Impacts of foreign direct invesment on restructure of exports in the northern coastal region of Viet Nam

IMPACTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON RESTRUCTURE OF EXPORTS IN THE NORTHERN COASTAL REGION OF VIETNAM _ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon, Philippines in Collaboration with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam _ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Business Administration _ By NGUYEN THIEN SU (SUNT) December 2013 i APPROVAL SHEET The Dissertation of NGUYEN THIEN SU entitled IMPACTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON RESTRUCTURE OF EXPORTS IN THE NORTHERN COASTAL REGION OF VIETNAM Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION A program offered by Southern Luzon State University, Republic of the Philippines in collaboration with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam has been approved by Oral Examination Committee WALBERTO A MACARAAN, EdD Expert CONRADO L ABRAHAM, PhD Expert MELCHOR MELO O PLACINO, PhD Expert JOANNA PAULA A ELLAGA, DBA External Panel CECILIA N GASCON, PhD Chairman Endorsed by: Recommended by: TRAN DAI NGHIA, PhD Adviser APOLONIA A ESPINOSA, PhD Dean Accepted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Business Administration _ Date WALBERTO A MACARAAN, EdD Vice President for Academic Affairs ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT One of the joys of completion is to remember all the friends and family who have helped and supported the researcher throughout this long but fulfilling journey to complete this research He would like to express his heartfelt gratitude to the Thai Nguyen University administrators in Vietnam and Southern Luzon State University administrators in the Philippines who created best conditions for him to complete the course generally and fulfill the dissertation particularly His sincere gratitude also goes to the professors in the Council of Examiners for Framework of the DBA namely Prof Cecilia N Gascon, Ph D., Prof Walberto A Macaraan, Ph D., Prof Melchor Melo O Placino, Ph D., Prof Nordelina B.Ilano, Prof Do Anh Tai, Dr Hoang Thi Thu, for the encouragement and constructive feedbacks Reviewing a thesis is a tedious and a demanding task so that is why the researcher is very grateful for their detailed and commendable comments He would like also to send his special thanks to Prof Tran Dai Nghia for guiding him and for giving with his careful and instructive comments throughout the entire process writing the paper for DBA The researcher would never have asked for other mentor because of the inspiration, support, and patience that you have given to the researcher He will always be proud in his academic roots In return, he aims that he can also pass on the research values and the dreams that he has given to him iv The researcher would also like to extend his gratitude to his professors who directly gave him useful and memorable lectures in DBA namely Prof Cecilia N Gascon, Ph.D., Prof Walberto A Macaraan, Ed.D., Prof Melchor Melo O Placino, Ph.D., Prof Alice T Valerio, Ph.D., Prof Do Anh Tai, Ph.D., and Prof Tran Dai Nghia, Ph.D They provided him a very conducive and suitable environment to study and to explore new ideas Furthermore, they gave him a very convenient DBA life, which was a warm and inviting place to work He was very grateful to the lecturers managed by the International Cooperation Program between Vietnam and the Philippines namely Prof Nguyen Tuan Anh, Prof Dang Xuan Binh, Dr Nguyen Thanh Hai and Ms Trinh Thi Hieu He could not have a chance to join and to fulfill the course without their cooperation Nguyen Thien Su v DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this study to Hanoi College of Industrial Economics, functional ministries - Ministry of Industry and Trade, and to my colleagues for their generous support Thank you for welcoming me as one of your friends and for helping me to develop ideas for this study I would not have contemplated this road if not for my supportive parents, my loving wife, my wonderful children, and my dear friends who instilled within me a love of creative pursuits, and science and language, all of which find a place in this dissertation NTS vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………… I CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ……………………………………… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………… vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………… vii LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………… ix LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………… xi LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………… xii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… xiii CHAPTER I II III INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… Background of the Study ………………………………… Statement of the Problem ………………………………… Objectives of the Study …………………………………… Hypotheses of the Study …………………………… …… Significance of the Study ………………………………… Scope and Limitation of the Study ……………… ……… Definition of Terms ………………………………………… REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………… 11 Theoretical Framework ………………………………….