MATT FFYTCHE The Foundation of the UNCONSCIOUS Schelling, Freud and the Birth of the Modern Psyche CAMBRIDGE The Foundation of the Unconscious The unconscious, cornerstone of psychoanalysis, was a key twentieth- century concept and retains an enormous influence on psychological and cultural theory. Yet there is a surprising lack of investigation into its roots in the critical philosophy and Romantic psychology of the early nineteenth century, long before Freud. Why did the uncon- scious emerge as such a powerful idea? And why at that point? This interdisciplinary study breaks new ground in tracing the emergence of the unconscious through the work of philosopher Friedrich Schelling, examining his association with Romantic psychologists, anthropolo- gists and theorists of nature. It sets out the beginnings of a neglected tradition of the unconscious psyche and proposes a compelling new argument: that the unconscious develops from the modern need to theorise individual independence. The book assesses the impact of this tradition on psychoanalysis itself, re-reading Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams in the light of broader post-Enlightenment attempts to theorise individuality. MATT FFYTCHE is a lecturer at the Centre for Psychoanalytic Studies, University of Essex. His research focuses on the history of psychoanalysis, and critical theories of subjectivity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He is a co-editor of the web-based digital archive, 'Deviance, Disorder and the Self'. The Foundation of the Unconscious Schelling, Freud and the Birth of the Modern Psyche Matt ffytche CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521766494 © Matt ffytche 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library For Andrea Light cast over our camp as if in day by reason and seeks cover underground. Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Ffytche, Matt. The foundation of the unconscious : Schelling, Freud, and the birth of the modern psyche / Matt Ffytche. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-76649-4 (hardback) 1. Subconsciousness. 2. Psychoanalysis — History. 3. Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 1775-1854. 4. Freud, Sigmund, 1856-1939. I. Title. BF315.F53 2011 154.209—dc23 2011031544 ISBN 978-0-521-76649-4 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages Bởi: OpenStaxCollege From a fetal perspective, the process of birth is a crisis In the womb, the fetus was snuggled in a soft, warm, dark, and quiet world The placenta provided nutrition and oxygen continuously Suddenly, the contractions of labor and vaginal childbirth forcibly squeeze the fetus through the birth canal, limiting oxygenated blood flow during contractions and shifting the skull bones to accommodate the small space After birth, the newborn’s system must make drastic adjustments to a world that is colder, brighter, and louder, and where he or she will experience hunger and thirst The neonatal period (neo- = “new”; -natal = “birth”) spans the first to the thirtieth day of life outside of the uterus Respiratory Adjustments Although the fetus “practices” breathing by inhaling amniotic fluid in utero, there is no air in the uterus and thus no true opportunity to breathe (There is also no need to breathe because the placenta supplies the fetus with all the oxygenated blood it needs.) During gestation, the partially collapsed lungs are filled with amniotic fluid and exhibit very little metabolic activity Several factors stimulate newborns to take their first breath at birth First, labor contractions temporarily constrict umbilical blood vessels, reducing oxygenated blood flow to the fetus and elevating carbon dioxide levels in the blood High carbon dioxide levels cause acidosis and stimulate the respiratory center in the brain, triggering the newborn to take a breath The first breath typically is taken within 10 seconds of birth, after mucus is aspirated from the infant’s mouth and nose The first breaths inflate the lungs to nearly full capacity and dramatically decrease lung pressure and resistance to blood flow, causing a major circulatory reconfiguration Pulmonary alveoli open, and alveolar capillaries fill with blood Amniotic fluid in the lungs drains or is absorbed, and the lungs immediately take over the task of the placenta, exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen by the process of respiration 1/6 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages Circulatory Adjustments The process of clamping and cutting the umbilical cord collapses the umbilical blood vessels In the absence of medical assistance, this occlusion would occur naturally within 20 minutes of birth because the Wharton’s jelly within the umbilical cord would swell in response to the lower temperature outside of the mother’s body, and the blood vessels would constrict Natural occlusion has occurred when the umbilical cord is no longer pulsating For the most part, the collapsed vessels atrophy and become fibrotic remnants, existing in the mature circulatory system as ligaments of the abdominal wall and liver The ductus venosus degenerates to become the ligamentum venosum beneath the liver Only the proximal sections of the two umbilical arteries remain functional, taking on the role of supplying blood to the upper part of the bladder ([link]) Neonatal Circulatory System A newborn’s circulatory system reconfigures immediately after birth The three fetal shunts have been closed permanently, facilitating blood flow to the liver and lungs The newborn’s first breath is vital to initiate the transition from the fetal to the