Understanding And Using English Grammar

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INTERNATIONAL EDITION—Not for S a le in th e U.S.A Grammar F O U R T H E D IT IO N with ANSWER KEY Betty S Azar Stacy A Hagen Irregular Verbs: An Alphabetical Reference List note: Verbs followed by a bullet (•) are defined at the end of the list on the inside back cover Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle arise aw ake be b ear beat becom e begin bend b et* bid* bind* bite bleed blow break b reed* bring broadcast* build burn burst* buy cast* catch choose cling* com e cost cre e p * cut d e a l* arose awoke was, were bore beat becam e began bent bet bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burned/burnt burst bought cast caught chose clung cam e cost crept cut dealt fly forbid forecast* forget forgive forsake* freeze get give dig draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fit fle e * fling* dug did drew dream ed/dream t drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fit/fitted fled flung arisen awoken been borne/born beaten/beat become begun bent bet bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burned/burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dream ed/dream t drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit/fitted fled flung flew forbade forecast forgot forgave forsook froze got gave went ground grew had heard hid hit held hurt kept kneeled/knelt knew laid led leaned/leant leaped/leapt learned/learnt left lent let lay lighted/lit lost made m eant met mislaid mistook paid proved put quit read rid rode rang flown forbidden forecast forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen gotten/got* given gone ground grown had heard hidden hit held hurt kept kneeled/knelt known laid led leaned/leant leaped/leapt learned/learnt left lent let lain lighted/lit lost made m eant met mislaid mistaken paid proven/proved put quit read rid ridden rung go grind* grow h a n g ** have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean m eet mislay mistake pay prove put q u it*** read rid ride ring *In British English: get-got-got In Am erican English: get-got-gotten/got ** H a n g is a regular verb when it means to kill someone with a rope around his/her neck C o m p a r e : I h u n g my clothes in the closet They h a n g e d the murderer by the neck until he was dead ***A lso possible in British English: quit-quitted-quitted ( continued on the inside back cover) PEARSON U nderstanding and Using English G ram m ar, Fourth Edition with Answer Key Copyright © 2009, 2002, 1989, 1981 by Betty Schrampfer Azar All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher Azar Associates: Shelley H artle, Editor, and Sue Van Etten, M anager Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, W hite Plains, NY 10606 Staff credits: The people who made up the Understanding and Using English Grammar Fourth Edition team, representing editorial, production, design, and manufacturing, are Janice Baillie, Dave Dickey, Ann France, Amy M cCorm ick, Robert Ruvo, and Ruth Voetmann Text composition: S4C arlisle Publishing Services Text font: 10/12.5 Plantin Illustrations: Don M artinetti, pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 18, 23, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 47, 50, 51, 65, 72, 73, 81, 84, 88, 91, 99, 103, 107,109, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143, 145, 148, 152, 161, 169, 183, 185, 188, 190, 194,201, 213, 220, 223, 232, 236, 238, 247, 255, 256, 259, 260 (top), 275, 278, 280, 286, 287, 292, 301, 303, 308, 316, 319, 321, 328, 340, 342, 347, 353, 355, 357, 362, 371, 373, 389, 396, 408, 413, 420, 424, 425, 432, 441, 446; Chris Pavely, pages 8, 41, 43, 45, 47, 54, 56, 60, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79, 86, 98, 100, 113, 116, 138, 142, 146, 153, 158, 170, 174, 175, 178, 181, 196, 198, 206, 211, 228, 235, 251, 257, 260 (bottom), 265, 272, 284, 289, 293, 309, 315, 331, 345, 349, 360, 363, 367, 378, 385, 393, 394, 403, 414, 422, 428; Kris W iltse, pages 17, 19, 28, 29 L ib rary o f Congress C ataloging-in-Publication Data Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941U nderstanding and using English grammar — 4th ed / Betty S Azar, Stacy A Hagen, p cm ISBN -13: 978-0-13-233333-7 (with audio) ISBN -10: 0-13-233333-3 (with audio) ISBN -13: 978-0-13-233331-3 (with audio and answer key) ISBN-10: 0-13-233331-7 (with audio and answer key) [etc.] English language—Textbooks for foreign speakers English language—Grammar—Problems, exercises, etc I Hagen, Stacy A., 1956II T itle PEI 128.A97 2009 428.2'4—dc22 2008050357 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 13: 978-0-13-233331-3 ISBN 10: 0-13-233331-7 10—CRIC— 14 13 12 11 10 09 ISBN 13:978-0-13-246450-5 (International Edition) ISBN 10: 0-13-246450-0 (International Edition) 10—CRIC— 14 13 12 11 10 09 For Larry B.S.A For Andy and Julianna S.H \ Contents P r e fa c e to th e Fourth E d it io n xi A c k n o w le d g m e n ts xiii C h a p te r OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 C h a p te r PRESENT AND PAST; SIMPLE AND PR O G R ESSIV E 13 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 C h a p te r Simple p re s e n t 14 Present progressive 14 Non-progressive verbs 16 Regular and irregular v e rb s 20 Irregular verb list 20 Regular verbs: pronunciation of - e d en d in g s 27 Simple p a s t 29 Past progressive 29 Using progressive verbs with a lw a y s 33 Using expressions of place with progressive v e r b s 34 PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 C h a p te r The simple te n se s The progressive tenses The perfect tenses The perfect progressive tenses Summary chart of verb ten ses Spelling of - m g and - e d fo r m s 10 Present p e r fe c t 38 H a v e and h a s in spoken English 42 Present perfect vs simple p a s t 43 Present perfect progressive 46 Past perfect 50 H a d