The Role of Seed Plants

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The Role of PowerChapter 8 OutlineRole of PowerRules for Using Power Role of PowerPower defined: •Ability or official capacity to exercise control; authority•Ability to influence or control othersSources of Power•Information•Status•Social networks•Physical appearance Rules for Using PowerThe text describes 16 rules for using power in negotiation.  Each will be discussed in the following slides. Rule #1: Establish CredibilityIntroduction by othersBiographical sketchTake notesBe a good listener Demonstrate recall & understanding of informationSuggest an agenda Rule #2: Do Your ResearchSmart talk – sounding confident, articulate or eloquentStay abreast of content areas and read a broad range of materialsKnowledge leads to confidencePresent information constructively and with intent to help Rule #3: Don’t Have All the AnswersDon’t flaunt your expertiseHelp the other side remain confident (face issues)Utilize esteem­reviving comments•Useful when other side takes offense or negatively reacts to statements•“If you don’t mind, let’s back up here to see if I’ve misstated my intentions.”•“If I seemed to be abrasive a few moments ago…”•“I may have spoken too quickly” Rule #4: Don’t Sweat the Small StuffDon’t push too hard for minor gainsQuibbling over small stuff creates bad willBundle small items with others into one package•Example – Negotiating relocation expenses as part of a salary negotiation Rule #5: Create DependenceCreate relianceIdentify what you have the other side might wantRelationship between power & dependence•Power A, B = Dependence B, A•Power of person A over B is equal to the dependence of person B on A Rule #6: Power of Who You KnowIt’s not what you know but who you knowIdentify how your negotiation counterpart might perceive your references or connections•Utilize when they are highly regarded and perceived as credible sources•Make a subtle reference [...]... Landscape  Types of Political Environments • Minimally Politicized Arena – power possessed by those  who are truthful and demonstrate regard for their own  outcomes and those of others • Moderately Politicized Area – greater acceptance of behind­ the scenes tactics so long as the goals of the group are  achieved • Highly Politicized Arena – conflict is frequent and often  pervasive – who you know more important that what you  know • Pathologically Politicized Arena – characterized by  frequent, often long­lasting conflict; high levels of distrust Rule #14: Don’t Negotiate Alone  Have support of others – either present  or whom you can mention during the negotiation process  “Friends in high places” are an  important part of evidentiary support ... Power The text describes 16 rules for using  power in negotiation.  Each will be  discussed in the following slides. Rule #8: Use Time Strategically  Pace proposals so it fits the circumstances and the other side’s  expectations  Mirror your counterpart’s style to pace  appropriately  Be flexible Rule #5: Create Dependence  Create reliance  Identify what you have the other side  might want  Relationship between power &  dependence • Power A, B = Dependence B, A • Power of person A over B is equal to the dependence of person B on A ... Dependence  Create reliance  Identify what you have the other side  might want  Relationship between power &  dependence • Power A, B = Dependence B, A • Power of person A over B is equal to the dependence of person B on A Rule #12: Remain Flexible  Constantly reevaluate the effectiveness  of your choices  Be prepared for anything  Utilize creative thinking and  experimentation Rule #9: Carefully Choose Context  The environment of The Role of Seed Plants The Role of Seed Plants Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Without seed plants, life as we know it would not be possible Plants play a key role in the maintenance of terrestrial ecosystems through stabilization of soils, cycling of carbon, and climate moderation Large tropical forests release oxygen and act as carbon dioxide sinks Seed plants provide shelter to many life forms, as well as food for herbivores, thereby indirectly feeding carnivores Plant secondary metabolites are used for medicinal purposes and industrial production Animals and Plants: Herbivory Coevolution of flowering plants and insects is a hypothesis that has received much attention and support, especially because both angiosperms and insects diversified at about the same time in the middle Mesozoic Many authors have attributed the diversity of plants and insects to pollination and herbivory, or consumption of plants by insects and other animals This is believed to have been as much a driving force as pollination Coevolution of herbivores and plant defenses is observed in nature Unlike animals, most plants cannot outrun predators or use mimicry to hide from hungry animals A sort of arms race exists between plants and herbivores To “combat” herbivores, some plant seeds—such as acorn and unripened persimmon—are high in alkaloids and therefore unsavory to some animals Other plants are protected by bark, although some animals developed specialized mouth pieces to tear and chew vegetal material Spines and thorns ([link]) deter