I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF E NERGY AND E NVIRONMENT Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013 pp.191-198 Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2013 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved. An experimental study on the thermal valorization of municipal and animal wastes Despina Vamvuka 1 , Stelios Sfakiotakis 1 , Kyriakos D. Panopoulos 2 1 Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Crete, Greece. 2 Centre for Research & Technology Hellas / Institute for Solid Fuels Technology & Applications (CERTH/ISFTA), 4 th klm. Nat. Rd. Ptolemais-Kozani-P.O. box 95 – GR 50200 Ptolemais, Greece. Abstract Poultry wastes and refused derived fuel disposal through thermochemical processes, such as combustion, has been proposed. These fuels have calorific values that in many cases exceed 20MJ kg -1 . An extensive analysis has been performed of pyrolysis and combustion results obtained by thermal analysis measurements. The weight loss data were recorded continuously, under dynamic conditions, in the range 25-1300ºC. A first order parallel reactions model and a power low model fitted the experimental results accurately for pyrolysis and combustion, respectively. The pyrolysis of poultry waste was a complex process, occurring up to 1300°C with high activation energies. Copyright © 2013 International Energy and Environment Foundation - All rights reserved. Keywords: Poultry wastes; RDF; Pyrolysis; Combustion. 1. Introduction Given the trend to replace fossil carbon and gain additional revenue, the power generation sector across the world is considering the use of secondary fuels, such as animal breeding and household wastes. As landfill disposal is no longer a viable solution, due to the high cost and the environmental regulations, thermal treatment of these wastes is an attractive option, by destroying hazardous constituents, reducing their volume, allowing for energy recovery and increasing economic returns to rural communities. Chicken eggs and meat is one the most widely used protein source throughout the world. Nowadays, it is more and more common to have large scale chicken industries. There is about 50g of wastes generated by a chick every day and this mainly composes of: manure, bedding material, waste feed, dead birds, broken eggs and feathers. Refused derived fuel (RDF) is produced from municipal solid wastes (MSW) through a procedures comprising source-separated, processed and dried combustible MSW fraction. It consists of mostly cellulosic and plastic components. Several thermal systems have been proposed for poultry litter and RDF valorization for energy. Fast pyrolysis of poultry wastes (PW) has been tried out but the results were not so promising, as the bio-oil yield of poultry litter was relatively low compared to wood derived bio-oil (34–42wt%) [1]. Pyrolysis of RDF is crucial in thermochemical conversion processes, due to the high volatile content of this fuel. Volatile species evolved have been characterized by TGA-FTIR and TGA-MS techniques [2]. Combustion of PW and RDF has been accomplished in fluidized bed combustion units [3, 4]. Care should be given in both direct combustion and co-combustion on the effect of chlorine and nitrogen, International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp.191-198 ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 Công ty Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Circular No 42/2015/TT-BNNPTNT dated November 16, 2015 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on issuing additional list of chemicals and antibiotics banned from import, manufacture, trade or use in feed for livestock and poultry in Vietnam Pursuant to Decree No 199/2013/ND-CP dated 26/11/2013 by the Government defining the functions, tasks, entitlements and organizational structure of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development; Pursuant to the Decree No 08/2010/ND-CP dated February 05, 2010 by the Government on the management of animal feeds; At the request of the Director of the Department of Livestock Production, The Minister of Agriculture and Rural development issues the additional list of chemicals and antibiotics banned from import, manufacture, trade and use in feed for livestock and poultry in Vietnam Article The Additional list of chemicals and antibiotics banned from import, manufacture, trade or use in feed for livestock and poultry in Vietnam is enclosed with this Circular Article This Circular takes effect on November 16, 2015 Article The Chief of the Ministry Office, the Director of the