in spoken E n g lish .53 Past perfect progressive 55 FUTURE TIME 60 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 Simple future: w ill and b e g o in g t o 61 W ill vs b e g o in g t o 63 Expressing the future in time clauses 67 Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future t im e 69 CONTENTS V 4-5 4-6 Future progressive 71 Future perfect and future perfect progressive 73 C h a p te r REVIEW OF VERB TENSES 76 C h a p te r SUBJECT-VERB AGREEM ENT .84 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 C h a p te r NOUNS 100 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-12 C h a p te r 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 135 Personal pronouns 136 Personal pronouns: agreement with generic nouns and indefinite pronouns 140 Personal pronouns: agreement with collective n o u n s 142 Reflexive p ro n ou n s 143 Using y o u , o n e , and th e y as impersonal pron ou ns 147 Forms of o t h e r 148 Common expressions with o t h e r 152 MODALS, PART 157 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 Vi CONTENTS Regular and irregular plural n o u n s 101 Possessive n o u n s 105 Nouns as adjectives 107 Count and noncount nouns 109 Noncount nouns 110 Some common noncount n o u n s 110 Basic article usage 114 General guidelines for article u sag e .118 Expressions of quantity used with count and noncount n o u n s 122 Using a feu> and f e w ; a little and little 126 Singular expressions of quantity: o n e , e a c h , e v e r y 129 Using o /in expressions of q u a n tity 131 PRONOUNS 8-1 8-2 C h a p te r Final - s / - e s : use, pronunciation, and sp e llin g 85 Basic subject-verb a g re e m e n t 87 Subject-verb agreement: using expressions of quantity 89 Subject-verb agreement: using t h e r e + b e 91 Subject-verb agreement: some irregularities 93 Basic modal in tro d u ctio n .157 Polite requests with “I ” as the s u b je c t 158 Polite requests with “y o u ” as the subject .159 Polite requests with w o u ld y o u m in d 160 Expressing necessity: m u s t , h a v e to, h a v e g o t to 164 Lack of necessity and prohibition: h a v e to and m u s t in the negative 165 Advisability: s h o u ld , o u g h t to, h a d b e t t e r 167 The past form of s h o u ld 170 Obligation: b e s u p p o s e d t o 173 Unfulfilled intentions: w a s / w e r e g o in g t o 176 Making suggestions: l e t ’s , w h y d on 't, s h a l l H w e 177 Making suggestions: c o u ld vs s h o u l d 178 C h a p te r 10 MODALS, PART 180 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 C h a p te r 11 THE PASSIVE 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8 C h a p te r 12 Active vs passive 211 Tense forms of the passive 213 Using the passive .214 The passive form of modals and phrasal m o d a ls 220 Non-progressive p a ssiv e 227 Common non-progressive passive verbs + prepositions 229 The passive with g e t 233 Participial ad jectives 236 Introdu ction 242 Noun clauses beginning with a question w o rd 244 Noun clauses beginning with w h e t h e r or i f 249 Question words followed by infinitives 252 Noun clauses beginning with th a t 253 Quoted s p e e c h 258 Reported speech: verb forms in noun clauses 261 Using - e v e r w o rd s 268 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-10 13-11 C h a p te r 14 211 NOUN CLAUSES 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 12-8 C h a p te r 13 Degrees of certainty: present t im e 180 Degrees of certainty: present time n eg a tiv e 183 Degrees of certainty: past time 186 Degrees of certainty: future tim e 189 Progressive forms of m o d a ls 193 Ability: c a n and c o u l d 198 Using w o u ld to express a repeated action in the past 200 Expressing preference: w o u ld r a t h e r 201 Combining modals with phrasal modals 202 Summary chart of modals and similar expressions 204 Adjective clause pronouns used as the s u b je c t 270 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verb 273 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a p rep o sitio n .274 Using w h o s e 277 Using w h e r e in adjective clauses 279 Using w h e n in adjective c la u s e s 280 Using adjective clauses to modify pronouns 283 Punctuating adjective clauses 285 Using expressions of quantity in adjective c la u s e s .290 Using w h ic h to modify a whole sentence .291 Reducing adjective clauses toadjective p h se s .294 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART1 301 14-1 14-2 14-3 Gerunds: introduction 301 Using gerunds as the objects of p reposition s 302 Common verbs followed by g eru n d s 307 CONTENTS Vii 14-4 14-5 14-6 14-7 14-8 14-9 14-10 C h a p te r 15 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 331 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-6 15-7 15-8 C h a p te r 16 16-4 In trod u ction 365 Using adverb clauses to show time relation sh ip s 368 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect 373 Expressing contrast (unexpected result): using e v e n th o u g h 374 Showing direct contrast: w h i l e 376 Expressing conditions in adverb clauses: z/-clauses 377 Shortened j/-c la u se s .378 Adverb clauses of condition: using w h e t h e r o r n o t and ev e n i f 379 Adverb clauses of condition: using in c a s e 381 Adverb clauses of condition: using u n le s s 382 Adverb clauses of condition: using o n ly i f 383 REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES .3 87 18-1 18-2 18-3 18-4 18-5 Viii CONTENTS Parallel structure 352 Parallel structure: using co m m as 354 Paired conjunctions: b o t h a n d ; n o t o n ly b u t a ls o ; e it h e r o r ; n e it h e r n o r 358 Separating independent clauses with periods; connecting with a n d and b u t 361 ADVERB C LA U SES 17-1 17-2 17-3 17-4 17-5 17-6 17-7 17-8 17-9 17-10 17-11 C h a p te r 18 Infinitive of purpose: in o r d e r to 331 Adjectives followed by infinitives 333 Using infinitives with to o and e n o u g h 335 Passive