các lĩnh vực kinh t...

Au0586 half title page 11/17/05 2:05 PM Page 1 EMBEDDEDLINUX SYSTEMDESIGN ANDDEVELOPMENT TEAM FLYAu0586 title page 11/17/05 2:04 PM Page 1 Boca Raton New YorkEMBEDDEDLINUX SYSTEMDESIGN ANDDEVELOPMENTP. Raghavan • Amol Lad • Sriram Neelakandan Published in 2006 byAuerbach Publications Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCAuerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis GroupNo claim to original U.S. Government worksPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper10987654321International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-4058-6 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-4058-1 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005048179This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted withpermission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. 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Ⅲ Solaris and Java are registered trademarks and Mollusks and Annelids Mollusks and Annelids Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The mollusks are a diverse group (85,000 described species) of mostly marine species They have a variety of forms, ranging from large predatory squid and octopus, some of which show a high degree of intelligence, to small grazing forms with elaborately sculpted and colored shells The annelids traditionally include the oligochaetes, which include the earthworms and leeches, the polychaetes, which are a marine group, and two other smaller classes The phyla Mollusca and Annelida belong to a clade called the Lophotrochozoa, which also includes the phylum Nemertea, or ribbon worms ([link]) They are distinct from the Ecdysozoa (nematodes and arthropods) based on evidence from analysis of their DNA, which has changed our views of the relationships among invertebrates Phylum Mollusca Mollusca is the predominant phylum in marine environments, where it is estimated that 23 percent of all known marine species belong to this phylum It is the second most diverse phylum of animals with over 75,000 described species The name “mollusca” signifies a soft body, as the earliest descriptions of mollusks came from observations of unshelled, soft-bodied cuttlefish (squid relatives) Although mollusk body forms vary, they share key characteristics, such as a ventral, muscular foot that is typically used for locomotion; the visceral mass, which contains most of the internal organs of the animal; and a dorsal mantle, which is a flap of tissue over the visceral mass that creates a space called the mantle cavity The mantle may or may not secrete a shell of calcium carbonate In addition, many mollusks have a scraping structure at the mouth, called a radula ([link]) The muscular foot varies in shape and function, depending on the type of mollusk (described below in the section on mollusk diversity) It is a retractable as well as extendable organ, used for locomotion and anchorage Mollusks are eucoelomates, but the coelomic cavity is restricted to a cavity around the heart in adult animals The mantle cavity, formed inside the mantle, develops independently of the coelomic cavity It is a multi-purpose space, housing the gills, the anus, organs for sensing food particles in the water, and an outlet for gametes Most mollusks have an open circulatory system with a heart that circulates the hemolymph in open spaces around the organs The octopuses 1/9 Mollusks and Annelids and squid are an exception to this and have a closed circulatory system with two hearts that move blood through the gills and a third, systemic heart that pumps blood through the rest of the body Art Connection There are many species and variations of mollusks; the gastropod mollusk anatomy is shown here, which shares many characteristics common with other groups Which of the following statements about the anatomy of a mollusk is false? Mollusks have a radula for scraping food Mollusks have ventral nerve cords The tissue beneath the shell is called the mantle The mantle cavity contains hemolymph Mollusk Diversity This phylum is comprised of seven classes: Aplacophora, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, and Scaphopoda Class Aplacophora (“bearing no plates”) includes worm-like animals living mostly on deep ocean bottoms These animals lack a shell but have aragonite spicules on their skin Members of class Monoplacophora (“bearing one plate”) have a single, cap-like shell enclosing the body The monoplacophorans were believed extinct and only known as fossils until the discovery of Neopilina galatheae in 1952 Today, scientists have identified nearly two dozen living species Animals in the class Polyplacophora (“bearing many plates”) are commonly known as “chitons” and bear an armor-like, eight-plated shell ([link]) These animals have a broad, ventral foot that is adapted for attachment to rocks and a mantle that extends beyond the shell in the form of a girdle They breathe with ctenidia (gills) present ventrally These 2/9 Mollusks and Annelids animals have a radula modified for scraping A single pair of nephridia for excretion is present This chiton from the class Polyplacophora has the eight-plated shell indicative of its class (credit: Jerry Kirkhart) Class Bivalvia (“two shells”) includes clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and geoducks They are found in marine and freshwater habitats As the name suggests, bivalves are enclosed in a pair of shells (or valves) that are hinged at the dorsal side The body is flattened on the sides They feed by filtering particles from water