neonatal circulatory pattern Inflation of the lungs decreases blood pressure throughout the pulmonary system, as well as in the right atrium and ventricle In response to this pressure change, the flow of blood temporarily reverses direction through the foramen ovale, moving from the left to the right atrium, and blocking the shunt with two flaps of tissue Within year, the tissue flaps usually fuse over the shunt, turning the foramen 2/6 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages ovale into the fossa ovalis The ductus arteriosus constricts as a result of increased oxygen concentration, and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum Closing of the ductus arteriosus ensures that all blood pumped to the pulmonary circuit will be oxygenated by the newly functional neonatal lungs Thermoregulatory Adjustments The fetus floats in warm amniotic fluid that is maintained at a temperature of approximately 98.6°F with very little fluctuation Birth exposes newborns to a cooler environment in which they have to regulate their own body temperature Newborns have a higher ratio of surface area to volume than adults This means that their body has less volume throughout which to produce heat, and more surface area from which to lose heat As a result, newborns produce heat more slowly and lose it more quickly Newborns also have immature musculature that limits their ability to generate heat by shivering Moreover, their nervous systems are underdeveloped, so they cannot quickly constrict superficial blood vessels in response to cold They also have little subcutaneous fat for insulation All these factors make it harder for ...Sculpture of the Exposition Palaces and Courts Descriptive Notes on the Art of the Statuary at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco By Juliet James To A. Stirling Calder who has so ably managed the execution of the sculpture, and to the vast body of sculptors and their workmen who have given the world such inspiration with their splendid work, this book is dedicated. Foreword What accents itself in the mind of the layman who makes even a cursory study of the sculptors and their works at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition is the fine, inspiring sincerity and uplift that each man brings to his work. One cannot be a great sculptor otherwise. The sculptor's work calls for steadfastness of purpose through long years of study, acute observation, the highest standards, fine intellectual ability and above all a decided universalism - otherwise the world soon passes him by. It is astonishing to see brought together the work of so many really great sculptors. America has a very large number of talented men expressing themselves on the plastic side - and a few geniuses. The Exposition of 1915 has given the world the opportunity of seeing the purposeful heights to which these men have climbed. We have today real American sculpture - work that savors of American soil - a splendid national expression. Never before have so many remarkable works been brought together; and American sculpture is only in its infancy - born, one might say, after the Centennial Exposition of 1876. The wholesome part of it all is that men and women are working independently in their expressions. We do not see that effect here of one man trying to fit himself to another man's clothing. The work is all distinctly individual. This individualism for any art is a hopeful outlook. The sculpture has vitalized the whole marvelous Exposition. It is not an accessory, as has been the sculpture of previous Expositions, but it goes hand in hand with the architecture, poignantly existing for its own sake and adding greatly to the decorative architectural effects. In many cases the architecture is only the background or often only a pedestal for the figure or group, pregnant with spirit and meaning. Those who have the city's growth at heart should see to it that these men of brain and skill and inspiration are employed to help beautify the commercial centers, the parks, the boulevards of our cities. We need the fine lessons of beauty and uplift around us. We beautify our houses and spend very little time in them. Why not beautify our outside world where we spend the bulk of our time? We, a pleasure-loving people, are devoting more time every year to outside life. Would it not be a thorough joy to the most prosaic of us to have our cities beautified with inspiring sculpture? We do a great deal in the line of horticultural beautifying - we could do far more - but how little we have done with one of the most meaningful and stimulating of the arts. Let us see to it, in San Francisco at least, that a few of these works are made permanent. Take as an example James Earle Fraser's "End of the Trail." Imagine the effect MINIREVIEW Reaction mechanisms of thiamin diphosphate enzymes: defining states of ionization and tautomerization of the cofactor at individual steps Natalia S. Nemeria, Sumit Chakraborty, Anand Balakrishnan and Frank Jordan Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA Introduction Mindful of the fact that there are several reviews on the enzymology of thiamin diphosphate (ThDP, the vitamin B1 coenzyme; for structures of small molecules mentioned in the present review, see Fig. 1) available in the literature [1–15], the present review aims to con- centrate on the tautomeric and ionization states of ThDP on enzymes, which is a fascinating and, in some respects, perhaps unique aspect of thiamin enzymology. Keywords 1¢,4¢-iminopyrimidine tautomeric form of thiamin; benzaldehyde lyase; benzoylformate decarboxylase; CD; enamine