infinitives and gerunds 338 Using gerunds or passive infinitives following n e e d 339 Using verbs of p ercep tio n 341 Using the simple form after let and h e lp 343 Using causative verbs: m a k e , h a v e , g e t .344 COORDINATING C O N JU N C T IO N S 16-1 16-2 16-3 C h a p te r 17 G o + gerund 309 Special expressions followed by - i n g 310 Common verbs followed by infinitives 313 Common verbs followed by either infinitives or g e ru n d s 317 It + infinitive; gerunds and infinitives as subjects .322 Reference list o f verbs followed by g eru n d s 324 Reference list o f verbs followed by infinitives 325 In trod u ction 387 Changing time clauses to modifying adverbial phrases .388 Expressing the idea of “during the same time” in modifying adverbial phrases 389 Expressing cause and effect in modifying adverbial p h rases 390 Using u p o n + - in g in modifying adverbial phrases 393 E xercise 28, p 428 E xercise 17, p 423 a no b yes c no a yes b no c yes a no b yes earlier now now earlier E xercise 29, p 429 E xercise 19, p 424 T T E xercise 20, p 424 If I had known I would have acted If we hadn’t believed we wouldn’t have felt If you hadn’t told I wouldn’t have believed If it had been I wouldn’t have been If he hadn’t lied, I would havehad E xercise 21, p 425 were would tell had had would have taken have will give had wouldn’t have to had been wouldn’t have bitten would we use didn’t have had doesn’t rain will die die will go had realized wouldn’t have made B: would/could have come washed had told A: would have come had called E xercise 22, p 426 a b a b no no yes no a no b yes c no a no b yes did weren’t had were Were I y o u , Had they realized the danger, Were I your teacher, Should you change your mind, had she been better prepared Were I you, Should you need to reach me, Had they not dared to be different, 10 Should there be a global nuclear w a r, c a b c True sentences: 1,3 E xercise 34, p 431 b a E x e rcise 26, p 427 if you were wearing a coat, you would be cold if he hadn’t been driving so fast, he wouldn’t have gotten a ticket if I weren’t enjoying myself, I would leave if you hadn’t been sleeping, I would have told you the news (as soon as I heard it) E xercise 27, p 428 ANSWER KEY E xercise 31, p 429 E x e rcise 33, p 430 E xercise 25, p 427 514 If I were the teacher, I would give fewer tests If I had known about your problem, I would have helped you If anyone should come, please tell them I’m asleep b d had didn’t 10 weren’t 11 hadn’t weren’t drying hadn’t been drying E xercise 30, p 429 E xercise 32, p 430 E xercise 23, p 426 But if you hadn’t left the door open, the room wouldn’t be full of flies But if you had gone to bed at a reasonable hour last night, you wouldn’t be tired this morning But if I had finished my report yesterday, I could begin a new project today But if I were you, I would have told him the truth But if I knew something about plumbing, I would/could have fixed the leak in the sink myself But if she had followed the doctor's orders, Anita wouldn't have gotten sick were having hadn’t been talking I would have answered the phone if I had heard it ring I couldn’t have finished the work if you hadn’t helped I like to travel I would have gone to Nepal last summer if I had had enough money If I hadn’t stepped on the brakes, I would have hit the child on the bicycle The neighbors probably would have called to complain about the noise if Olga hadn't turned down the volume on the CD player Tarek would have finished his education if he hadn’t had to quit school and find a job in order to support his family Chapter 20 E xercise 42, p 435 E xercise 35, p 431 a, b a b a b 10 had could did had would 11 12 13 14 were had did were E xercise 36, p 431 10 11 12 13 would/could spend would/could have sent is completed weren’t snowing would have gone w'ould be hadn’t been sleeping would forget were not A: were not/weren’t B: would be sleeping were wouldn’t be would have been would not ride will tell E xercise 43, p 435 now soon E xercise 44, p 436 (a) Anna wishes Yoko would come to the concert, (b) Anna wishes Yoko would change her mind (a) Helen wishes Judy would pick up after herself, wash her dirty dishes, pick up her clothes, and make her bed (b) Judy probably wishes Helen didn’t nag her to pick up after herself E xercise 45, p 436 E x e rcise 40, p 434 were shining had gone knew were wearing had could Chapter 20 10 11 12 13 would lend were coming weren’t going to give could meet had come were lying she hadn’t gone A: we didn’t have to B: it were you had come you had come we would have had you would tell A: I had worn B: I had known ANSWER KEY 515 \ Index A ble to, 202, 205 (Look on pages 202 and 205.) The numbers following the words listed in the index refer to page numbers in the text Continuous tenses, 3fn (Look at the footnote on page 3.) The letters fn mean “footnote.” Footnotes are at the bottom of a chart or the bottom of a page A A/an, 109, 114, 118 Able to, 157, 205 Accustomed to, 302 A couple of, 122 Active verbs, 211, 236 Adjective(s), defined, 439 following being (e.g., being foolish), 16fn followed by infinitive (e.g., happy to meet), 333 with linking verbs (e.g., taste good), 441 with get (e.g., get hungry), 441 nouns used as (e.g., vegetable soup), 107 used as nouns (e.g., the poor), 93 participial (e.g., amusing!amused), 236 passive verbs (non-progressive), used as, 227 possessive {my,your, etc.), 136, 349fn preposition combinations with, 449 Adjective clauses, defined, 270, 274 expressions of quantity in, 290 object pronouns {whom, which, that), 273 used to modify pronouns, 283 punctuation of, 285 reduction to adjective phrases, 294 subject pronouns {who, zvhich, that), 33fn., 136, 270 with when, 280 with where, 279 with which to modify whole sentence, 291 with whose, 277, 443 Adjective phrases, 294 Adverb(s), defined, 440 conjunctive (e.g., therefore), 399 midsentence, 