Accelerators Create Matter from Energy

Accelerators Create Matter from Energy tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả cá...

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ENGLISH FOR BUSINESS DEPARTMENT --- o0o --- VO THI KHANH CHI EVALUATION OF THE REAL SITUATION OF IMPORT ACTIVITIES OF VIETNAM ENERGY DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT JOINT STOCK COMPANY FROM 2009 TO 2011. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. Võ Thị Khánh Chi – CQ503823 – Business English 50B Hanoi, April, 2012 2 NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ENGLISH FOR BUSINESS DEPARTMENT VO THI KHANH CHI EVALUATION OF THE REAL SITUATION OF IMPORT ACTIVITIES OF VIETNAM ENERGY DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT JOINT STOCK COMPANY FROM 2009 TO 2011. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. Supervisor: LE THI THU HA Võ Thị Khánh Chi – CQ503823 – Business English 50B Hanoi, April, 2012 2 Võ Thị Khánh Chi – CQ503823 – Business English 50B ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report would not have been possible without helpful and sincere support. Therefore, I would like to express my deep gratitude to those people whose direct and indirect support helped me complete my report in time. Firstly, I would like to show my warm and sincere thanks to all the lecturers of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of National Economics University. By being taught the related subjects, I have learnt many essential skills and business knowledge to carry out this research and finish this report. Besides, it is pleasure to thank to Mrs Nguyen Thi Thuy who gave me guidance during the period of this study. Secondly, I am grateful to my supervisor, Mrs Le Thu Ha who has directly guided me during my study. She has spent much time supporting, correcting my report to help me accomplish this report. From bottom of my heart, I honestly wish her the best health and more success in her life and career. Thirdly, I also would like to thank all the members of Vietnam Energy Development Support Joint Stock Company especially my supervisor, Mr Nguyen The Binh. They have shared about their experience and knowledge in import business as well as support me the helpful documents, data related to my research. I will never forget their sincerity and encouragement. Finally, I owe my deepest gratitude to my beloved family and friends who always stand by me and create favorable conditions for me to complete the report. TABLE OF CONTENTS i Võ Thị Khánh Chi – CQ503823 – Business English 50B ii Võ Thị Khánh Chi – CQ503823 – Business English 50B LISTS OF ABBREVIATION VNEDS JSC: Vietnam Energy Development Support Joint Stock Company EU: European Union &: And LISTS OF FIGURES iii Võ Thị Khánh Chi – CQ503823 – Business English 50B EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In recent years, in the context of blooming globalization and deep integration of countries into the world’s economy, import and export business in Vietnam is significantly considered as an effective tool to promote growth and economic development of the country, expand integration into the international trade market. As a young company in the field of import of energy -supported equipment, the Vietnam energy development import support Accelerators Create Matter from Energy Accelerators Create Matter from Energy Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Before looking at all the particles we now know about, let us examine some of the machines that created them The fundamental process in creating previously unknown particles is to accelerate known particles, such as protons or electrons, and direct a beam of them toward a target Collisions with target nuclei provide a wealth of information, such as information obtained by Rutherford using energetic helium nuclei from natural α radiation But if the energy of the incoming particles is large enough, new matter is sometimes created in the collision The more energy input or ΔE, the more matter m can be created, since m = ΔE / c2 Limitations are placed on what can occur by known conservation laws, such as conservation of mass-energy, momentum, and charge Even more interesting are the unknown limitations provided by nature Some expected reactions occur, while others not, and still other unexpected reactions may appear New laws are revealed, and the vast majority of what we know about particle physics has come from accelerator laboratories It is the particle physicist’s favorite indoor sport, which is partly inspired by theory Early Accelerators An early accelerator is a relatively simple, large-scale version of the electron gun The Van de Graaff (named after the Dutch physicist), which you have likely seen in physics demonstrations, is a small version of the ones used for nuclear research since their invention for that purpose in 1932 For more, see [link] These machines are electrostatic, creating potentials as great as 50 MV, and