The Process of Breathing

A NEW VIEW ON THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION John A. Bateman, Robert T. Kasper Information Sciences Institute University of Southern California 4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 1001 Marina del Rey, CA 90292 U.S.A. JSrg F. L. Schfitz, Erich H. Steiner Institut ffir Angewandte Informationsforschung An der Universit£t des Saarlandes Martin Luther Strafle 14 D-6600 Saarbrficken, FRG. Abstract In this paper we describe a framework for research into translation that draws on a combination of two existing and independently constructed technologies: an analysis component developed for German by the EUROTRA-D (ET-D) group of IAI and the genera- tion component developed for English by the Penman group at ISI. We present some of the linguistic impli- cations of the research and the promise it bears for furthering understanding of the translation process. 1 Introduction In this paper we describe a framework for research into translation that draws on a combination of two existing and independently constructed technologies: the analysis component developed for German by the EUROTRA-D (ET-D) group of IAI and the genera- tion component developed for English by the Penman group at ISI. We have described some of the motiva- tions for and the basic organisation of the combined framework in Steiner and Sch~tz (1988) and Bateman, Kasper, Schfitz, and Steiner (1989). Here we present in more detail some of the linguistic implications of the research and the promise it bears for furthering understanding of the translation process. Although developed separately and for quite dif- ferent reasons, there is a decisive link between the two components in that ideas from a single linguistic theory, systemic-functional linguistics (e.g. Halliday, 1985) have been incorporated independently in both projects. A partial implementation of the grammat- ical stratum of organisation found in Systemic Func- tional Grammar (SFG) provides the core of Penman's linguistic capabilities (Mann and Matthiessen, 1985), whereas there is a strong input from SFG in the se- mantic interpretation of ET-D's dependency struc- tures (Steiner, Schmidt and Zelinsky-Wibbelt, 1988). It is therefore also one of the motivations of this co- operation to investigate the potential of SFG as a tool for transfer in machine translation MT, and in the wider context of systemic-functional linguistics also as a theoretical environment and as a formalism for ex- pressing semantics. This should be of interest to a wider audience within computational linguistics, espe- cially as SFG has recently been attracting an increas- ing amount of interest in the field (see, e.g.: Houghton and Isard, 1987; Kasper, 1988; Patten, 1988; Patten and Ritchie, 1987; Mellish, 1988; Paris and Bateman, 1989). 2 The projects involved 2.1 Eurotra-D Analysis Module The German analysis module of our proposed MT sys- tem is based on the Eurotra Engineering Framework (Bech and Nygaard, 1988) enhanced by a semantic component derived from systemic theory. 1 The gen- eral Eurdtra philosophy for translation is described elsewhere (Arnold et al., 1986, 1987). The essentials of the Eurotra-D approach are to be found in Steiner, Schmidt, and Zelinsky-Wibbelt (1988). The The Process of Breathing The Process of Breathing Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Pulmonary ventilation is the act of breathing, which can be described as the movement of air into and out of the lungs The major mechanisms that drive pulmonary ventilation are atmospheric pressure (Patm); the air pressure within the alveoli, called alveolar pressure (Palv); and the pressure within the pleural cavity, called intrapleural pressure (Pip) Mechanisms of Breathing The alveolar and intrapleural pressures are dependent on certain physical features of the lung However, the ability to breathe—to have air enter the lungs during inspiration and air leave the lungs during expiration—is dependent on the air pressure of the atmosphere and the air pressure within the lungs Pressure Relationships Inspiration (or inhalation) and expiration (or exhalation) are dependent on the differences in pressure between the atmosphere and the lungs In a gas, pressure is a force created by the movement of gas molecules that are confined For example, a certain number of gas molecules in a two-liter container has more room than the same number of gas molecules in a one-liter container ([link]) In this case, the force exerted by the movement of the gas molecules against the walls of the two-liter container is lower than the force exerted by the gas molecules in the one-liter container Therefore, the pressure is lower in the two-liter container and higher in the one-liter container At a constant temperature, changing the volume occupied by the gas changes the pressure, as does changing the number of gas molecules Boyle’s law describes the relationship between volume and pressure in a gas at a constant temperature Boyle discovered that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume: If volume increases, pressure decreases Likewise, if volume decreases, pressure increases Pressure and volume are inversely related (P = k/V) Therefore, the pressure in the one-liter container (one-half the volume of the two-liter container) would be twice the pressure in the twoliter container