440 placement in future perfect, 73fn , 439 Adverb clauses, defined, 365 cause and effect {because, etc.), 373, 390 condition {if, unless, etc.), 377, -3 , ,4 contrast {although, etc.), 406 direct contrast {whereas, while), 376 punctuation of, 365, 400 purpose {so that), 406 reduction to modifying phrases, -3 , 393 summary (cause and effect, contrast, condition), 411 time {after, before, etc.), 67, 365 words used to introduce, 365 Advise, 313/» A few, 122, 126 Affect vs effect, 219fn Affirmative, 446 Afraid, 253fn After, 50, 368 A great deal of, 122, 131 Agreement: pronoun with noun, -1 subject-verb, 87, 89, 91, 93 verb with paired conjunctions, 358 A in’t, 448fn A little, 122, 126 517 All day/morning/week, 46 All (of), 122, 131, 133/m A lot of, 109, 122, 131 Already, 44:fn., 73fn Although, 365, 374fn , 406 Always, 33 Amtislare being + adjective, \6fn Amlislare going to, 176 And, ,3 And, but, or, nor, 352, 361 Another, 148 Antecedent, 136 A number of, 89 Any, 122, 448 Apostrophes: in contractions with not, 448 in contractions with pronouns and nouns, 136 with possessive nouns, 105 Appositives ( s e e Adjective phrases) Articles, 114, 118 As, 368 A/some, 114 As/so long as, 368 As soon as, 368 Auxiliary verbs ( s e e Be; Contractions of verbs; Do/does/did; Have/has/had; Modal auxiliaries; Questions) B Be, 441 auxiliary, 3, 211 with modal + -ing, 193 Be able to, 202, 205 Be accustomed to, 302 Be going to, 61, 71, 205 vs will, 63 Because, 365, 373 vs even though, 374 Because of, 397 Before, 50, 368 Being + adjective, 16fn Be supposed to, 173, 204 Be used fo r, 3 lfn Be used to, 302 Both and, 358 But, ,3 ,4 , 408 By: with passive (the 6j'-phrase), -2 , 227 with reflexive pronouns, 143 By the time, 50, 368 518 INDEX C Can, 157, 205 ability/possibility, 198 degree of certainty, 183, 186 permission, 158 in polite requests, 158-159 Causative verbs {m ake, have, get), 344 Clauses, defined, 242, 270 ( s e e a l s o Adjective clauses; Adverb clauses; Noun clauses; Independent clauses; Tim e clauses) Collective nouns, 142 Commands ( s e e Imperative sentences) Commas: with adjective clauses, 285 with adjective phrases, 294 with adverb clauses, 365, 400 in combining independent clauses, 361 inverted, 258fn in parallel structure, 354 in quoted speech, 258 with transitions, 399 with while-clauses, 408/« Complex sentences ( s e e Adjective clauses; Adverb clauses; Noun clauses) Compound sentences, 361 Conditional sentences, -4 , 421, ,4 Conjunctions: combining independent clauses with, ,3 coordinating, 352, 354, 361 paired (correlative), 358 punctuation with, 400 subordinating, 365fn Conjunctive adverb, 399 ( s e e a l s o Transitions) Consequently, 399 Constantly, 33 Continuous tense, 3fn Contractions of verbs, 167 auxiliaries with not, 448 auxiliaries with pronouns and nouns, 38, 42, 447 Contractions with pronouns and nouns, 61 Contrary to fact ( s e e Conditional sentences) Coordinating conjunctions, 352, 354, 361 Correlative conjunctions, 358fn Could, 205 degree of certainty, 180, 183, 186, 189 to express a possible option, 421 past ability, 198 in polite requests, -1 in reported speech, 261 for suggestions/possibilities, 178 after wish, 434 Count/noncount nouns, 109-1 , 114, 122, 126 expressions o f quantity with, 110fn., 122 D Dangling modifiers ( s e e Modifying phrases, reduction of adverb clauses) Definite nouns, article use, 114, 118 Dependent clauses, defined, 242, 270 (S E E a l s o Adjective clauses; Adverb clauses; Noun clauses) Despite, 406 Direct speech, 258fn Doldoes/did: in negatives, 448 in questions, 4 -4 4 Double negatives, 448 Due to, 397 E Each/every, 87, 129 Each of, 89, 129 -Ed forms, 10, 20 pronunciation, 27 spelling, 10 Effect vs affect, 219fn Either or, 358 Enough, 335 Even if, 379 Even though, 374, 406 -Ever words, 268 Everyone, 128 Every one (of), 89, 129 vs everyone, 129fn Every time, 368 Except, 152 Expressions: with other, 152 of place, 34, 91 of quantity, 89, 122, 131, 290 ( s e e a l s o Past participle; Verb tenses, simple past) F (A) Few!(a) little, 122, 126 For: purpose, 331 vs since, 38, 46 Forever, 33 Forget /remember, 317 Frequency adverbs, 440 Full stop, 361/;z Future time, -7 modals to express, -2 present tenses to express, 69, 417 time clauses to express, 67 making wishes in, 436 (S E E a l s o Be going to; Verb tenses; Will ) G Generic noun, 114, 140 Gerunds, defined, 301 after advise, intend, 313fn following go, 309 following need, 339 as objects of prepositions, 302 passive/past, 338 preposition combinations followed by, 302 as subjects, 322 verbs followed by, 307, 317 list, 324 Get: causative (e.g., get them to it), 344 linking (e.g., get hungry), 441 passive (e.g., get w orried), 233 Go + gerund (e.g., go shopping), 309 Going to, 61, 63, 67, 71, 205 Got to, pronunciation, 164 H Habitual past, 200, 205 Had: contracted with pronouns, 50 in reduced speech, 53, 167 Had better, 167, 204 Had to, 164 Have got, 44fn Have got to, 164, 204 Have, has: helping vs main verb, 211 fn in reduced speech, 42 INDEX 519 Have/has/had: auxiliary, -5 causative, 344 contracted, 4 -4 as main verb, use of in negative, 18fn Have to: lack of necessity, 165 necessity, 164 phrasal modal, 202, 204 Help, 343 Hope, 176 How, 443 However: -ever word, 268 transition, 406, 408 How long, 46 Hyphen, 107 I If, 249, 253 ( s e e a l s o Adverb clauses, conditions; Conditional sentences; Noun clauses) //■-clauses, 7 -3 , 416, 430 I f not, 382 Imperative sentences, 261 Impersonal pronouns, 147 In case, 381 Indefinite nouns, articles with, 114, 118 Indefinite pronouns, 140 modified by adjective clauses, 283 Independent clauses, defined, 242, 270 combining with conjunctions, 361 Indirect speech, 258fn Infinitives, defined, 313 following adjectives, 333 following be, 173, -2 with causative get, 344 with it, 322 with modal auxiliaries, 157 following need, 339 negative form, 313 past, passive, 338 purpose (in order to), 