intermediate; pyruvate decarboxylase; pyruvate dehydrogenase; thiamin diphosphate Correspondence N. S. Nemeria, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA Fax: +1 973 353 1264 Tel: +1 973 353 5727 E-mail: nemeria@rutgers.edu F. Jordan, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA Fax: +1 973 353 1264 Tel: +1 973 353 5470 E-mail: frjordan@rutgers.edu (Received 23 October 2008, revised 4 February 2009, accepted 9 February 2009) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06964.x We summarize the currently available information regarding the state of ionization and tautomerization of the 4¢-aminopyrimidine ring of the thia- mine diphosphate on enzymes requiring this coenzyme. This coenzyme forms a series of covalent intermediates with its substrates as an electro- philic catalyst, and the coenzyme itself also carries out intramolecular pro- ton transfers, which is virtually unprecedented in coenzyme chemistry. An understanding of the state of ionization and tautomerization of the 4¢-aminopyrimidine ring in each of these intermediates provides important details about proton movements during catalysis. CD spectroscopy, both steady-state and time-resolved, has proved crucial for obtaining this infor- mation because no other experimental method has provided such atomic detail so far. Abbreviations 3-PKB, (E)-4-(pyridine-3-yl)-2-oxo-3-butenoic acid; AcP ) , acetylphosphinate; AP, the canonical 4¢-aminopyrimidine tautomer of ThDP or its C2-substituted derivatives; APH + , the N1-protonated 4-aminopyrimidinium form of ThDP or its C2-substituted derivatives; BAL, benzaldehyde lyase; BFDC, benzoylformate decarboxylase; E1ec, the first component of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; E1h, the first component of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; GCL, glyoxylate carboligase; HBThDP, C2a-hydroxybenzylThDP, the adduct of benzaldehyde and ThDP; HEThDP, C2a-hydroxyethylThDP, the adduct of acetaldehyde and ThDP; IP, 1¢,4¢-iminopyrimidine tautomer of ThDP or its C2-substituted derivatives; LThDP, C2a-lactylThDP, the adduct of pyruvic acid and ThDP; MAP, methyl acetylphosphonate; MBP, methyl benzoylphosphonate; PAA, (E)-3-(pyridine-3-yl) acrylaldehyde; PLThDP, C2a-phosphonolactylThDP, the adduct of MAP and ThDP; POX, pyruvate oxidase from Lactobacillus plantarum; ThDP, thiamin diphosphate; TK, transketolase; Yl, C2-carbanion ⁄ ylide ⁄ carbene form conjugate base of ThDP; YPDC, yeast pyruvate decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2432 FEBS Journal 276 (2009) 2432–2446 ª 2009 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2009 FEBS This issue has come to the fore relatively 104 APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; BLI = blast lung injury; ED = emergency department; GMUGH = Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital; ICU = intensive care unit; ISS = Injury Severity Score. Critical Care February 2005 Vol 9 No 1 Gutierrez de Ceballos et al. Review 11 March 2004: The terrorist bomb explosions in Madrid, Spain – an analysis of the logistics, injuries sustained and clinical management of casualties treated at the closest hospital Jose Peral-Gutierrez de Ceballos 1 , Fernando Turégano-Fuentes 2 , Dolores Pérez-Díaz 3 , Mercedes Sanz-Sánchez 4 , Carmen Martín-Llorente 5 and Jose E Guerrero-Sanz 6 1 Intensive Care Specialist, Intensive Care Service, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain 2 Chief, General Surgery II Service and Emergency Department (Surgical Section), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain 3 General Surgery Specialist, General Surgery II Service and Emergency Department (Surgical Section), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain 4 General Surgery Specialist, General Surgery II Service and Emergency Department (Surgical Section), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain 5 Specialist in Neurology, Intensive Care Service, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain 6 Chief, Intensive Care Service, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain Correspondence: Fernando Turégano-Fuentes, fturegano@inicia.es Published online: 3 November 2004 Critical Care 2005, 9:104-111 (DOI 10.1186/cc2995) This article is online at http://ccforum.com/content/9/1/104 © 2004 BioMed Central Ltd See Commentary, page 20 Abstract At 07:39 on 11 March 2004, 10 terrorist bomb explosions occurred almost simultaneously in four commuter trains in Madrid, Spain, killing 177 people instantly and injuring more than 2000. There were 14 subsequent in-hospital deaths, bringing the ultimate death toll to 191. This report describes the organization of clinical management and patterns of injuries in casualties who were taken to the closest hospital, with an emphasis on the critically ill. A total of 312 patients were taken to the hospital and 91 patients were hospitalized, of whom 89 (28.5%) remained in hospital for longer than 24 hours. Sixty- two patients had only superficial bruises or emotional shock, but the remaining 250 patients had more severe injuries. Data on 243 of these 250 patients form the basis of this report. Tympanic perforation occurred in 41% of 243 victims with moderate-to-severe trauma, chest injuries in 40%, shrapnel wounds in 36%, fractures in 18%, first-degree or second-degree burns in 18%, eye lesions in 18%, head trauma in 12% and abdominal injuries in 5%. Between 08:00 and 17:00, 34 surgical interventions were performed in 32 patients. Twenty-nine casualties (12% of the total, or 32.5% of those hospitalized) were deemed to be in a critical condition, and two of these died within minutes of