Boyle’s law is expressed by the following formula: P1V1 = P2V2 1/17 The Process of Breathing In this formula, P1 represents the initial pressure and V1 represents the initial volume, whereas the final pressure and volume are represented by P2 and V2, respectively If the two- and one-liter containers were connected by a tube and the volume of one of the containers were changed, then the gases would move from higher pressure (lower volume) to lower pressure (higher volume) Boyle's Law In a gas, pressure increases as volume decreases Pulmonary ventilation is dependent on three types of pressure: atmospheric, intraalveolar, and interpleural Atmospheric pressure is the amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface, such as the body Atmospheric pressure can be expressed in terms of the unit atmosphere, abbreviated atm, or in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) One atm is equal to 760 mm Hg, which is the atmospheric pressure at sea level Typically, for respiration, other pressure values are discussed in relation to atmospheric pressure Therefore, negative pressure is pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, whereas positive pressure is pressure that it is greater than the atmospheric pressure A pressure that is equal to the atmospheric pressure is expressed as zero Intra-alveolar pressure is the pressure of the air within the alveoli, which changes during the different phases of breathing ([link]) Because the alveoli are connected to the 2/17 The Process of Breathing atmosphere via the tubing of the airways (similar to the two- and one-liter containers in the example above), the interpulmonary pressure of the alveoli always equalizes with the atmospheric pressure Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressure Relationships Alveolar pressure changes during the different phases of the cycle It equalizes at 760 mm Hg but does not remain at 760 mm Hg Intrapleural pressure is the pressure of the air within the pleural cavity, between the visceral and parietal pleurae Similar to intra-alveolar pressure, intrapleural pressure also changes during the different phases of breathing However, due to certain characteristics of the lungs, the intrapleural pressure is always lower than, or negative to, the intraalveolar pressure (and therefore also to atmospheric pressure) Although it fluctuates during inspiration and expiration, intrapleural pressure remains approximately –4 mm Hg throughout the breathing cycle Competing forces within the thorax cause the formation of the negative intrapleural pressure One of these forces relates to the elasticity of the lungs themselves—elastic tissue pulls the lungs inward, away from the thoracic wall Surface tension of alveolar fluid, which is mostly water, also creates an inward pull of the lung tissue This inward tension from the lungs is countered by opposing forces from the pleural fluid and thoracic wall Surface tension ... THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACTS OF COSTING METHOD ON THE PROCESS OF MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING BY LE THANH THUY E0600122 BACHELOR OF BUSINESS (ACCOUNTING) HONS HELP UNIVERSITY COLLEGE 28 TH , JUNE, 2010 THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACTS OF COSTING METHOD ON THE PROCESS OF MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING BY LE THANH THUY Graduation Project Submitted to the Department of Business Studies, Help University College, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Business (Accounting) Hons JUNE, 2010 i Declaration I hereby declare that the graduation project is based on my original work except quotations and citations which has been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other course/degree at Help University or other institutions. The word count is 12,295 Words. ii Acknowledgement First of all, I am grateful to Dr Le Van Lien who gave lots of useful advices as well as materials for this thesis. And I would like to extent my thanks to Mr. Minh, manager and all of employees in Minhnhat Co., Ltd, who allowed and assisted me to collect all of necessary information to finish this thesis. My thesis can not be finished without your supports. iii TABLE OF CONTENT Declaration i Acknowledgement ii TABLE OF CONTENT iii Abstract v List of tables vi List of figures vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Introduction of topic 1 1.2. Issues 3 1.3. Issues expansion 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1. Managerial decision making process 6 2.1.1. Decisions in nature 7 2.1.2. What is decision making process? 9 2.1.3. What is accounting information? 10 2.1.4. Managers and management accounting 12 2.2. The importance and Impacts of costs accounting methods on decision making process of the managers using SWOTs and Porter’s model analysis. 14 2.2.1. Absorption costing 15 2.2.2. Variable costing method 17 2.2.3. Activity based costing system (ABC) 19 2.2.4. The importance and impacts of accounting methods on managerial decision making process 21 2.2.4.1. SWOTs analysis and why managers should choose a suitable costing method or importance of these methods. 21 2.2.4.2. Porter’ model with five factors which can affect the managerial decision of managers in term of cost accounting methods 24 Figure 1: Porter’s model with five factors. 