317, 331 with question words, 252 in reported speech, 261/» as subjects, 322 with too!enough, 335 verbs followed by, 313, 317 list, 325 Information questions, 4 -4 4 -Ing forms: go + -ing, 309 520 INDEX modal + be + -ing, 193 special expressions followed by (e.g., have fun doing), 309 spelling, 10 upon + -ing, 393 uses of, 301.fn verbs of perception, + -ing (e.g., see her walking), 341 ( s e e a l s o Gerunds; Present participle) In order that, 404fn In order to, 307fn , 317, 331, 404 In spite of, 406 Intend, 17 ,3 fn Intransitive verbs, defined, 439 not used in passive, 211 Inverted commas, 258fn Inverted word order: after negatives, 448 after only if, 383 Irregular plural nouns, 101 Irregular verbs, 20 list, -2 It: with infinitives, 322 its vs it’s, 136 with noun clauses, 253 personal pronoun, 136 J Just: meaning immediately, 369fn with present perfect, 44/» L Lay Hie, 450 Let + simple form, 343 Let’s, 111 Linking verbs, 441 (A) Little!(a) few, 126 Lots of, 122, 131 -Ly, adverb form, 440 M Main clauses (se e Independent clauses) Make, causative (e.g., m ake them it), 344 Many /much, 109 Many of, 131 May, 204 degree of certainty, 180, 183, 186, 189 permission, 158 in polite requests, 158-159 Maybe vs ?nay be, 180fn Midsentence adverbs, 440 Might, 204 degree of certainty, 180, 183, 186, 189 in polite requests, 158fn in reported speech, 261 Modal auxiliaries, defined, 157 passive, 220 with phrasal modals, 202 progressive, 193 in reported speech, 261 summary chart, 204 Modify, defined, 439 Modifying phrases: reduction o f adjective clauses, 294 reduction o f adverb clauses, -3 8 , 393 Most (of), 89, 122, 131 Much/many, 109, 122 Must, 204 degree of certainty, 180, 183, 186, 189 necessity, 164 lack of, 165 prohibition, 165 N Need, verb forms following, 339 as auxiliary, 165fn Negative(s), 448 with main verb have, 18fn questions, 44, 247fn Neither nor, 358 Nevertheless /nonetheless, 404 No, 448 with count nouns, 122 Noncount nouns, -1 , 114, 122 None (of), 89 Non-progressive verbs, 16 passive, 227 followed by prepositions, 229 Nor, 352 Not, 448 Not only but also, 358 Noun(s), defined, 439 used as adjectives (e.g., vegetable soup), 107 collective, 142 count and noncount, -1 , 114, 122, 126 definite/indefinite/generic, 110, 114, 1 ,1 possessive, 105 pronoun agreement with, 140, 142 regular and irregular plurals, 101 Noun clauses, defined, 242 with it, 253 with question words, 244 reduced to infinitive phrases, 261 reported speech, sequence of tenses, 261 subjunctive in, 450 with that, 253 with the fact that, 253, 397 with whether/if, 249 after wish, 434 word order in, 244 Now that, 373 O O bject(s), defined, 439 o f a preposition, 274, 302 Object pronouns, 136, 143, 261/»., 274 Of, in expressions of quantity, 131 Once, 368 One, impersonal pronoun, 147 One + singular noun, 129, 131 One o f + plural noun, 89, 129, 131 Only if, 383 On the other hand, 408 Or, 352 Or else, 410 Other, forms of, 148, 152 Other~wise, 410, 430 Ought to, 167, \10fn., 189, 204 P Paired conjunctions (e.g., both an d ), 358 Parallel structure, 352, 354 Participial adjectives (e.g., confusing vs confused), 236 Participial phrases ( s e e Modifying phrases) Participles ( s e e a l s o Modifying phrases; Past participle, Present participle) Passive, form, 211 6y-phrase, -2 with causative verbs (e.g., have it done), 344 gerunds, (e.g., being done), 338 with get (e.g., get w orried), 233 infinitives (e.g., to be done), 338 modal auxiliaries, 220 non-progressive, (e.g., the door is locked), 227 in parallel structure, 225fn participial adjectives (e.g., amused children), 236 Past habit, 200 INDEX 521 Past participle(s), 20 as adjective (e.g., amused children), 236 irregular, 20 in passive, 211, 220, 233 in verb tenses, ( s e e a l s o - E d forms) Past progressive verbs, 29 Past time ( s e e Verb tenses) Perfect/perfect progressive verbs, - , 38 ( s e e a l s o Verb tenses) Periods, 192/ m., 361, 400 Personal pronouns, 136 agreement with nouns, 140, 142 Phrasal modals, defined, 157 passive, 220 Phrasal verb, defined, 307fn Phrases, defined, 242fn prepositional, 440 reduction of adjective clauses, 294 reduction of adverb clauses, -3 , 393 reduction of noun clauses, 249 Place expressions with progressive verbs, 34 P la n , 176 P len ty o f, 122 Plural nouns, 85, 101 Polite requests, -1 Possessive: in adjective clauses (whose), 277, 443 nouns (e.g., Jo h n ’s book), 105 pronouns/adjectives (mine, my, etc.), 136, 277 in questions (ivhose), 443 P r e fe r , 1>\1fn Preposition(s): combinations followed by gerunds, 302 combinations with adjectives and verbs, 449 as connectives, 411 list, 440 following non-progressive passive verbs, 229 Prepositional phrases, 440 Present participle(s), 20 as adjective (e.g., amusing story), 236 vs gerund, 301 fn in reduction of adjective clauses, 294 in reduction of adverb clauses, 388 special expressions followed by (e.g., have fun doing), 310 spelling o f -ing forms, 10 with verbs of perception (e.g., watch someone doing), 341 in verb tenses, 3, Present time ( s e e Verb tenses) 522 INDEX Principal parts o f verbs, 20 Progressive verbs, 3, 14, 3 -3 , 193, 427 ( s e e a l s o Verb tenses) vs non-progressive, 16 Pronouns: impersonal, 147 indefinite, 140, 283 object, 136, 143, 261fn , 274 personal, 136 agreement with nouns, 140, 142 possessive, 136, 277 reflexive, 143 relative ( s e e Adjective clauses) subject, 33fn., ,2 Pronunciation: -ed, 27 got to, 164 h ad in reduced speech, 53 have/has in reduced speech, 42 in informal speech, 164, 167 -s/-es, 85 Punctuation: adjective clauses, 285 adjective phrases, 294 adverb clauses, 365, 400 conjunctions, 400 independent clauses, 361 parallel structure, 348 quoted speech, 258 transitions, 9 -4 0 ( s e e a l s o Apostrophes] Commas; Hyphen; Periods; Quotation marks; Semicolons) Q Quantity (S E E Expressions of quantity) Questions: information, 4 -4 4 negative, 445 word order in, 