are used to accelerate a variety of nuclei for a range of experiments Energies produced by Van de Graaffs are insufficient to produce new particles, but they have been instrumental in exploring several aspects of the nucleus Another, equally famous, early accelerator is the cyclotron, invented in 1930 by the American physicist, E O Lawrence (1901–1958) For a visual representation with more detail, see [link] Cyclotrons use fixed-frequency alternating electric fields to accelerate particles The particles spiral outward in a magnetic field, making increasingly larger radius orbits during acceleration This clever arrangement allows the successive addition of electric potential energy and so greater particle energies are possible than in a Van de Graaff Lawrence was involved in many 1/7 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy early discoveries and in the promotion of physics programs in American universities He was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for the cyclotron and nuclear activations, and he has an element and two major laboratories named for him A synchrotron is a version of a cyclotron in which the frequency of the alternating voltage and the magnetic field strength are increased as the beam particles are accelerated Particles are made to travel the same distance in a shorter time with each cycle in fixed-radius orbits A ring of magnets and accelerating tubes, as shown in [link], are the major components of synchrotrons Accelerating voltages are synchronized (i.e., occur at the same time) with the particles to accelerate them, hence the name Magnetic field strength is increased to keep the orbital radius constant as energy increases High-energy particles require strong magnetic fields to steer them, so superconducting magnets are commonly employed Still limited by achievable magnetic field strengths, synchrotrons need to be very large at very high energies, since the radius of a highenergy particle’s orbit is very large Radiation caused by a magnetic field accelerating a charged particle perpendicular to its velocity is called synchrotron radiation in honor of its importance in these machines Synchrotron radiation has a characteristic spectrum and polarization, and can be recognized in cosmic rays, implying large-scale magnetic fields acting on energetic and charged particles in deep space Synchrotron radiation produced by accelerators is sometimes used as a source of intense energetic electromagnetic radiation for research purposes An artist’s rendition of a Van de Graaff generator 2/7 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy Cyclotrons use a magnetic field to cause particles to move in circular orbits As the particles pass between the plates of the Ds, the voltage across the gap is oscillated to accelerate them twice in each orbit Modern Behemoths and Colliding Beams Physicists have built ever-larger machines, first to reduce the wavelength of the probe and obtain greater detail, then to put greater energy into collisions to create new particles Each major energy increase brought new information, sometimes producing spectacular progress, motivating the next step One major innovation was driven by the desire to create more massive particles Since momentum needs to be conserved in a collision, the particles created by a beam hitting a stationary target should recoil This means that ... Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2009 - 9 - Removal of Nutrients, Organic Matter and Heavy Metals from Paddy Field Drainage by Charcoal Asa Miura*, Eisaku Shiratani*, Koji Hamada*, Tadayoshi Hitomi*, Ikuo Yoshinaga** and Tomijiro Kubota* *Laboratory of Water Environment Conservation, National Institute for Rural Engineering, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2-1-6 Kan’nondai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8609, Japan **Research Team for Subtropical Farming, National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan ABSTRACT This study examined the ability of charcoal to remove organic matter, nutrients and heavy metals from agricultural drainage. Water treatment equipment containing wood charcoal was installed in a test paddy field. Concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Zn and Pb) in water samples taken before and after passing through the equipment were analyzed. The equipment was installed simply at the outlet in the test field and removed environmental load substances during a contact time of more than one hour. The reduction rates of TOC and TN ranged from 20 % to 40 %. The reduction rate of TP ranged from 20 % to 90 %. The reduction rates of metals (Cr, Fe, Pb) ranged from 23 % to 62 %. These results suggest that charcoal can be used in water treatment equipment to treat paddy field drainage water. Keywords: charcoal; contact time; paddy drainage, water treatment equipment INTRODUCTION There is concern over the deterioration of water quality due to environmental load substances discharged from