Department of Livestock Production, Director of Services of Agriculture and Rural development of central-affiliated cities and provinces, Heads of units affiliated to Ministries and relevant entities are responsible for implementing this Circular./ For the Minister The Deputy Minister Vu Van Tam ADDITIONAL LIST OF CHEMICALS AND ANTIBIOTICS BANNED FROM IMPORT, MANUFACTURE, TRADE OR USE IN FEED FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY IN VIETNAM LUẬT SƯ TƯ VẤN PHÁP LUẬT 24/7: 1900 6169 Công ty Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn (Enclosed with Circular No 42/2015/TT-BNNPTNT dated November 16, 2015 by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural development) No Name of antibiotics/chemicals Vat Yellow (other names: flavanthrone, flavanthren Vat Yellow (other name: Indanthrene); molecular fo Vat Yellow (other name: Mikethrene); molecular fo Vat Yellow (other name: Dibenzochrysenedione, D Auramine (other names: yellow pyoctanine; glauram LUẬT SƯ TƯ VẤN PHÁP LUẬT 24/7: 1900 6169 Comparative studies on the functional roles of N- and C-terminal regions of molluskan and vertebrate troponin-I Hiroyuki Tanaka 1 , Yuhei Takeya 1 , Teppei Doi 1 , Fumiaki Yumoto 2,3 , Masaru Tanokura 3 , Iwao Ohtsuki 2 , Kiyoyoshi Nishita 1 and Takao Ojima 1 1 Laboratory of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan 2 Laboratory of Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 3 Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan Troponin is a Ca 2+ -dependent regulatory protein com- plex, which constitute thin filaments together with actin and tropomyosin [1]. It is composed of three dis- tinct subunits: troponin-C (TnC), which binds Ca 2+ , troponin-T (TnT), which binds tropomyosin, and trop- onin-I (TnI), which binds actin and inhibits actin–myo- sin interaction [2–4]. In relaxed muscle, TnI binds to actin and inhibits contraction. Upon muscle stimula- tion, Ca 2+ binds to TnC and induces the release of the inhibition by TnI, resulting in muscle contraction. To understand the molecular mechanisms of this Ca 2+ switching, extensive studies of the structure, function, and Ca 2+ -dependent conformational changes of tropo- nin subunits have been carried out. In vertebrate muscles, TnC has a dumbbell-like shape with the N- and C-terminal globular domains linked by a central helix [5,6]. Each domain contains two EF-hand Ca 2+ -binding motifs [7], thus TnC has four possible Ca 2+ -binding sites, sites I and II in the N-domain and sites III and IV in the C-domain [8,9]. Keywords invertebrate; mollusk; regulatory mechanism; troponin; troponin-I Correspondence Takao Ojima, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041–8611, Japan Tel ⁄ Fax: +81 138 408800 E-mail: ojima@fish.hokudai.ac.jp Note The nucleotide sequences of cDNAs enco- ding Akazara scallop 52K-TnI and 19K-TnI are available in DDBJ ⁄ EMBL ⁄ GenBank databases under accession numbers, AB206837 and AB206838, respectively (Received 24 March 2005, revised 13 June 2005, accepted 15 July 2005) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04866.x Vertebrate troponin regulates muscle contraction through alternative bind- ing of the C-terminal region of the inhibitory subunit, troponin-I (TnI), to actin or troponin-C (TnC) in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of this regulation by molluskan troponin, we com- pared the functional properties of the recombinant fragments of Akazara scallop TnI and rabbit fast skeletal TnI. The C-terminal fragment of Akaz- ara scallop TnI (ATnI 232)292 ), which contains the inhibitory region (resi- dues 104–115 of rabbit TnI) and the regulatory TnC-binding site (residues 116–131), bound actin-tropomyosin and inhibited actomyosin-tropomyosin Mg-ATPase. However, it did not interact with TnC, even in the presence of Ca 2+ . These results indicated that the mechanism involved in the alter- native binding of this region was not observed in molluskan troponin. On the other hand, ATnI 130)252 , which contains the structural TnC-binding site (residues 1–30 of rabbit TnI) and the inhibitory region, bound strongly to both actin and TnC. Moreover, the ternary complex consisting of this frag- ment, troponin-T, and TnC activated the Essays on the Equilibrium Valuation of IPOs and Bonds by Kehong Wen B.S.