247fn statements used as, 48fn tag, 446 word order in, 442 yes/no, 442, 445 Question words: with infinitives, 252 in noun clauses, 244 in questions, 4 -4 4 with reduced has/have, 42 Quotation marks, 258 Quoted speech, 258 R Raise/rise, 450 Reduction: of adjective clauses, 294 of adverb clauses, -3 , 393 of noun clauses, 261 Reflexive pronouns, 143 Regret, 317 Regular plural nouns, 101 Regular verbs, 20 pronunciation of -ed endings, 27 Relative clauses, 270 ( s e e a l s o Adjective clauses) Relative pronouns, 270 Remember /forget, 317 Repeated action in the past {would, used to), 200 Reported speech, 50, 55, 261 Restrictive/nonrestrictive, 285fn Run-on sentence, 361 S -S/-es, 85, 87, 101, 105, 109, 439 Say vs tell, 261fn -Self/-selves, 143 Semicolons, 400/« Sentences: affirmative, 448 complex ( s e e Adjective clauses; Adverb clauses; Noun clauses) compound (S E E Conjunctions, combining independent clauses with) conditional, -4 , 419, 421, 427, 430 inverted word order in, 429 imperative, 261 interrogative (S E E Questions) negative, 448 simple ( s e e Subjects, verbs, objects) Sequence of tenses in noun clauses, 261 Set/sit, 450 Several, 122, 131 Shall, 205 for suggestions, 177 Should, 204 advisability, 167 in conditional sentences, 417 degree of certainty, 189 past form, 170 in reported speech, 261 for suggestions/advice, 178 Simple form of a verb, 20 with causative verbs, 344 in imperative sentences, 261 following let and help, 343 with modal auxiliaries, 157 subjunctive, 450 with verbs o f perception, 341 Simple tenses, 2, 14, 29 ( s e e a l s o Verb tenses) Since: meaning because, 373 duration of time, 46, 368 Since vs fo r, 38 Singular/plural ( s e e Agreement; Count/ noncount nouns; Noun, regular and irregular plurals; Nouns, used as adjectives; -S/-es) So, conjunction, 361, 399 So long as, 368 Some, 109, 114 Some/any, 122 Some of, 89, 131 So that, 404 So that, 402 Spelling: -ed/-ing, 10 -s/-es, 85 Statements, used as questions, 48//? Stative verbs, defined, 16fn Stop, 317 Subject pronouns, 136 Subjects, verbs, objects, 439 Subject-verb agreement, 87 with expressions of quantity, 89 irregularities in, 93 with there + be, 91 Subjunctive, 450 Subordinate clauses ( s e e Adjective clauses; Adverb clauses; Noun clauses) Subordinating conjunctions, defined, 365fn Such as, 450 Such that/so that, 402 Superlative, 131/h Suppose, \12fn Supposed to, \12fn., ,2 T Tag questions, 446 in imperative sentences, 261 Tell vs say, 261fn Tenses ( s e e Verb tenses) Than, 33fn INDEX 523 That: in adjective clauses, 270, 273 in noun clauses, 253 The, 114, 118 The number of, 89 There + be, 91 Therefore, 399 They, impersonal pronoun, 147 Think about, 176 Though, 31\fn., 406 Till, 368 Tim e clauses, defined, 67 changed to phrases, 388 future, tense use in, 67 with since, 373 words used to introduce, 365 Too, after way/far, 128fn Too/very, 335 Transitions, 9 -4 0 , 411 Transitive/intransitive, defined, 439 in passive, 211 with troublesome verbs (e.g., lay/lie), 450 Try, 317 U Uncountable nouns ( s e e Noncount nouns) Unless, 377, 382 Until, 368 Upon + -ing, 393 Used to, 200, 205 V Verbs, defined, 439 causative, 344 with final -s/-es, 85 regular, irregular, 20 irregular, list, 0-21 of perception, 341 transitive, intransitive, 211, 439, 450 Verbals ( s e e Gerunds; Infinitives, verbs followed by) Verb tenses: continuous, 3fn future perfect, 4, 73 future perfect progressive, 5, 73, 213/ h future progressive, ,7 overview, in passive, 211, -2 , 220, 227, 229, 3 ,3 4 past perfect, 4, 50, 53, 213fn 524 INDEX past perfect progressive, 5, 55 past progressive, 3, 29 present perfect, 4, 38 present perfect progressive, 5, 46, 213fn, present progressive, 3, 14, 69 vs present perfect progressive, 46 sequence of, in noun clauses, 261 simple future, simple past, 2, 20, 29 simple present, 2, 14, 69 summary, -7 with wish, 434, 436 Very + few/little, 126 Very/too, 335 Voiced and voiceless sounds, 27 W Was/were in conditional sentences, 419 Was/were going to, 176 Way /far + too, 128fn What, 444 What + a form of do, 444 What kind of, 444 When, 29, 280, 368, 443 Whenever, 368 Where, 279, 443 Whereas, 37 bfn Whether, 249 Whether or not, 379 Which, 270, 273, 291, 444 While, 368, 376, 383, 408 Who/whom, 270, 273, 443 Whose, 277, 443 Why, 443 Why don’t, 111 Will, 204 vs be going to, 63 conditional, 417 degree of certainty, 189 future, 61 negative, 61 in polite requests, 159 Wish, 434, 436 Word order: in adjective phrases, 294fn in inverted questions: after negatives, 448 after only if, 383 in negative questions, 247fn in questions, 4 -4 4 W ould, 205 in conditional sentences, 416, 428 for a desired result, 421 in polite requests, -1 repeated action in the past, 200 in reported speech, 261 with wish, 436 W oid d h a v e , in informal speech, 421/;;., 434/;; W ould r a t h e r , 201 W ould y o u m in d , 160 Y -Y, final, spelling: with -ed, -ing, 10 with -sl-es, 85 Yes/no questions, 442, 445 Yet, 44fn conjunction, 361, 406 You, impersonal pronoun, 147, 159 INDEX 525 AUDIO CD TRA C KIN G L IS T CD TR A C K Introduction C h apter E X E R C IS E l Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 4, p 6, p 8, p 15, p 18, p 12 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 5, p 15 12, p 22 14, p 23 16, p 24 18, p 25 19, p 25 0, p 26 1, p 27 2, p 27 9, p 32 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 2, p 37 10, p 41 11, p 42 18, p 48 , p 49 , p 52 6, p 53 , p 53 , p 54 3 , p 58 C h a p te r 27 28 29 30 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 3, p 61 5, p 62 6, p 62 12, p 66 C h a p te r S 31 32 Exercise 4, p 78 Exercise 8, p 80 C h a p te r 33 34 35 36 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 3, p 85 5, p 86 9, p 88 15, p 91 C h a p te r 37 38 39 40 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 14, 3, 0, 9, p p p p 108 117 121 128 C h a p te r 41 42 43 44 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 