and a radula is absent They exchange gases using a pair of ctenidia, and excretion and osmoregulation are carried out by a pair of nephridia In some species, the posterior edges of the mantle may fuse to form two siphons that inhale and exhale water Some bivalves like oysters and mussels have the unique ability to secrete and deposit a calcareous nacre or “mother of pearl” around foreign particles that enter the ...Globin gene family evolution and functional diversification in annelids Xavier Bailly 1, * , , Christine Chabasse 1, *, Ste ´ phane Hourdez 1 , Sylvia Dewilde 2 , Sophie Martial 1 , Luc Moens 2 and Franck Zal 1 1 Equipe Ecophysiologie: Adaptation et Evolution Mole ´ culaires, UPMC – CNRS UMR 7144, Station Biologique, BP 74, Roscoff, France 2 Biochemistry Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium Globins are heme-containing proteins that reversibly bind oxygen and other gaseous ligands, and are wide- spread in the three major kingdoms of life [1,2]. Despite the great diversity of their amino-acid sequences, the basic functional unit is assumed to be a monomeric globin with a specific and highly conserved fold referred to as the ‘globin-fold’. On the basis of this conserved basic structure and its prevalence in living organisms, it has been suggested that globin genes evolved from a common ancestral gene which, after successive duplications and speciation events, led to the genes that encode the widespread globin superfamily [1–5]. Three types of globin have been described in anne- lids: (a) noncirculating intracellular globin [e.g. myo- globin (Mb) found in the cytoplasm of muscle cells] [5,6]; (b) circulating intracellular globin [e.g. hemo- globin (Hb) found in erythrocytes] [7]; (c) extracellu- lar globin dissolved in circulating fluids [7,8]. These three types of globin display diversity in sequence, quaternary structure and functions such as binding and transport of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide, and activity of superoxide dismutase and mono-oxygenase [8]. Annelid noncirculating intracellular globins are gen- erally encountered as monomers [9,10], and only the Keywords annelid; dehaloperoxidase; extracellular globin; intracellular globin; myoglobin Correspondence F. Zal, Equipe Ecophysiologie: Adaptation et Evolution Mole ´ culaires, UPMC – CNRS UMR 7144, Station Biologique, BP 74, 29682 Roscoff cedex, France Fax:. +33 (0) 2 98 29 23 24 Tel: +33 (0) 2 98 29 23 09 E-mail: zal@sb-roscoff.fr Present address Department of Cell Biology and Comparative Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark *These authors contributed equally to this work (Received 8 December 2006, revised 12 March 2007, accepted 20 March 2007) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05799.x Globins are the most common type of oxygen-binding protein in annelids. In this paper, we show that circulating intracellular globin (Alvinella pom- pejana and Glycera dibranchiata), noncirculating intracellular globin (Areni- cola marina myoglobin) and extracellular globin from various annelids share a similar gene structure, with two conserved introns at canonical positions B12.2 and G7.0. Despite sequence divergence between intracellu- lar and extracellular globins, these data strongly suggest that these three globin types are derived from a common ancestral globin-like gene and evolved by duplication events leading to diversification of globin types and derived functions. A phylogenetic analysis shows a distinct evolutionary history of annelid extracellular hemoglobins with respect to intracellular annelid hemoglobins and mollusc and arthropod extracellular hemoglobins. In addition, dehaloperoxidase (DHP) from the annelid, Amphitrite ornata, surprisingly exhibits close phylogenetic relationships to some annelid intra- cellular globins. We have characterized the gene structure of A. ornata DHP to confirm assumptions about its homology with globins. It appears that it has the same intron position as in globin genes, suggesting a com- mon ancestry with globins. In A. ornata, DHP may be a derived globin with an unusual enzymatic Genome Biology 2006, 7:203 comment reviews reports deposited research interactions information refereed research Minireview Where is the difference between the genomes of humans and annelids? Alexei Fedorov* † and Larisa Fedorova* Addresses: *Department of Medicine and † Program in Bioinformatics and Proteomics/Genomics, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. Correspondence: Alexei Fedorov. Email: afedorov@meduohio.edu Abstract The first systematic investigation of an annelid genome has revealed that the genes of the marine worm Platynereis dumerilii are more closely related to those of vertebrates than to those of insects or nematodes. For hundreds of millions of years vertebrates have preserved exon-intron structures descended from their last common ancestor with the annelids. Published: 1 February 2006 Genome Biology 2006, 7:203 (doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-1-203) The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at http://genomebiology.com/2006/7/1/203 © 2006 BioMed Central Ltd Among the millions of invertebrate species, the genomes of insects (particularly fruit flies of the genus Drosophila) and nematodes (from the genus Caenorhabditis) have come under the closest scrutiny. Now it is time for annelids - the segmented worms - to reveal their DNA sequences and gene structures. Last November, Raible and co-authors reported in Science the initial investigation of 30 genes