(University of Science and Technology of China) 1987 Ph.D. (The University of Texas at Austin) 1993 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA at BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Mark Rubinstein, Chair Professor Henry Cao, Co-Chair Professor Nils Hakansson Professor Roger Craine May 2000 UMI Number: 9981117 Copyright 2000 by Wen, Kehong All rights reserved ______________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 9981117 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. _______________________________________________________________ Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 The dissertation of Kehong Wen is approved: Chair Date Date Date Date University of California at Berkeley May 2000 Essays on the Equilibrium Valuation of IPOs and Bonds Copyright May 2000 by Kehong Wen 1 Abstract Essays on the Equilibrium Valuation of IPOs and Bonds by Kehong Wen Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration University of California at Berkeley Professor Mark Rubinstein, Chair Chapter 1 of this dissertation provides rational explanations for the IPO underperformance puzzle. IPO underperformance is shown to arise in three equilibrium models with investor heterogeneity and participation restrictions. The models also help explain why IPO under- performance is concentrated in small stocks and why the average IPO return can be below the risk-free rate. In these models, IPO residual risk acts as a source of systematic risk. Schumpeterian creative destruction plays a key role in one of the models. This model is extended into a dynamic setting in Chapter 2 to demonstrate that persistent after-market underperformance is consistent with a rational expectations equilibrium. Building on the dynamic extension, a uni…ed framework is o¤ered in Chapter 3 to address all three IPO pricing puzzles. Many testable implications are derived and presented in detail to facilitate future empirical work. Chapter 4 investigates the general equilibrium implications of introducing new 2 industries into the economy. It …rst establishes that the equilibrium of an N-industry pure- exchange economy supports an N-factor Vasicek term structure of interest rates. It then shows that industry characteristics enter as direct determinants of the yield curve, the term premium, the forward premium, and the stock premium. Depending on the nature of industry heterogeneity, the term structure of interest rates and the stock premium can have qualitatively di¤erent dynamics. Depending on how industries interact, the market- price-of-risk vector may admit di¤erent signs for its components. Consequently, risky assets representing high impact industries can have negative return premia over bonds. This helps explain why new industries may appear over-valued at times. Professor Mark Rubinstein Dissertation Committee Chair iii To my wife, Yunfang Lu, and my daughter, Yanming Melinda Wen, the stars in my life. iv Contents List of Figures vi List of Tables vii 1 A Rational Approach to IPO Underperformance 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutagenesis of hydrogenase accessory genes of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Additional homologues of hypA and hypB are not active in hydrogenase maturation Do ¨ rte Hoffmann, Kirstin Gutekunst, Monika Klissenbauer, Ru ¨ diger Schulz-Friedrich and Jens Appel Botanisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany The large subunit of heterodimeric NiFe-hydrogenases contains a metal complex of a nickel and an iron ion. The two are held in close proximity by two disulfide bridges provided by two cysteine residues of the pro- tein. The iron has two cyanide ions and one carbon monoxide as ligands, whereas the nickel ion is coordi- nated by two additional cysteines [1,2]. This metal cen- tre is at the heart of hydrogen oxidation and proton reduction. Its assembly depends upon the presence of at least six genes collectively called hydrogenase pleio- tropic (hyp) because of the pleiotropic effect of their deletion on the synthesis of all hydrogenases in Escheri- chia coli [3]. In a last step, a hydrogenase-specific prote- ase cleaves a C-terminal peptide from the protein. Many investigations, especially into the processing of the large subunit of hydrogenase 3 (HycE) from E. coli, have unraveled the role of the proteins enco- ded by the hyp genes [3]. Although the origin of the carbon monoxide is still not known, the cells have to provide carbamoylphosphate for the production of Keywords hyp genes; cobalt transport; arginase; agmatinase; cyanobacteria Correspondence J. Appel, Botanisches Institut, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, 24118 Kiel, Germany Fax: +49 431 880 4238 Tel: +49 431 880 4237 E-mail: jappel@bot.uni-kiel.de (Received 13 May 2006, revised 27 June 2006, accepted 9 August 2006) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05460.x