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Mục LụcMục Lục . 1 Lời nói đầu . 4 I. LÝ LUẬN CHUNG VỀ CÁN CÂN THANH TỐN QUỐC TẾ . 5 1. Khái niệm và ý nghĩa kinh tế của cán cân thanh tốn quốc tế (CCTTQT) . 5 1.1 Khái niệm . 5 1.2 Ý nghĩa kinh tế của CCTTQT. 6 2. Kết cấu và các cán cân bộ phận của cán cân thanh tốn quốc tế . 7 2.1. Các thành phần của cán cân thanh tốn 7 2.2. Các bộ phận của cán cân thanh tốn 7 3. Thặng dư và thâm hụt CCTTQT . 15 3.1. Thặng dư và thâm hụt cán cân thương mại 15 3.2 Thặng dư và thâm hụt cán cân vãng lai . 16 3.3.Thặng dư và thâm hụt cán cân cơ bản(BB) . 19 3.4. Thặng dư và thâm hụt cán cân tổng thể . 20 II/Cán cân thanh tốn Thái Lan qua các thời kỳ 21 1/Khái qt chung Kinh tế ngoại thương Thái Lan: 21 2/Phân tích cán cân thanh tốn Thái Lan giai đoạn 2005-nay: . 28 3/Cơ cấu kinh tế và xu hướng của mối quan hệ giữa Thái Lan và EU WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION G/ADP/N/1/THA/4/Corr.1 G/SCM/N/1/THA/4/Corr.1 18 July 2000 (00-2957) Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Original: English NOTIFICATION OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS UNDER ARTICLES 18.5 AND 32.6 OF THE AGREEMENTS THAILAND Corrigendum The following communication, dated May 2000, has been received from the Permanent Mission of Thailand _ The following correction should be made to document G/ADP/N/1/THA/4G/SCM/N/1/THA/4, page 7, as follows: "SECTION V DUMPING DETERMINATION Article 31 After the publication of the notice of initiation as prescribed in Article 39, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that eventually the final anti-dumping duty may be collected retroactively prior to the date of application of provisional measures, the Committee may assign the Customs Department to require a bond in connection with the subject merchandise imported during such period In this regard, the Customs Department is authorized to request the collateral in the amount designated by the Committee." G/ADP/N/1/THA/4/Corr.1 G/SCM/N/1/THA/4/Corr.1 Page G/ADP/N/1/THA/4/Corr.1 G/SCM/N/1/THA/4/Corr.1 Page Int. J. Med. Sci. 2007, 4 13International Journal of Medical Sciences ISSN 1449-1907 www.medsci.org 2007 4(1):13-18 © Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved Short Research Communication HIV DNA and Dementia in Treatment-Naïve HIV-1-Infected Individuals in Bangkok, Thailand Bruce Shiramizu1, Silvia Ratto-Kim1 2, Pasiri Sithinamsuwan3, Samart Nidhinandana3, Sataporn Thitivi-chianlert3, George Watt1, Mark deSouza2, Thippawan Chuenchitra2, Suchitra Sukwit2, Suwicha Chitpatima4, Kevin Robertson5, Robert Paul6, Cecilia Shikuma1, Victor Valcour1 1. Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA; 2. Armed Forces Research Inst. Med. Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; 3. Phramongkutklao Hosp., Bangkok, Thailand; 4. Royal Thai Army Med. Dept., Bangkok, Thailand; 5. Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; 6. Univ. Missouri, Dept. Psychology, St. Louis, MO, USA - for the South East Asia Research Collaboration with the Univ. of Hawaii Protocol 001 Team. Correspondence to: B. Shiramizu, MD; 3675 Kilauea Ave.; Young Bldg., 5th Floor; Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 96816; Phone: 808-737-2751; Fax: 808-735-7047; bshirami@hawaii.edu Received: 2006.11.16; Accepted: 2006.12.05; Published: 2006.12.06 High HIV-1 DNA (HIV DNA) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) correlate with HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). If this relation-ship also exists among HAART-naïve patients, then HIV DNA may be implicated in the pathogenesis of HAD. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between HIV DNA and cognition in subjects naïve to HAART in a neuroAIDS cohort in Bangkok, Thailand. Subjects with and without HAD were recruited and matched for age, gender, education, and CD4 cell count. PBMC and cellular subsets were analyzed for HIV DNA using real-time PCR. The median log10 HIV DNA copies per 106 PBMC for subjects with HAD (n=15) was 4.27, which was higher than that found in subjects without dementia (ND; n=15), 2.28, p<0.001. This finding was unchanged in a multivariate model adjusting for plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. From a small subset of individuals, in which ade-quate number of cells were available, more HIV DNA was in monocytes/macrophages from those with HAD compared to those with ND. These results are consistent with a previous report among HAART-experienced subjects, thus further implicating HIV DNA in the pathogenesis of HAD. Key words: human immunodeficiency virus