agricultural areas. The drainage water from farmland contains dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nutrients. In particular, the agricultural discharge water partly includes recalcitrant organic matter derived from the leaves and stems of plants, which is known to increase chemical oxygen demand (COD) in lakes. The average biochemical oxygen demand concentration (BOD) of total river designated types in Japan in 2007 was 1.5 mg/L, and the average COD of total lakes 3.3 mg/L (Ministry of the Environment, 2008). The percentage achievement was 90.3% for rivers and 50.3% for lakes in 2007 (Ministry of the Environment, 2008). Shiratani et al. (2004) reported that the average nitrogen concentration was calculated at 5.5 mg/L in drainage water from upland fields with fertilizer based on literature data. The DOM tends to combine with heavy metals in the soil or water (Evans, 1989; Kaschl et al., 2002; Wada, 2003), forming complex substances that could contaminate water bodies. Therefore, to conserve the environment of watersheds, such runoff loads from farmland should be removed before they flow out and diffuse into drainage canals. In this study we focused on wood charcoal as an adsorbent to remove these Corresponding author: Email: miura_asa@yahoo.co.jp Received November 21, 2008, Accepted February 3, 2009. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2009 - 10 - environmental loads since it has recently been attracting attention as a water treatment material. Wood charcoal has a large specific surface area and contains a large number of pores, and so is able to absorb a large amount of substances. Several studies How to Free Yourself of ANY Disease, Stop Fatigue, And Create Unstoppable Energy in Your Life. by Kacper M. Postawski, PowerfulSleep.com Copyright © 2004 PowerfulSleep.com A ll Rights Reserved 1 How to Free Yourself of ANY Disease, Stop Fatigue, and Create Unstoppable Energy in Your Life By Kacper M. Postawski, PowerfulSleep.com This powerful PDF report is brought to you by PowerfulSleep.com, where you’ll learn how to supercharge your sleep system to sleep less, and have more time and energy in your life. You have the rights to share and give away this report to as many people as you like! Learnings from Dr. Neil Solomon, Dr. Alex Guerrero, and Tony Robbins Dear Friend, I wanted to write this report to you for quite some time, it ended up taking much longer than I anticipated getting it to you, as I kept on refining the way I wanted to write, and deliver it to you. The reason for that is… The information you will read in this report has the power to absolutely transform your life in a way you have never imagined, or conceived possible. It has helped turn terminal patients(people labeled “soon to be dead” with no hope) into lively, thriving, and healthy individuals. It has cured cancer, arthritis, brittle bone disease, and countless other “chronic” conditions for millions of people around the world. And it has transformed the energy levels of people to the point where they NEVER get sick, and they’re full of abundant energy on a daily basis. I have used this information myself, and I’m living proof that it works. Therefore, my mission is to deliver it to you in an easy to understand way, but also in a way that will have tremendous impact on you, so you remember it, and USE it to change your life. This report is short, but please don’t take it lightly. If you’ve known me for some time then you know that I do not write fluffy 300 page books, and tell you “wow, look at all that flashy information you just read, have fun.” Everyone does that. Most “self help” books and authors do that. That’s not what I’m about. I want to deliver you results, and a step-by-step plan to apply the information to improve your life. I deliver them to you in SHORT, but POWERFUL action packed information bundles that are guaranteed to have an impact on your life. This ensures that you read it, and apply it, instead of leaving it collecting dust on your shelf with all your other self improvement books you never used. So strap on your seatbelt. And get ready to learn: • The REAL reason why people suffer from disease and sickness. How to Free Yourself of ANY Disease, Stop Fatigue, And Create Unstoppable Energy in Your Life. by Kacper M. Postawski, PowerfulSleep.com Copyright © 2004 PowerfulSleep.com A ll Rights Reserved 2 • How to create an extra-ordinary level of energy in your life, 24/7, never feel “tired” or “worn out” again. NEVER get SICK again, and NEVER have to worry about “DISEASE”, viruses, germs, or whatever the heck you think is out there to shorten your life. • How to free yourself of Fatigue. Freeing Yourself From Fear In 2.1 Create a New SQL Server Database from Within Visual Studio .NET Before working with a database, you have to be able to create it. Although you could use code to do this, you would rather do it right from Visual Studio. How do you create a new SQL Server database from within VS .NET? Technique As mentioned in the Introduction of this chapter, databases are basically file cabinets in computers. That sounds pretty simplistic, but if you take the information that you store in your file cabinets and transfer it over to the computer, you will end up with the same elements. You can physically create a new SQL Server database in several ways: • Use SQL Server's Enterprise Manager to create the database. • Programmatically create the database. You can do this by using T-SQL and SQL- DMO, which are discussed in Chapters 6, "Creating Transact-SQL Commands," and 7, "Performing Common Database Tasks Using SQL-DMO," respectively. • Use a menu in the Server Explorer of Visual Studio .NET to perform this task. You will use the last option to complete the task presented in this How-To. Steps To get started with this How-To, leave Visual Studio at the Start Page when you open it. Then place the cursor on the Server Explorer icon on the left side of the screen. Note The way that the Server Explorer and toolbox icons are laid out on the side of the screen varies according to how you set the Profile option in the My Profile settings on the Start Page-either Visual Studio Developer or Visual Basic Developer. After the Server Explorer has expanded, click on the plus symbol next to the Servers node. Then you can follow down the tree by clicking on your computer's name (SHADRACH2 in Figure 2.1) and then SQL Servers. Clicking on the name of the computer again, you will see the list of current databases that are set up by default in the Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Edition (MSDE). Although doing this was not necessary to create a new database, it does give you an idea of where you can see various databases in your system. Now you will learn how to create a database in VS .NET. 1. You can open the Create Database dialog box from within the Server Explorer in two ways. The first way is to right-click on the Data Connections node and choose Create New SQL Server Database. The second way is to right-click on the SQL Server instance to which you want to add the database-in this case, SHADRACH2-and then choose New Database. Although both methods open the Create Database dialog box, the second method fills in the server name for you. 2. Fill in the name of the database you want to create-in this case, Chapter2. 3. Choose the type of security that you want to use with this database. If your network is strictly a Windows 2000 network, you can leave this as World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17. Fax: +45 39 17 18 18. E-mail: postmaster@euro.who.int Web site: www.euro.who.int Health risks of particulate matter from long-range transboundary air pollution Particulate matter is a type of air pollution that is generated by a variety of human activities, can travel long distances in the atmosphere and causes a wide range of diseases and a significant reduction of life expectancy in most of the population of Europe. This report summarizes the evidence on these effects, as well as knowledge about the sources of particulate matter, its transport in the atmosphere, measured and modelled levels of pollution in ambient air, and population exposure. It shows that long-range transport of particulate matter contributes significantly to exposure and to health effects. The authors conclude that international action must accompany local and national efforts to cut pollution emissions and reduce their effects on human health. Health risks of particulate matter from long-range transboundary air pollution The WHO Regional Office for Europe The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations created in 1948 with the primary responsibility for international health matters and public health. The WHO Regional Office for Europe is one of six regional offices throughout the world, each with its own programme geared to the particular health conditions of the countries it serves. Member States Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan E88189 Health risks of particulate matter from long-range transboundary air pollution © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where the designation “country or area” appears in the headings of tables, it covers countries, territories, cities, or areas. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. The ... particles to 100 GeV and created a collision energy of 200 GeV It was 8.5 km in diameter, while the SLAC machine was 3.2 km long 4/7 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy The Stanford Linear... proton an energy of 800 MeV Solution There are 2000 gaps and the sum of the voltages across them is 800 MV; thus, Vgap = 800 MV 2000 = 400 kV Discussion 5/7 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy. .. pass through the target area? (a) 2.09 × 10 − s (b) 4.77 × 104 Hz 6/7 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy Suppose a W − created in a bubble chamber lives for 5.00 × 10 −25 s What distance does