from the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii [1]. And it revealed a big surprise. The sequences of the annelid proteins were found to be more closely related to their human orthologs than to the insect and nematode orthologs. Moreover, among the species compared, the exon-intron structure of P. dumerilii genes was also most similar to that of humans: the human and the marine worm genomes have the highest number of introns per gene (7.8 for annelid and 8.4 for human and other mammalian genes) and more than 60% of annelid introns divide protein-coding sequences at exactly the same positions as human introns. By comparison, insects have 2.4 to 5.4 introns per gene and the plant repre- sentative Arabidopsis thaliana has 4.4, whereas fungi have the broadest spread from 0.0075 to 6.8 [2]. Thus, as far as shared introns are concerned, P. dumerilii is more similar to humans than to any insect or nematode. The similarities in intron numbers and positions between P. dumerilii and humans does not imply that annelids should be combined with the vertebrates into a sister clade and distanced from nematodes and insects. Despite known uncertainties in the exact positioning of the segmented worms on the animal evolution tree (reviewed in [3]), nobody has ever grouped annelids with vertebrates. Molecular evolu- tion is an intricate nonlinear process that can be interpreted in many different ways and it cannot be inferred from a set of equations. Conflicting facts and opposing opinions are common in the field and several alternative phylogenetic trees have been proposed for the animal kingdom. In their short article, Raible et al. [1] present only one animal phy- logeny, whereas a subsequent comment by Kumar and Hedges [4] in Cell points out other well-recognized possible alternative relationships between flies, worms and humans. There has been a long and fierce debate about the phyloge- netic relationships between arthropods, nematodes and ver- tebrates [5]. The ‘Ecdysozoa hypothesis’ groups arthropods and nematodes into a monophyletic clade and distances them from the vertebrates. The alternative ‘Coelomata hypothesis’ considers arthropods to be more closely related to the vertebrates than to the nematodes. We are still very far from resolving this dilemma. Even the whole-genome phylo- genetic analyses of Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and humans have not brought much clarity because, depending on the algorithms used, support can be found for both the Coelomata hypothesis [6] and the Ecdysozoa hypothesis [7]. Undoubtedly, the MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND AND TRAINING RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES  HOANG THI THUY DUONG Study of some species of mollusks living clung, perforated on the tree mangrove and management capabilities in reducing their harm Specialization: Plant Protection Code: 62.62.01.12 SUMMARY OF Ph.D THESIS HA NOI - 2016 The research work was conducted at: VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Supervisiors: Prof.Dr Nguyen Van Tuat – Vietnam Academy of Agriculture Sciences Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Dang Hoi – Vietnam- Russian Tropical Center - Critic 1: - Critic 2: - Critic 3: The thesis was presented in the PhD dissertation commitees of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences at … in… th 2016 This thesis an be referred to at: - Vietnam National Library - The Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences INTRODUCTION The urgency of research The great role of mangrove forestfor nature and man been known as prevent soil erosion, limit the impact of natural disasters, where the livelihood of the people, the breeding ground and the habitat of many marine species There are many reasons degrade mangrovesin the world and our country, including the cause of global climate change, human abilities deforestation, pollution Very early on, the Party and state have plans to develop mangrove area nationwide, reforestation work is done in the coastal localities Some difficultiesinplanting mangrovesis detected,e.g.: locals not fully understand the role of mangroves, plants are not adapted for growing conditions, environment pollution.Actual investigation lasted several years, focusing on the 2009 - 2015 show that the influence of mollusks for the life of the mangroves is that needs close attention and is one of the elements impair the development of mangroves in both acreage and quality Mollusks mangroves are diverse and plentiful, they include species of bivalve layer, a shell plate, gastropods, cephalopods, Due to the wide distribution, has an important role in nature and in human life, were very much scientists worldwide research interest in various aspects such as research on taxonomy, biology, ecology, In Vietnam, mollusks also been interested in research and have remarkable results in the fields of investigation classification, species composition; biology, ecology; Biodiversity research and resources; food and nutrition; breeding and rearing However, until now, research the harmful mollusks mangroves is very limited and there is no adequate research has been published Derived from the practical requirements above, the consent of the Ministry of Education and Training, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Vietnam, thesis " Study of some species of mollusks living clung, perforated on the tree mangrove and management capabilities in reducing their harm " has been made The aim and requirements 2.1 Aim Identification of