type 1; dementia; cognition; HIV DNA 1. INTRODUCTION Complete eradication of the human immunode-ficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) from infected individu-als is not currently possible due, in part, to continuing presence of virus in lymphocytes and cells of the macrophage lineage [1-3]. Monocytes/macrophages (M/MΦ) are cellular sanctuaries for HIV-1, which re-main present even in patients with suppressed plasma viremia on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [4, 5]. These cells may be particularly suited as sanctuaries for virus because HIV-1 DNA (HIV DNA), compared to HIV RNA, is less affected by cur-rent treatment regimens [6-9]. Additionally, these nondividing cells differ in many respects from that of CD4 lymphocytes making them unique entities for long-term persistence of HIV DNA [4, 10]. For in-stance, mitosis of M/MΦ is not required for nuclear import or integration of viral DNA; and M/MΦ not only contribute to establishment and persistence of HIV-1 infection, they also activate surrounding T-cells thus favoring their infection. These circulating monocytes traffic through tis-sue and to the central nervous system (CNS) Mục LụcLời nói đầu . 4 I. LÝ LUẬN CHUNG VỀ CÁN CÂN THANH TỐN QUỐC TẾ . 5 1. Khái niệm và ý nghĩa kinh tế của cán cân thanh tốn quốc tế (CCTTQT) . 5 1.1 Khái niệm . 5 1.2 Ý nghĩa kinh tế của CCTTQT. 6 2. Kết cấu và các cán cân bộ phận của cán cân thanh tốn quốc tế . 7 2.1. Các thành phần của cán cân thanh tốn 7 2.2. Các bộ phận của cán cân thanh tốn 7 3. Thặng dư và thâm hụt CCTTQT . 15 3.1. Thặng dư và thâm hụt cán cân thương mại 15 3.2 Thặng dư và thâm hụt cán cân vãng lai . 16 3.3.Thặng dư và thâm hụt cán cân cơ bản(BB) . 19 3.4. Thặng dư và thâm hụt cán cân tổng thể . 20 II/Cán cân thanh tốn Thái Lan qua các thời kỳ 21 1/Khái qt chung Kinh tế ngoại thương Thái Lan: 21 2/Phân tích cán cân thanh tốn Thái Lan giai đoạn 2005-nay: . 28 3/Cơ cấu kinh tế và xu hướng của mối quan hệ giữa Thái Lan và EU 32 III. Giải pháp đối với Việt Nam I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF E NERGY AND E NVIRONMENT Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013 pp.49-58 Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2013 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved. Diffusion of photovoltaic systems for rural electrification in Thailand Pranpreya Sriwannawit, Staffan Laestadius Department of Industrial Economics and Management, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Lindstedtsvägen 30, Stockholm 10044, Sweden. Abstract This paper studies a pilot project in which photovoltaic systems were installed in thirty-six places in the remote areas of Thailand with no access to electricity. One sub-project out of thirty-six was chosen for in-depth investigation. We discuss the appropriateness of solar energy for Thailand context. The diffusion process of PV systems is analyzed on four elements: innovation, communication channel, time and social system. This project is an extreme case as the PV systems and services were provided for free of charge. Even so, there are still some challenges to get acceptance for this sustainable form of energy. Copyright © 2013 International Energy and Environment Foundation - All rights reserved. Keywords: Diffusion of innovation; Innovation; Photovoltaic; Rural; Thailand. 1. Introduction Climate change conditions the transformation process also for developing countries even though they have low historical as well as actual emissions of greenhouse gases. Although having a strong moral position in international negotiations, late coming countries face that the window of opportunity is closing as regards entering upon the classic carbon based path of development and growth. On the other hand, never having been totally locked in on that carbon path may create opportunities for the latecomers. Leapfrogging directly to sustainable technologies could thus be a potentially successful strategy irrespective of the successes in the UNFCCC rounds. However, transfer or diffusion of new technologies – be they sustainable or not - always take time (we will return to that below). Not the least is that the case in developing countries when costs and alternative use of funds can make acquisition prohibitive for poor people in the countryside. Cultural distances between providers and users as regards what problems the technology is assumed to solve may also contribute to the stickiness in the diffusion process. To facilitate the introduction of sustainable energy technologies in backward areas, it is thus important to learn about absorption