25 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH AND METHODLOGY 29 3.1. Aims of the project 29 3.2. Research methodology 30 3.3 Data sources 30 3.4. Limitation 31 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 33 4.1. Introduction 33 4.1.1. Company’s background and mission statement 34 4.1.2. Operational structure 36 Figure 2: Operational structure of Minhnhat Company. 36 4.1.3. Firm core business and competitive advantages 37 4.2. Differences when using different cost accounting methods 38 4.2.1. Incurred expenses during the period of 2008-2009 39 Table 1: Production of Minhnhat Company 39 iv Table 2: Direct material cost of Minhnhat Company 40 Table 3: Direct i THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACTS OFCOSTING METHOD ON THE PROCESS OF MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING BY PHAM THI HOAI THANH E0700060 BARCHELOR OF BUSINESS (ACCOUNTING) HONS HELP UNIVERITY COLLEGE MARCH, 2011 i DECLARATION OF ORGINALITY AND WORD COUNT I hereby declare that the graduation project is based on my original work except quotations and citations, which has been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other course/degree at Help University or other institutions. The word count is 11363 words. PHAM THI HOAI THANH March 28, 2011 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Dao Thi Thu Giang who has guided me throughout this thesis. Her constant guidance, insightful suggestions, and constructive ideas are the essential inputs and encouragement for me in order to complete this thesis. Next, I would like to acknowledge to manager and all of employees in Ha Tinh Medical Material Company who allowed and assisted me to collect all of necessary information for me to get this thesis done. Without their contribution, I could not be able to gather much information for my research. Lastly, I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my friends for their continuous support, encouragement and contribution, which have been crucial during the presentation of this report. My thesis cannot be finished without your supports. iii TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION OF ORGINALITY AND WORD COUNT Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Error! Bookmark not defined. TABLE OF CONTENT iii ABSTRACT vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction of topic 1 1.2 Problem statement 3 1.3 Issues expansion 4 1.4 Structure of the research 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 Managerial decision-making process 6 2.1.2 Decision making process 9 2.1.3 Accounting information and its role in decision-making process 10 2.1.4 Managers and management accounting 12 2.2 The importance and impacts of costs accounting methods on decision-making process of the managers using SWOT model analysis. 13 2.2.1 Costing methods ● Absorption costing 13 Figure 1: Absorption costing method 14 ● Variable costing method 15 Figure 2: Variable costing method 16 iv ● Activity based costing system (ABC) 17 2.2.2 The importance and impacts of accounting methods on managerial decision making process. 21 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH AND METHODLOGY 26 3.1 Aims of the project 26 3.2 Research methodology 27 3.3 Data sources 28 3.4 Limitation 28 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 30 4.1 Introduction 30 4.1.1 Process of formation and development of the company 31 4.1.2 Facilities of the company 32 4.1.3 Company’s mission statement 33 4.1.4 Potention on production of the company 33 4.1.5 Potention on marketing of the company 34 4.1.6 Structure of Ha Tinh Medical Materials’ management structure 35 Figure 3: Structure of management team 36 4.1.7 Accounting policy adopted 37 4.2 Difference when using different cost accounting methods 37 4.2.1 Incurred expenses during the period of 2008 – 2009 37 Table 1: Total revenue for Vitamin A of Ha Tinh Medical Materials 38 Table 2: Direct material cost GABRIELA BOLDUREANU TEODOR PĂDURARU An. Inst. cerc. ec. „Gh. Zane”, t. 18, Iaşi, 2009, p. 129-133 MERCHANDISING – MODERN TECHNIQUE USED IN THE PROCESS OF GOODS SALES Etymologically, the term “merchandising” is derived from the noun “merchandise” that means, in a broad sense, goods, respectively the assembly of products that constitutes the assortment of a shop, with the radical “ing” that expresses the voluntary action of the seller to organize his/her activity, in order to make the shop profitable [6]. The National Marketing Association in the USA considers merchandising as being “the totality of techniques and previsions required in order to sell the right product in the right place, in the right quantities, at the right time and at the right price”. It is the so called rule of the 5R: 1. The Right Product The right product is the unique compound of three elements: product’s functions, intrinsic qualities, support system. “What does the client really buy?” is the question that appears in connection to the product. Figure 1. Product in the marketing view Source: Prutianu Şt. -„ Inteligenţa Marketing Plus ” p. 119. Boldureanu Gabriela, Teodor Păduraru 2 130 2. The Right Quantity It depends both on the need to buy and use of the consumer and the need to buy and sell of the seller. The factors that the trader has to take into account to determine the right quantity are: 1. Number of items. Some buyers need only one item, while others need more items. This is determined by the buying frequency, by the price sensitivity of the client, by his/her marital status, etc. 2. The size of the item. Products of diverse sizes (medium, small, large) have a different impact upon the consumers. 