most animals, except for mammals with thick fur, and some birds have specialized beaks to get past such defenses (a) Spines and (b) thorns are examples of plant defenses (credit a: modification of work by Jon Sullivan; credit b: modification of work by I Sáček, Sr.) 1/10 The Role of Seed Plants Herbivory has been used by seed plants for their own benefit in a display of mutualistic relationships The dispersal of fruit by animals is the most striking example The plant offers to the herbivore a nutritious source of food in return for spreading the plant’s genetic material to a wider area An extreme example of collaboration between an animal and a plant is the case of acacia trees and ants The trees support the insects with shelter and food In return, ants discourage herbivores, both invertebrates and vertebrates, by stinging and attacking leafeating insects Animals and Plants: Pollination Grasses are a successful group of flowering plants that are wind pollinated They produce large amounts of powdery pollen carried over large distances by the wind The flowers are small and wisp-like Large trees such as oaks, maples, and birches are also wind pollinated Link to Learning Explore this website for additional information on pollinators More than 80 percent of angiosperms depend on animals for pollination: the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma Consequently, plants have developed many adaptations to attract pollinators The specificity of specialized plant structures that target animals can be very surprising It is possible, for example, to determine the type of pollinator favored by a plant just from the flower’s characteristics Many bird or insectpollinated flowers secrete nectar, which is a sugary liquid They also produce both fertile pollen, for reproduction, and sterile pollen rich in nutrients for birds and insects Butterflies and bees can detect ultraviolet light Flowers that attract these pollinators usually display a pattern of low ultraviolet reflectance that helps them quickly locate the flower's center and collect nectar while being dusted with pollen ([link]) Large, red flowers with little smell and a long funnel shape are preferred by hummingbirds, who have good color perception, a poor sense of smell, and need a strong perch White flowers opened at night attract moths Other animals—such as bats, lemurs, and lizards—can also act as pollinating agents Any disruption to these interactions, such as the disappearance of bees as a consequence of colony collapse disorders, can lead to disaster for agricultural industries that depend heavily on pollinated crops 2/10 The Role of Seed Plants As a bee collects nectar from a flower, it is dusted by pollen, which it then disperses to other flowers (credit: John Severns) Scientific Method Connection Testing Attraction of Flies by Rotting Flesh SmellQuestion: Will flowers that offer cues to bees attract carrion flies if sprayed with compounds that smell like rotten flesh? Background: Visitation of flowers by pollinating flies is a function mostly of smell Flies are attracted by rotting flesh and carrions The putrid odor seems to be the major attractant The polyamines putrescine and cadaverine, which are the products of protein breakdown after animal death, are the source of the pungent smell of decaying meat Some plants strategically attract flies by synthesizing polyamines similar to those generated by decaying flesh and thereby attract carrion flies ...Circuit theory of finance and the role of incentivesin financial sector reformbyBiagio BossoneWorld BankNovember 1998SummaryThis paper analyzes the role of the financial system for economic growth and stability, andaddresses a number of core policy issues for financial sector reforms in emerging economies. Therole of finance is studied in the context of a circuit model with interacting rational, forward-looking, and heterogeneous agents. Finance is shown to essentially complement the price systemin coordinating decentralized intertemporal resource allocation choices from agents operatingunder limited information and incomplete trust. The paper also discusses the links betweenfinance and incentives to efficiency and stability in a circuit context. It assesses the implicationsfor financial sector reform policies and identifies incentives and incentive-compatible institutionsfor financial sector reform strategies in emerging economies.The author is intellectually indebted to the work of Prof. Augusto Graziani in the field ofmonetary circuit theory. The author wishes to thank Jerry Caprio, Stjin Claessens, and LarryPromisel for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of the paper. He bears full responsibility forany remaining errors and for the opinions expressed in the text. The author is especially gratefulto his wife Ornella for her invaluable support. For comments, contact Biagio Bossone, E-mail:Bbossone@worldbank.org, tel. (202) 473-3021, fax (202) 522-2031. 2TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION 3I. FINANCE IN A MARKET ECONOMY . 4I.1 THE CIRCUIT PROCESS OF FINANCE . 