Xây dựng từ vựng tốt hơn(Building a better vocabulary)

www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 Subtopic Communication Skills Topic Professional nT hi D H oc 01 Building a Better Vocabulary Li eu O Course Guidebook Professor Kevin Flanigan w w w fa ce bo ok c om /g ro u ps /T West Chester University of Pennsylvania www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 D /T Li eu O nT hi THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-2299 Phone: 1-800-832-2412 Fax: 703-378-3819 www.thegreatcourses.com H oc 01 PUBLISHED BY: om /g ro u ps Copyright © The Teaching Company, 2015 c Printed in the United States of America bo ok This book is in copyright All rights reserved w w w fa ce Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 Kevin Flanigan, Ph.D H oc 01 Professor of Education West Chester University of Pennsylvania P ps /T Li eu O nT hi D rofessor Kevin Flanigan is a Professor of Education in the Literacy Department at West Chester University of Pennsylvania, where he has taught since 2003 He is a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Mary Washington College (now the University of Mary Washington), where he received a B.A in History, summa cum laude Later, he received an M.Ed from James Madison University and an M.Ed in Reading Education from the University of Virginia After working as a middle grades classroom teacher and reading specialist, he received his Ph.D in Reading Education from the University of Virginia, with a dissertation on emergent readers’ developing concept of word in text .c om /g ro u Professor Flanigan’s research, publications, and presentations focus on developmental word knowledge, vocabulary development and instruction, and interventions for students who struggle with literacy skills He has presented frequently at national and international conferences and works with schools and teachers to implement effective literacy instruction w w w fa ce bo ok In 2011, Professor Flanigan was nominated for the U.S Professors of the Year Award by West Chester University In 2009, Professor Flanigan and his colleagues received an Educator 500 award for innovative teaching in the Kennett Experience, a university–public school partnership Professor Flanigan teaches graduate and undergraduate literacy education courses and works in the West Chester University Reading Center, where he supervises graduate-level teachers as they work with students in kindergarten through 12th grade who struggle with literacy skills 3URIHVVRU )ODQLJDQ LV ¿UVW DXWKRU RI WKH FRDXWKRUHG ERRN Words Their Way with Struggling Readers: Word Study for Reading, Vocabulary, and Spelling Instruction, Grades 4–12 He is also coauthor of Vocabulary Their i www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 w w w fa ce bo ok c om /g ro u ps /T Li eu O nT hi D H oc 01 Way: Word Study with Middle and Secondary Students (2nd edition) and Developing Word Recognition In addition, Professor Flanigan is a member of the authorship team for Vocabulary Their Way: Words and Strategies for Academic Success, a vocabulary program for middle school students The professor has authored or coauthored articles in a number of professional journals, including The Reading Teacher, the Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, and the Journal of Literacy ResearchŶ ii www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 Table of Contents H oc 01 INTRODUCTION Professor Biography i Course Scope .1 nT hi D LECTURE GUIDES eu O LECTURE Five Principles for Learning Vocabulary .3 Li LECTURE The Spelling-Meaning Connection 10 ps /T LECTURE Words for Lying, Swindling, and Conniving 17 /g ro u LECTURE Words That Express Annoyance and Disgust 24 om LECTURE Fighting Words and Peaceful Words 31 bo ok c LECTURE Going beyond Dictionary Meanings 38 ce LECTURE Wicked Words 46 w w w fa LECTURE Words for Beginnings and Endings 52 LECTURE Words Expressing Fear, Love, and Hatred .58 LECTURE 10 Words for the Everyday and the Elite .63 iii www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 Table of Contents H oc 01 LECTURE 11 Words from Gods and Heroes 69 LECTURE 12 Humble Words and Prideful Words 76 nT hi D LECTURE 13 High-Frequency Greek and Latin Roots 83 eu O LECTURE 14 Words Relating to Belief and Trust 90 Li LECTURE 15 Words for the Way We Talk 97 ps /T LECTURE 16 Words for Praise, Criticism, and Nonsense 104 /g ro u LECTURE 17 Eponyms from Literature and History 111 om LECTURE 18 Thinking, Teaching, and Learning Words 119 bo ok c LECTURE 19 Words for the Diligent and the Lazy .126 ce LECTURE 20 Words That Break and Words That Join .132 w w w fa LECTURE 21 6RPH+LJK8WLOLW\*UHHNDQG/DWLQ$I¿[HV 139 LECTURE 22 Cranky Words and Cool Words 145 LECTURE 23 Words for Courage and Cowardice 151 iv www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 Table of Contents H oc 01 LECTURE 24 Reviewing