species harmful mollusks on mangroves: study the characteristics of biology, ecologyand proposed management measures to reduce the harmful effects of mollusks for mangrove trees 2.2 Requirement - Investigate to determine the composition mollusk species in some typical areas of mangroves in Vietnam - Identify mollusk species have caused damage to the mangroves - Study biological characteristics, ecology of some harmful mollusks - Studyandevaluate the impact of mollusksonmangrove trees - Proposed management measures to minimize the harmful effects of mollusks on mangroves The scientific and practical significances of subject 3.1 Scientific significance - Identify the major species in mangrove areas Cat Ba National Park, Con Dao National Park, Biosphere Reserve of Can Gio - Provide data on some biological characteristics, ecology of mollusks in the mangrove sand their harmful ways 3.2 Practical significance - The results of the study help to build integrated management measures for species at risk of harm to the protection and development of mangroves efficient and sustainable - To ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the completion of this graduation thesis, I have been fortunate to receive invaluable contributions from many people. First of all, I especially would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor, Mrs. Vo Thi Hong Minh, MA, whose useful instructions and advice, as well as detailed critical comments help me a great deal from the beginning to the end of the thesis writing process. Without her help, the study would have never finished. I also should like to thank the teachers in Foreign Language Department at Vinh University who have given me useful advice and favourable conditions for the completion of the study. Additionally, I am grateful to all students in class K48B2 English at Vinh University who have help me to carry out the survey for my thesis. Last but not least, I am in debt to my beloved family and my dedicated friends who are always by my side with their constant help and spiritual support during my studying process. I have made great efforts to complete the study. However, due to my limited knowledge, the study is far from being perfect. Thus, the author would like to receive any comments from the teachers, friends, and those who are concerned about this area, which can help improve the study. Vinh, May, 2011 Vo Thi Kim Oanh i ABSTRACT The importance of understanding English expressions and sentences, as well as the whole text in order to translate them into Vietnamese correctly has stimulated the author in the study on ambiguity caused by ellipsis and substitution. In this thesis, the author discusses different definitions of ambiguity, ellipsis and substitution and their types first. Then, the survey is implemented so as to investigate the main types of ambiguity caused by ellipsis and substitution. From the result, some suggestions for making disambiguation are given. In addition, some types of exercises are also given to practice. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ABSTRACT . TABLE OF CONTENTS iii PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Justification of the Study Nowadays English has become popular in all aspects such as: education, economy, Công ty Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Circular No 33/2015/TT-BNNPTNT dated October 08, 2015 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on regulations on monitoring of food hygiene and safety in harvests of bivalve mollusks Pursuant to the Law on Product and Goods Quality No 05/2007/QH12 dated November 21, 2007; Pursuant to the Law of Food Safety No 55/2010/QH12 dated June 17, 2010; Pursuant to the Government's Decree No 132/2008/ND-CP dated December 31, 2008, detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Product and Goods Quality; Pursuant to the Government's Decree No 38/2012/ND-CP dated April 25, 2012, detailing the implementation of some articles of the Law on Food Safety; Pursuant to the Government's Decree No 199/2013/ND-CP dated November 26, 2013 defining the functions, tasks, entitlements and organizational structure of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; At the request of General Director of National Agro - Forestry - Fisheries Quality Assurance Department, The Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development promulgates the Circular regulating supervision of food safety and hygiene in the harvest of bivalve mollusk Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article Scope of adjustment This Circular regulates content, order and procedures on implementation of the program for monitoring food hygiene and safety in harvests of bivalve mollusk (hereinafter referred to as “Monitoring Program”) at the request of local authorities; responsibilities and authorities of relevant agencies, organizations and individuals in the Monitoring Program Article Subject of application LUẬT SƯ TƯ VẤN PHÁP ... leeches and other annelids include the development of suckers at the anterior and posterior ends, and the absence of chaetae Additionally, the segmentation of the body wall 7/9 Mollusks and Annelids. . .Mollusks and Annelids and squid are an exception to this and have a closed circulatory system with two hearts that move blood through the gills and a third, systemic heart... phylum includes earthworms, polychaete worms, and leeches Like mollusks, annelids exhibit protostomic development Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical and have a worm-like appearance Their particular