4I.1.1 Assumptions and structure of the model 5I.1.2 Structural implications of CTF TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1: FACTS OF VIETNAM FREIGHT FORWARDING INDUSTRY1.1. Definition of “Freight Forwarder”1.2. The importance of Freight Forwarding industry1.2.1. To the national economy1.2.2. To enterprises1.3. Facts of the industry1.3.1. Advantages to the development of the industry1.3.2. Pressures on Vietnam freight forwarding industry1.4. Comments on the facts of Vietnam freight forwarding industryCHAPTER 2: VIETNAM FREIGHT FORWARDERS ASSOCIATION (VIFFAS)2.1. Introduction of VIFFAS2.1.1. History of VIFFAS2.1.2. Management Board of VIFFAS2.1.3. Statues and Standard Trading Conditions of VIFFAS2.2. Functions & Main Activities of VIFFASPAGES133334447121313131313142.3. Activities of VIFFAS during the past termII 2.3.1. VIFFAS with the role of member’s representatives 2.3.2. External activities2.3.3. Actions for members’ benefits2.4. Roles of VIFFAS to Vietnam Freight forwarding industry in international economic integration process2.4.1. Achievements of VIFFAS2.4.2. Some weaknesses of the Association in the past termsCHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATIONS3.1. Macro scale 3.2. Micro scaleCONCLUSIONREFERENCES1616II 16161818212323252627II Hanoi University of Foreign Trade Faculty of Business EnglishINTRODUCTIONFreight forwarding industry plays a significant role in expanding trade by procuring efficient and economic modes of transport. It creates necessary conditions to ensure that import and export products may timely reach their destinations and helps to deliver efficiently goods from sellers to end users. This national industry is still young in Vietnam, but it has gradually contributed to the improvement of the country’s balance of payment by assisting export promotion and giving support to the national Carrier & Insurers. Vietnam Freight Forwarding industry has played, to somewhat extent, an active role in facilitating trade by simplifying and rationalizing trade and documentary procedures, thereby reducing transport cost. Vietnam went through a lot of hindrances and difficulties to reach the splendid achievements over the past years. In international economic integration process, challenges remain considerable but there are always opportunities for the development of national economy. Freight forwarding industry also finds its opportunities to grow up, contributing to the national development strategy of restructuring the economy, intensifying the industrialization & modernization process and laying the foundation for rapid & sustainable development of national economy. During my internship at Vietnam Freight Forwarders Association (VIFFAS) in Ho Chi Minh City, I have learnt a lot about the facts of Vietnam freight forwarding industry and the Association’s importance Studies on the nonmevalonate pathway of terpene biosynthesis The role of 2 C -methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate in plants Monika Fellermeier 1 , Maja Raschke 1 , Silvia Sagner 1 , Juraithip Wungsintaweekul 2 , Christoph A. Schuhr 2 , Stefan Hecht 2 , Klaus Kis 2 , Tanja Radykewicz 2 , Petra Adam 2 , Felix Rohdich 2 , Wolfgang Eisenreich 2 , Adelbert Bacher 2 , Duilio Arigoni 3 and Meinhart H. Zenk 1 1 Biozentrum-Pharmazie, Universita ¨ t Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany; 2 Lehrstuhl fu ¨ r Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universita ¨ tMu ¨ nchen, Garching, Germany; 3 Laboratorium fu ¨ r Organische Chemie, Eidgeno ¨ ssische Technische Hochschule Ho ¨ nggerberg, Zu ¨ rich, Switzerland 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate was recently shown to be formed from 2C-methyl- D-erythritol 4-phos- phate by the consecutive action of IspD, IspE, and IspF proteins in the nonmevalonate pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis. To complement previous work with radio- labelled precursors, we have now demonstrated that [U- 13 C 5 ]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate affords [U- 13 C 5 ]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate in isolated chromoplasts of Capsicum annuum and Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Moreover, chromoplasts are shown to efficiently convert 2C-methyl- D-erythritol 4-phosphate as well as 2C-methyl- D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate into the carotene precursor phytoene. The bulk of the kinetic data collected in competition experiments with radiolabeled substrates is consistent with the notion that the cyclodipho- sphate is an obligatory intermediate in the nonmevalonate pathway to terpenes. Studies with [2,2 0 - 13 C 2 ]2C-methyl- D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate afforded phytoene characterized by pairs of jointly transferred 13 C atoms in the positions 17/1, 18/5, 19/9, and 20/13 and, at a lower abundance, in positions 16/1, 4/5, 8/9, and 12/13. A detailed scheme is presented for correlating the observed partial scrambling of label with the known lack of fidelity of the isopentenyl diphosphate/dimethylethyl diphosphate isomerase. Keywords: nonmevalonate pathway; terpene; chromoplasts; 2C-methyl- D-erythritol 2; 4-cyclodiphosphate. For a period of several decades, the mevalonate pathway elucidated in animal cells and yeast by the studies of Bloch, Cornforth and Lynen has been considered as the universal