Genes homologous to hydrogenase accessory genes are scattered over the whole genome in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Deletion and insertion mutants of hypA1 (slr1675), hypB1 (sll1432), hypC, hypD, hypE and hypF were constructed and showed no hydrogenase activity. Involvement of the respective genes in maturation of the enzyme was con- firmed by complementation. Deletion of the additional homologues hypA2 (sll1078) and hypB2 (sll1079) had no effect on hydrogenase activity. Thus, hypA1 and hypB1 are specific for hydrogenase maturation. We suggest that hypA2 and hypB2 are involved in a different metal insertion process. The hydrogenase activity of DhypA1 and DhypB1 could be increased by the addition of nickel, suggesting that HypA1 and HypB1 are involved in the insertion of nickel into the active site of the enzyme. The urease activity of all the hypA and hypB single- and double-mutants was the same as in wild- type cells. Therefore, there seems to be no common function for these two hyp genes in hydrogenase and urease maturation in Synechocystis. Similar- ity searches in the whole genome yielded Slr1876 as the best candidate for the hydrogenase-specific protease. The respective deletion mutant had no hydrogenase activity. Deletion of hupE had no effect on hydrogenase activ- ity but resulted in a mutant unable to grow in a medium containing the metal chelator nitrilotriacetate. Growth was resumed upon the addition of cobalt or methionine. Because the latter is synthesized by a cobalt-requiring enzyme in Synechocystis, HupE is a Fact Sheet No.23, Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women. CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (art. 5 (a)), adopted by General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979. Contents: • Introduction • I. An appraisal of harmful traditional practices and their effects on women and the girl child • II. Review of action and activities by United Nations organs and agencies, Governments and NGOs • Conclusions Annex: - Plan of Action for the Elimination of Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children - Select Bibliography Introduction The Charter of the United Nations includes among its basic principles the achievement of international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion (Art. 1, para. 3). In 1948, three years after the adoption of the Charter, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (1) which has served as guiding principles on human rights and fundamental freedoms in the constitutions and laws of many of the Member States of the United Nations. The Universal Declaration prohibits all forms of discrimination based on sex and ensures the right to life, liberty and security of person; it recognizes equality before the law and equal protection against any discrimination in violation of the Declaration. Many international legal instruments on human rights further reinforce individual rights, and also protect- and prohibit discrimination against-specific groups, in particular women. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, for example, had been ratified by 136 States as of January 1995. The Convention obliges States parties, in general, to "pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating discrimination against women" (art. 2). It reaffirms the equality of human rights for women and men in society and in the family; it obliges States parties to take action against the social causes of women's inequality; and it calls for the elimination of laws, stereotypes, practices and prejudices that impair women's well-being. Traditional cultural practices reflect values and beliefs held by members of a community for periods often spanning generations. Every social grouping in the world has specific traditional cultural practices and beliefs, some of which are beneficial to all members, while others are harmful to a specific group, such as women. These harmful traditional practices include female genital mutilation (FGM); forced feeding of women; early marriage; the various taboos or practices which prevent women from controlling their own fertility; nutritional taboos ... (Enclosed with Circular No 42/ 2015/ TT-BNNPTNT dated November 16, 2015 by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural development) No Name of antibiotics /chemicals Vat Yellow (other names: flavanthrone, flavanthren... molecular fo Vat Yellow (other name: Mikethrene); molecular fo Vat Yellow (other name: Dibenzochrysenedione, D Auramine (other names: yellow pyoctanine; glauram LUẬT SƯ TƯ VẤN PHÁP LUẬT 24/7: 1900 6169