arrival. The other 27 survived to admission to intensive care units, and three of them died, bringing the critical mortality rate to 17.2% (5/29). The mean Injury Severity Score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores for critically ill patients were 34 and 23, respectively. Among these critically ill patients, soft tissue and musculoskeletal injuries predominated in 85% of cases, ear blast injury was identified in 67% and blast lung injury was present in 63%. Fifty-two per cent suffered head trauma. Over-triage to the closest hospital probably occurred, and the time of the blasts proved to be crucial to the the adequacy of the medical and surgical response. The number of blast lung injuries seen is probably the largest reported by a single institution, and the critical mortality rate was reasonably low. Keywords blast lung injury, casualties, explosions, terrorism 105 Available online http://ccforum.com/content/9/1/104 Introduction Massacres resulting from bombing Original article Evolution of the polymorphism at molecular markers in QTL and non-QTL regions in selected chicken lines (Open Access publication) Vale´rie LOYWYCK 1 *, Bertrand BED’HOM 1 , Marie-He´le`ne P INARD-VAN DER LAAN 1 , Fre´de´rique PITEL 2 , E ´ tienne V ERRIER 1 , Piter BIJMA 3 1 Ge´ne´tique et Diversite´ Animales UMR1236, INRA/AgroParisTech, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France 2 Ge´ne´tique Cellulaire UR444, INRA, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France 3 Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Received 22 October 2007; accepted 18 June 2008) Abstract – We investigated the joint evolution of neutral and selected genomic regions in three chicken lines selected for immune response and in one control line. We compared the evolution of polymorphism of 21 supposedly neutral microsatellite markers versus 30 microsatellite markers located in seven quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions. Divergence of lines was observed by factor analysis. Five supposedly neutral markers and 12 markers in the QTL regions showed F st values greater than 0.15. However, the non-significant difference (P > 0.05) between matrices of genetic distances based on genotypes at supposedly neutral markers on the one hand, and at markers in QTL regions, on the other hand, showed that none of the markers in the QTL regions were influenced by selection. A supposedly neutral marker and a marker located in the QTL region on chromosome 14 showed temporal variations in allele frequencies that could not be explained by drift only. Finally, to confirm that markers located in QTL regions on chromosomes 1, 7 and 14 were under the influence of selection, simulations were performed using haplotype dropping along the existing pedigree. In the zone located on chromosome 14, the simulation results confirmed that selection had an effect on the evolution of polymorphism of markers within the zone. selection / quantitative trait loci / hitchhiking / chicken / genetic diversity 1. INTRODUCTION There is c urrently a large interest in characterising variation patterns in order to identify regions of the genome that are under selection. For that purpose, * Corresponding author: valerie.loywyck@agroparistech.fr Genet. Sel. Evol. 40 (2008) 639–661 Ó INRA, EDP Sciences, 2008 DOI: 10.1051/gse:2008025 Available online at: www.gse-journal.org Article published by EDP Sciences scans using microsatellites distributed ove r a genome [32,35] or concentrated around candidate genes under artificial or natural selection [2,28,43]arecom- monly performed to investigate signatures of selection. These studies highlight and compare among natural populations, differences in patterns of heterozygos- ity or linkage disequilibrium, but they only give a picture of variability at a cer- tain time, with predictions of the evolution of polymorphism estimated mainly through simulations. Well-known p edigree experimental selected lines can be used to explore the evolution of polymorphism over several generations, leading to the introduction of a time component that helps to distinguish the influence of selection from the influence of drift. Here, we investigate the joint evolution ofneutral and selected genomic regions, using observations on microsatellite markers in a number of selected chicken lines. For this purpose, we compared the evolution of marker allele frequencies observed in supposedly neutral versus selected regions of the genome. Selected regions were chosen based on quantitative trait l oci (QTL) detected in previous studies. A n important aim w as to determine which methods are s uitable for identifying signa- tures of selection, and to compare those methods using a real dataset. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1. Selection design We used four experimental chicken lines bred since 1994 in the INRA exper- imental unit ‘‘Unite´ expe´rimentale de Ge´ne´tique factorielle avicole’’ (Nouzilly, France) and d erived from an unselected base population of White Leghorn .. .Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages Circulatory Adjustments The process of clamping and cutting the umbilical cord collapses the umbilical blood vessels In the absence of. .. that begin to establish the bacterial flora 3/6 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages The fetal kidneys filter blood and produce urine, but the neonatal kidneys are still immature... remain a part of the circulatory system, whereas the distal umbilical arteries and the umbilical 4/6 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages vein become fibrotic The newborn keeps