10, 0, 0, 4, p p p p 139 146 151 154 C h a p te r 45 46 47 48 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 7, p 161 17, p 166 4, p 169 6, p 170 C h a p te r 10 49 50 51 52 53 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 9, p 184 1, p 192 , p 199 3, p 200 4 , p 208 C h a p te r 11 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 10, 15, 22, 0, 3, 4, 7, C h apter C h a p te r 530 AUDIO CD TRACKING LIST p p p p p p p 216 219 224 230 237 238 239 CD TRA CK E X E R C IS E C h a p te r 12 Exercise 11, p 248 Exercise 1, p 264 C h a p te r 13 10 11 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 5, p 271 19, p 278 1, p 279 9, p 281 3, p 284 6, p 286 9, p 288 2, p 295 6, p 297 C h a p te r 14 12 13 14 15 16 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 6, p 305 13, p 308 17, p 309 2, p 312 31, p 318 C h a p te r IS 17 18 19 Exercise 14, p 336 Exercise 6, p 348 Exercise 9, p 350 C h a p te r 16 20 21 22 23 24 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise C h a p te r 17 25 Exercise 11, p 372 C h a p te r 18 26 27 Exercise 16, p 395 Exercise 18, p 396 C h a p te r 19 28 29 30 Exercise 3, p 412 Exercise 6, p 41 Exercise 38, p 415 C h a p te r 20 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 5, p 354 14, p 359 16, p 360 19, p 362 1, p 363 6, p 418 19, p 42 20, p 424 2, p 426 2, p 430 35, p 431 5, p 436 Irregular Verbs: An Alphabetical Reference List Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle (continued) Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle ris e ro s e ris e n s p r in g * s p r a n g /s p ru n g s p ru n g ru n n ru n s ta n d s to o d s to o d say s a id s a id s te a l s to le s to le n see saw seen s tic k s tu c k s tu c k seek* sought sought s tin g * s tu n g s tu n g s e ll s o ld s o ld s tin k * s ta n k /s tu n k s tu n k send sent sent s trik e * s tru c k s tru c k /s tric k e n set set set s triv e * s tro v e /s triv e d s triv e n /s triv e d shake shook shaken s trin g s tru n g s tru n g shed* shed shed sw ear s w o re s w o rn s h in e s h o n e /s h in e d s h o n e /s h in e d sw eep sw ept sw ept shoot shot shot s w e ll s w e lle d s w e lle d /s w o lle n show show ed s h o w n /s h o w e d s w im sw am sw um s h r in k * s h r a n k /s h ru n k s h ru n k s w in g * sw ung sw ung shut shut shut ta k e to o k ta k e n s in g sang sung te a c h ta u g h t ta u g h t s in k * sank sunk te a r to re to r n s it sat sat te ll to ld to ld s le e p s le p t s le p t th in k th o u g h t th o u g h t s lid e * s lid s lid th ro w th re w th ro w n s lit* s lit s lit th r u s t* th r u s t th r u s t s m e ll s m e lle d /s m e lt s m e lle d /s m e lt u n d e rs ta n d u n d e rs to o d u n d e rs to o d sneak s n e a k e d /s n u c k s n e a k e d /s n u c k u n d e rta k e u n d e rto o k u n d e rta k e n speak spoke spoken upset upset upset speed s p e d /s p e e d e d s p e d /s p e e d e d w ake w o k e /w a k e d w oken w o rn s p e ll s p e lle d /s p e lt s p e lle d /s p e lt w ear w o re spend spent spent w eave • w ove w oven s p ill s p ille d /s p ilt s p ille d /s p ilt w eep* w ept w ept s p in * spun spun w in won w on s p it s p it/s p a t s p it/s p a t w in d * w ound w ound s p lit* s p lit s p lit w ith d w w ith d re w w ith d w n s p o il s p o ile d /s p o ilt s p o ile d /s p o ilt w rite w ro te w ritte n s p re a d * s p re a d s p re a d •Definitions o f some o f the less frequently used irregular verbs: b e t wager; offer to pay money if one loses b i d make an offer o f money, usually at a public sale b in d fasten or secure breed bring animals together to produce young broadcast , send information by radio waves; announce burst explode; break suddenly c a s t throw c lin g hold on tightly creep crawl close to the ground; move slowly and quietly d e a l distribute playing cards to each person; give attention to (deal with) f le e escape; run away flin g throw with force fo re c a st predict a future occurrence forsake abandon or desert grind crush, reduce to small pieces s e e k look for shed drop off or get rid o f shrink becom e smaller s in k move downward, often under water slide glide smoothly; slip or skid s l i t cut a narrow opening s p in turn rapidly around a central point s p lit divide into two or more parts spread push out in all directions (e.g., butter on bread, news) spring jump or rise suddenly from a still position sting cause pain with a sharp object (e.g., pin) or bite (e.g., by an insect) stink have a bad or foul smell strike hit something with force strive try hard to achieve a goal swing move back and forth thrust push forcibly; shove weave form by passing pieces o f material over and under each other (as in making baskets, cloth) weep cry wind (sounds like fin d ) turn around and around UNDERSTANDING AND USING ENGLISH GRAMMAR B e tty S A z a r S ta c y A H a g e n Fourth Edition w ith A n sw er K ey A classic developmental skills text for intermediate to advanced English language learners, U nderstanding an d Using English G ram m ar is a comprehensive reference grammar as well as a stimulating and teachable classroom text While keeping the same basic approach and material as in earlier editions, the fourth edition more fully develops communicative and interactive language-learning activities Some of the new features are: • • • • • • Innovative warm-up exercises that precede the grammar charts and introduce points to be taught Structure-based listening exercises ranging from casual speech to academic content Academic readings that highlight the targeted grammar structures Greatly expanded speaking practice with extensive pair, group, and class work Corpus-informed syllabus that reflects the discourse patterns of spoken and written English Audio CDs and listening script in the back of the Student Book UN DERSTAN DIN G A N D USING EN G LISH G RAM M