3. Unit of measurement (kilogram, liter, piece, etc); 4. Necessity. It refers to the decision of buying both of the consumer and of the seller. The buying decision of the seller is more difficult as a too small quantity of a certain product creates stock rests, and in too large quantities, leads to larger stocks. 3. The Right Place In order to choose the right place there are more elements to be taken into account: market extent, market covering, size and design of the shop. For the location of a shop, a trader may choose a commercial area, or a regional or a neighborhood commercial center. 4. The Right Time In order to determine the right time, the traders have to take into account: the calendar time (hour, day, week, month, year), season, certain life events of the consumer: birthdays, weddings, graduations, etc., work time. Also it is important the time that passed from the latest acquisition, especially in the case of staple products and the long use ones. 5. The Right Price Merchandising involves a certain view characterized by the following defining elements [5]: 3 Merchandising - modern technique used in the process of goods sales 131 - planning the activity of the shop to reach its objectives, ensuring the satisfactions of the clients in maximum responsibility conditions; - orientation towards clients: the starting point for the activity of any shop is the client, that is why the inner 1 RISE OF THE AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE AND THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION ALEKSANDAR ČUČKOVIĆ Faculty of Economics, University of Novi Sad SERBIA Abstract: In recent years, the possibility of aesthetic experience is more common than ever, because the different contents are being more and more invested with aesthetic properties. Although the term of “aesthetic experience” overpowered the traditionally dominant concept of “beauty”, the value ascribed to it is disputable, because the experience has repressed the object, but the growth of the aesthetic contents presence does not correspond with a occasion to meet the most significant aesthetic values. The excellence of art has been merged in the banality of everyday life, which obtained an attractive appearance, but not the beauty of spirit, lovable surface, but not the true depth. As a strategy of turning of the unaesthetic to the aesthetic, aestheticization would be more promising if it would not be reduced to the mere technique of beautification, but represented the trigger for the legitimating of pervasive interference of all of the domains of rationality. The process of globalization causes the weakening of the borders between different cultural domains, what makes their mutual interference easier, but it cannot itself ensure the meaning of such integrations and take-overs. Key words: Aesthetic Experience, Aestheticization, Globalization, Knowledge, Technology, Art, Everyday Life Today we meet many opportunities to experience something aesthetically. The reasons for this are numerous and complex, especially if we have on the mind the process of intensifying global interdependence of individuals, groups and states. In addition, some changes have occurred in the nature of our expectations, our focus and our goals. Several permanent features of our culture, in a broader sense, have a decisive impact on shaping of our everyday life. The modern understanding of knowledge, the capitalist organization of the economy, the rapid development of technology and the introduction of a series of regulatory measures in many countries have a prominent place in this respect (Scholte, 2000:89). If we add that the social significance of art and the nature of aesthetic experience were changed and that we were meeting the increased presence of different aesthetic contents, we could see that a considerable overlap between the structural factors that enable the process of contemporary globalization and those that lie at the root of the phenomenon aestheticization were at work for some time. Here it will be discussed mostly the nature of these two processes and their (possible) relationships. First of all, the modern times are established on the new conception of knowledge, which presupposes the secularization of theory. This tendency went hand by hand with the new organization of everyday life that was not focused on the heavens any more, but on the earthly world. Namely, the fundamental change happened with the switching of man’s understanding of his own role in the cosmos. From that moment on, ... volume of the lungs The greater the volume of the lungs, the lower the air pressure within the lungs Pulmonary ventilation consists of the process of inspiration (or inhalation), where air enters the. .. connected to the 2/17 The Process of Breathing atmosphere via the tubing of the airways (similar to the two- and one-liter containers in the example above), the interpulmonary pressure of the alveoli... natural elasticity of the chest wall opposes the inward pull of the lungs Ultimately, the outward pull is slightly greater than the inward pull, creating the –4 mm 3/17 The Process of Breathing Hg