Vocabulary through Literature .158 LECTURE 25 Words for Killing and Cutting 165 nT hi D LECTURE 26 A Vocabulary Grab Bag 171 eu O LECTURE 27 Words for Words .176 Li LECTURE 28 Specialty Words for Language .182 ps /T LECTURE 29 Nasty Words and Nice Words 192 /g ro u LECTURE 30 Words for the Really Big and the Very Small 198 om LECTURE 31 Spelling as a Vocabulary Tool 205 bo ok c LECTURE 32 A Medley of New Words 212 ce LECTURE 33 Building Vocabulary through Games 217 w w w fa LECTURE 34 Words English Borrowed and Never Returned .224 LECTURE 35 More Foreign Loan Words 232 LECTURE 36 Forgotten Words and Neologisms 237 v www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 Table of Contents H oc 01 SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL w w w fa ce bo ok c om /g ro u ps /T Li eu O nT hi D Answers to Review Questions 245 Glossary of Target Words .263 Bibliography 279 vi www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 Building a Better Vocabulary H oc 01 Scope: I nT hi D n one of the most insightful statements on vocabulary ever penned, Mark Twain said, “The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter—’tis the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning.” As Mark Twain knew, a powerful vocabulary consists of more than simply knowing a lot of words; it’s the ability to grasp the “just right” word to communicate precisely what you want to say or write /T Li eu O Acquiring the type of deep and nuanced vocabulary knowledge that Twain was talking about doesn’t come from simply studying lists of vocabulary ZRUGV DORQJVLGH GLFWLRQDU\ GH¿QLWLRQV 7KLV WUDGLWLRQDO ³RQHZRUGDWD time” approach that many of us experienced in school often leads to surfacelevel vocabulary knowledge that lasts only until the Friday quiz ok c om /g ro u ps ,Q WKLV FRXUVH \RX¶OO OHDUQ KRZ WR PRYH EH\RQG GH¿QLWLRQDO YRFDEXODU\ NQRZOHGJHWRZDUGDULFKYRFDEXODU\WKDW¶VEURDGGHHSDQGÀH[LEOHDQGODVWV DOLIHWLPH7RGRWKLVZH¶OOFRYHU¿YHFRUHSULQFLSOHVRIYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJ LQ WKH ¿UVW OHFWXUH7KHVH SULQFLSOHV ZLOO VHUYH DV WRROV LQ \RXU YRFDEXODU\ toolbox that you can apply as we explore new target words throughout the course You will use these tools to learn word meanings deeply so that you’ll remember and be able to use the words years from now w w w fa ce bo As we move through the lectures, we’ll meet and explore a host of vocabulary words that are, by turns, snappy, lively, powerful, and beautiful, such as JDGÀ\, Promethean, JHPnjWOLFKNHLW, and hornswoggle The lectures are organized thematically; for example, in a lecture on liars and swindlers, we’ll H[DPLQH D VHW RI ZRUGV IRU FRQQLYLQJ ÀLPÀDPPHUV VXFK DV PRXQWHEDQNV and sophists, honoring the way our minds organize vocabulary by meaning We’ll also take the time to examine words in rich context to get a better feel for how to actually use them in speaking and writing In addition, you’ll learn to make personal connections to word meanings so that these words “stick” in your lexicon—the mental library of word meanings we all possess Along the way, we’ll see that there’s no such thing as an exact synonym www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 DQGH[SORUHWKH¿QHUGLVWLQFWLRQVLQPHDQLQJDPRQJFORVHO\UHODWHGZRUGV in the end, you’ll know the difference between such words as specious and spurious and when to use each nT hi D H oc 01 Importantly, we will also delve into the etymology and morphology of words—that is, their history and structure This will enable you to harness the power of the “meaning system” that is deeply embedded in the DNA of the English language, applying your growing knowledge of high-utility Latin DQG *UHHN DI¿[HV DQG URRWV WR OHDUQ VWRUH DQG PDNH FRQQHFWLRQV DPRQJ words To guide your learning, you will also create a vocabulary notebook that will serve as a place to collect your growing vocabulary Scope w w w fa ce bo ok c om /g ro u ps /T Li eu O By the end of this course, you’ll know many new, powerful, and beautiful vocabulary words Just as importantly, you’ll know how to learn vocabulary for yourself You’ll have your own toolbox of strategies and resources that ZLOOHTXLS\RXIRUDOLIHWLPHRIYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJŶ www.facebook.com/groups/TaiLieuOnThiDaiHoc01 ... c A pattern possessing qualities as a whole that cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts z You might hear gestalt used as an adjective, as in: “Rather than grade the students’ essays... true? ?a fact D z The manu in manufacture is the Latin word for “hand,” as in the phrase “manual labor.” Thus, something that is manufactured is literally “made by hand,” not something found in nature... phrases, such as halcyon days and halcyon times, are called collocates ż Because words are born and live in context—not in isolated vocabulary lists—we need to examine how they actually behave