AR, Fourth Edition, includes: S tu d en t Book, now with Audio CDs Full International Edition: ISBN 0-13-246448-9 978-0-13-246448-2 Full Intern ation al Edition w ith A n sw er Key: ISBN 0- 13-246450-0 Volume A: ISBN Volume B: ISBN 0-13-233330-9 0-13-233332-5 978-0-13-233330-6 978-0-13-233332-0 W orkbook, consisting of self-study exercises for independent work Full edition: ISBN 0-13-241543-7 978-0-13-241543-9 Volume A: ISBN 0-13-241544-5 978-0-13-241544-6 Volume B: ISBN 0-13-241545-3 978-0-13-241545-3 T e a c h e r’s G uide with Pow erPoint CD-ROM , with teaching suggestions, grammar notes, expansion activities, and answer key ISBN 0-13-205211-3 978-0-13-205211-5 Test B ank, consisting of quizzes, tests, and mid-term and final exams ISBN 0-13-205214-8 978-0-13-205214-6 C hartbook, a reference text consisting of only the grammar charts ISBN 0-13-205210-5 978-0-13-205210-8 S tu d en t B ook A n sw er K ey ISBN 0-13-241546-1 978-0-13-241546-0 AzarGrammar.com a teacher-support website fi AZAR for online interactive software, go to — Interactive http://www.azarinteractive.com PEARSON Longman Azar/Grammar Exchange Companion website http://www.longman.com/azar http://www.longman.com/grammarexchange 978 - 0- 13-246450-5 $ [...]... CONTENTS Preface to the Fourth Edition Understanding and Using English Grammar is a developmental skills text for intermediate to advanced English language learners It uses a grammar- based approach integrated with communicative methodologies to promote the development of all language skills in a variety of ways Starting from a foundation of understanding form and meaning, students engage in meaningful... patterns of spoken and written English xi Understanding and Using English Gram m ar is accompanied by • A comprehensive W o r k b o o k , consisting of self-study exercises for independent work • An all-new T e a c h e r ’s G u id e , with step-by-step teaching suggestions for each chart, notes to the teacher on key grammar structures, vocabulary lists, and expansion activities and PowerPoint presentations... with communicative activities correlated with the Azar-Hagen Grammar Series It is available as a text or as a download on AzarGrammar.com The Azar-Hagen Grammar Series consists of • Understanding and Using English Gram m ar (blue cover), for upper-level students • Fundamentals o f English Gram m ar (black), for mid-level students • Basic English Gram m ar (red), for lower or beginning levels PREFACE... CONNECTIVES THAT EXPRESS CAUSE AND EFFECT, CONTRAST, AND C O N D IT IO N 3 9 7 19-1 19-2 19-3 19-4 19-5 19-6 19-7 19-8 19-9 C h a p te r 20 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES 20-1 20-2 20-3 20-4 20-5 20-6 20-7 20-8 20-9 20-10 A p p en d ix Using because o f and due t o 397 Cause and effect: using therefore , consequently, and so .399 Summary of patterns and punctuation .400... actions, real things, and their own real lives in the classroom context Understanding and Using English Gram m ar functions principally as a classroom teaching text but also serves as a comprehensive reference text for students and teachers The eclectic approach and abundant variety of exercise material remain the same as in the earlier editions, but each new edition incorporates new ways and means In particular:... r inform ation about form ing questions and negatives, see these self-study charts in the Appendix: B - l (Form s o f Yes/No and Inform ation Q uestions), B -2 (Question Words), and D -l (Using N ot and O ther Negative Words) Overview of Verb Tenses 9 1 -6 Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms (1) VERBS THAT END IN A CONSONANT AND - e (2) VERBS THAT END IN A VOWEL AND A CONSONANT (a) hope date injure hoping... .400 Other ways of expressing cause and effect: such that and so t h a t 402 Expressing purpose: using so that 404 Showing contrast (unexpected r e s u lt) 406 Showing direct contrast 408 Expressing conditions: using otherwise and or (else) 410 Summary of connectives: cause and effect, contrast, and co n d itio n 411 .4 1 6 Overview... development editor, whose attention to detail helped polish each chart and exercise; Janice Baillie, expert production editor and copy editor; Sue Van Etten, our skilled and multi-talented business and Web site manager; Gena Bennett, corpus researcher, whose findings helped keep us abreast o f the nuances and changes in spoken and written discourse; and Robert Ruvo, our invaluable production liaison at Pearson... expanded T est B a n k , with additional quizzes, chapter tests, and mid-term and final exams • T e s t - G e n e r a t o r software that allows teachers to customize their own tests using quizzes and tests from the Test Bank • A z a r In te r a c tiv e , a computer-based program keyed to the text, provides easily understood content, all-new exercises, readings, listening and speaking activities, and. .. (Charts 2-1 and 2-2) On a piece o f paper, write an action that a classmate can demonstrate (e.g., stand up, smile, open the door, sneeze, write on the board) Give your paper to the teacher, who will redistribute the papers at random to the class Everyone will take turns performing these actions for the entire class Describe the actions using the present progressive Present and Past; Simple and Progressive ... foundation of understanding form and meaning, students engage in meaningful communication about real actions, real things, and their own real lives in the classroom context Understanding and Using English. .. Preface to the Fourth Edition Understanding and Using English Grammar is a developmental skills text for intermediate to advanced English language learners It uses a grammar- based approach integrated... researcher, Gena Bennett, grammar content has been added, deleted, or modified to reflect the discourse patterns of spoken and written English xi Understanding and Using English Gram m ar is accompanied