problems, parts of which may be assumed to be related to the technology itself, parts of which may be assumed to be of communicative character. The objective of this study is to analyze the diffusion of photovoltaic (PV) technology to rural areas in Thailand and also aims to contribute to the learning on how to manage the leapfrogging policy towards sustainable energy solutions in developing countries. The paper analyzes a small-scale PV system project in remote areas of Thailand where the inhabitants did not have access to electricity. We chose an extreme case in which PV systems were provided for free of charge. Thus, the concern on price which is one main bottleneck criteria for using PV system [1] is eliminated. By removing this factor, it should be International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp.49-58 ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2013 National Energy Policy Office Energy Sector Liberalisation and Privatisation in Thailand by Piyasvasti Amranand Inspector General, Office of the Prime Minister APEC Energy Working Group Implementation Facilitation Team to Thailand (IFAT) A Follow-up Workshop Karon Villa & Karon Royal Wing 17-18 August 2000 National Energy Policy Office Management of the Energy Sector • Since there is no Energy Ministry in Thailand, responsibilities related to energy are scattered across 9 Ministries. • The National Energy Policy Council (NEPC) is responsible for determining energy policy. • The National Energy Policy Office (NEPO) acts as the secretariat to the NEPC. NEPO undertakes policy as well as regulatory work. • In the near future, an independent regulatory authority will be established for the electricity and natural gas sectors. National Energy Policy Office Objectives of Reform • Increase competition to achieve efficiencies and ensure supply at reasonable prices • Promote more efficient energy use • Reduce the government investment burden • Ensure best possible service, price and safety standards • Encourage public participation • Develop the capital market • Optimise the value of the public’s stake in the sector National Energy Policy Office Implementation of ESI Deregulation • The process started in 1992 and effort over 1992-2000 has concentrated on introduction of competition at the generation level – New Investment : Small Power Producer (SPP), Independent Power Producer (IPP) programs and power purchase from Lao PDR – Existing Asset : Initial Public Offering (IPO) of EGCO in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and sale of 14.9% to China Light and Power • Development of a long term structure for ESI in 1992 with updates in 1996, 1998 and 2000 National Energy Policy Office Implementation of ESI Deregulation (con’t) • The latest plan approved by NEPC on 13 July 2000 provides a detailed road map of reform over the next 5 years • Restructuring under the current plan – Privatisation of Ratchaburi Power Plant (2000) – Privatisation of EGAT’s Thermal Power Plants (2003) – Establishment of a power pool and independent regulatory body (2002/3) – Introduction of retail competition (2003) – Restructuring of MEA and PEA National Energy Policy Office Regulations to Purchase Power from SPP • Cogeneration & Renewable – Cogen: Efficiency >45% and steam >10% – Renewable: May use up to 25% commercial energy • Direct sale to third party outside regulations • Each sale into transmission system not greater than 60 MW (90 MW on case by case) National Energy Policy Office Status of the SPP Program • As of June 2000, 95 proposals had been submitted with total capacity for sale of 4,646 MW • NEPC has approved the purchase of up to 3,200 MW from SPP projects by EGAT • As of June 2000, 52 proposals had been accepted with total capacity for sale of 2,136 MW and 1 proposal is still waiting for approval with capacity for sale of 3 MW – 50 contracts signed – 2 contracts under negotiation – 1 proposal under consideration National Energy Policy Office Status of SPP Projects (con’t) • 41 projects are already in operation with total generation capacity of 2,883 MW and total sale to EGAT of 1,580 MW. • It is estimated that 2 projects (capacity : 510 MW, sale : 130 MW) would not be completed, bringing the amount of power purchase by EGAT down to 2,006 MW. • Of the 2,006 MW, 1,828 MW is firm energy. • The surprisingly high success rate is due to capital injection by a number of foreign strategic partners eg. CMS, Sithe Energy, Ogden, National Power, Air Products, Tractebel, Fortum and Heat Oy National Energy Policy Office SPP Proposals Classified by Type of Fuel (as of June 2000) Number of