source of isoprenoid precursors for the biosynthesis of terpenoids (reviewed in [1–4]). In recent years, a second pathway was discovered in certain eubacteria and plants by the research groups of Rohmer and Arigoni (reviewed in [5– 7]). Specifically, the incorporation of 13 C-labeled acetate and glucose in bacteria such as Rhodopseudomonas palustris [8] and Escherichia coli [9], as well as in plants [10] suggested a triose and pyruvate as precursors for the formation of isoprenoids via the alternative pathway. Arigoni and his coworkers found that 1-deoxy- D-xylu- lose, a known precursor of the vitamins thiamine [11] and pyridoxol [12], could be incorporated into terpenoids by E. coli [9] as well as by higher plants [7]. More specifically, plants were shown to utilize the mevalonate pathway in the cytoplasmic compartment and the nonmevalonate pathway in the plastid compartment [7,10,13,14]. More recently, the origin of a variety of plant terpenoids could be assigned to this plastid-based nonmevalonate pathway (reviewed in [6]). Recent studies by several research groups identified 1-deoxy- D-xylulose Original article The role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in calcareous soil tolerance by "symbiocalcicole" woody plants F Lapeyrie INRA, Centre de Recherches Forestières de Nancy, Champenoux, 54280 Seichamps, France (Received 29 March 1990; accepted 5 October 1990) Summary — There are now a few examples in the literature of trees or dwarf shrub which can toler- ate calcareous soils only in association with mycorrhizal fungi; these plants could be termed symbio- calcicole. An integrative flow-diagram which summarizes probable interactions between calcareous soil, mycorrhizal fungi and roots of symbiocalcicole plants is presented and discussed. Solubilisa- tion, mobilisation and/or assimilation of phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen, iron and carbonate from cal- careous soil are considered successively. mycorrhizas / calcareous soil / calcium / calcifuge / symbiocalcicole Résumé — Les champignons ectomycorhiziens et la tolérance des sols calcaires par les plantes ligneuses "symbiocalcicoles". Quelques cas d’arbres ou d’arbustes nains tolérant les sols calcaires uniquement lorsqu’ils sont associés à des champignons ectomycorhiziens ont fait l’objet d’une publication. Ces plantes pourraient être dénommées "symbiocalcicoles". Un diagramme résumant les interactions probables existant entre sol calcaire, champignon mycorhizien et racine d’une plante symbiocalcicole est présenté et discuté. Sont envisagées successivement, la solubilisa- tion, la mobilisation et/ou l’assimilation du phosphore, du calcium, de l’azote, du fer et des carbo- nates d’un sol calcaire. mycorhizes / sol calcaire / calcicole / calcifuge / symbiocalcicole INTRODUCTION It has long been known that some plants, including tree species, can be categorized according to their ability to grow in calcare- ous soils or acidic soils, ie the calcicole plants growing in calcareous soil, and the calcifuge plants unable to tolerate calcare- ous soils. From a practical point of view, both foresters and agronomists have taken this into consideration in the selection of plant species for the different soil types to achieve maximum results. The physiologi- cal basis for this classification is still the subject of active investigation since no complete explanation as to the mechanism for the differential tolerance of the two types of soil is currently available. Many hypotheses have been proposed, and these have been the subject of a number of reviews (Burstrom, 1968; Kinzel, 1983). Invariably, ion balances have been impli- cated but in most cases the experimental models have included growing plants in aseptic conditions or in soils where the mycorrhizal status was not determined. However, during the last 10 years, 4 stud- ies comparing sterile and non sterile condi- tions for plant growth in calcareous sub- strate have indicated that some plants can tolerate calcareous soils only in associa- tion with mycorrhizal fungi. This suggests that the ecological and physiological status of the plants have been altered in the pres- ence of a symbiotic partner. These four published studies will be reviewed here. To understand the possible role of mycor- rhizal fungi in plant tolerance to calcareous soil, hypotheses based on current know- ledge about calcareous soil toxicity and plant/fungus relationship will be proposed and discussed. CASE REVIEWS There have been 4 reported examples to- date of plants showing tolerance to calcar- eous soil due to their association with my- corrhizal fungi. A summary of these results ... conclusion: Do the results support the hypothesis? If not, how can this be explained? 4/10 The Role of Seed Plants The Importance of Seed Plants in Human Life Seed plants are the foundation of human.. .The Role of Seed Plants Herbivory has been used by seed plants for their own benefit in a display of mutualistic relationships The dispersal of fruit by animals is the most striking example The. .. and butterflies flies birds wind D 9/10 The Role of Seed Plants Plants are a source of food fuel medicine all of the above D Free Response Biosynthesis of nectar and nutrient-rich pollen is