… 45 Conceptual Framework ………………………………….… 64 METHODOLOGY ………………………………………… 65 Locale of the Study ………………………………………… 65 Research Design …………………………………………… 69 Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………… 69 Treatment of Data ……………….………………………… 70 Statistical Treatment ……………………… …….…… 71 vii IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ………………………… V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND 78 RECOMMENDATIONS 131 Summary of Findings ……………………………………… 131 Conclusions ………………………………………………… 133 Recommendations ………………………………………… 135 REFERENCES ……………………… ………………………………… 149 APPENDICES …………………………………………………………… 154 CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………… 166 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE 4.1 PAGE The Economic Indicators of the Northern Coastal Region and the Whole Country in 2010 79 4.2 Industrial Growth of the Different Economic Sectors 86 4.3 Registered Businesses in the International Trade from 1995 to 2004 87 4.4 Contribution of Economic Sectors to Total Export Turnover 88 4.5a The Total Export Value of the Northern Coastal Region from 2005 to 2012 90 The Total Export Value of Provinces in the Region from 2005 to 2012 91 Export Value of the Ten Main Items with Largest Proportion of the Total Export in the Northern Coastal Region from 2005 to 2012 92 The Export Structure of the Northern Coastal Region from 2005 to 2012 94 Export Situation in the Northern Coastal Region from 2005 to 2012 95 Shifting Exports from Raw Materials to Processed Products in the Northern Coastal Region from 2005 to 2012 96 PROPY Indicator of Primary Exports of the Northern Coastal Region From 2005 to 2012 98 EXPY of the Northern Coastal Region from 2005 to 2012 (For primary goods of the Northern Coastal Region) 99 4.11 Proportion of Exports Goods with Highest PRODY Index 100 4.12 Quality of Some Exports with High Processed Content in Export Structure of the Northern Coastal Region 101 Foreign Investment (Project Implemented before December 2012) 104 FDI Licensed per Region from 1988 to 2012 104 4.5b 4.6 4.7 4.8a 4.8b 4.9 4.10 4.13 4.14 ix TABLE PAGE 4.15 FDI and Economic Growth in the Northern Coastal Region 108 4.16 Average Wages in the Northern Coastal Region from 2005 to 2012 109 4.17 Average Wages in FDI Enterprises from 2005 to 2012 110 4.18 FDI with Changes in the Proportion of Export in FDI sector from 2005 to 2012 110 4.19 Export Value of FDI with High Level Processed Goods 111 4.20 FDI and the Northern Coastal Region Export Performance 113 4.21 FDI and the Northern Coastal Region Export Performance by Category of Exported Goods 116 Dependent Variable Export Value by Northern Coastal Region (Log EVt) 119 4.23 Variables Used in Model 121 4.24 Results of Testing Models 122 4.25 Results and Implications of Model 123 4.22 x 153 Xu, B.(2007).” Measuring China’s Export Sophistication, “Working paper, China Europe International Business School Xu, B and J Lu (2007), “The Impact ß Foreign MNEs on Export Sophistication of Host Countries: Evidence from China,” working paper, China Europe International Business School Zhang, X and W Liu (2008), The Study of the Use of FDI to enhance the Product Competitiveness of Integrated Circuits and Micro- electronic Components, International Business Research, Vol.1, No Singh, H and K Jun (1999), The relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Trade: China as an example, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol 66 (0), pages 62-88 154 APPENDICES 155 Appendix Appendix 1a: FDI and the Northern Coastal Region export performance Linear regression | Number of obs = 16 F( 3, 12) = 184.33 Prob > F = 0.0054 R-squared = 0.7937 Root MSE = 05484 Robust lnprive | Coef Std Err t P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] -+ lnfdimade | L1 | 5802091 1830613 3.17 0.087 -.2074402 1.367858 time | -.3762039 0557841 -6.74 0.021 -.6162236 -.1361841 lnexrate | L1 | 3.896175 1.53856 2.53 0.127 -2.723716 10.51607 _cons | -30.51609 17.04777 -1.79 0.215 -103.8667 42.83455 Linear regression Number of obs = 16 F( 3, 12) = 47.70 Prob > F = 0.0206 R-squared = 0.8116 Root MSE = 02933 lnev_soe | Coef Std Err t P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] -+ lnfdimade | L1 | -.4045265 152382 -2.65 0.117 -1.060174 2511205 time | 1158173 0295244 3.92 0.059 -.0112161 2428507 lnexrate | L1 | -3.638596 7006783 -5.19 0.035 -6.653371 -.6238209 _cons | 49.39465 8.816457 5.60 0.030 11.4605 87.3288 156 Appendix 1b: FDI and the Northern Coastal Region export performance by category of exported goods Linear regression Number of obs = 16 F( 3, 12) = 37.89 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.6990 Root MSE = 9.3e-07 | Robust lnev_l | Coef Std Err t P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] -+ lnfdimade | L1 | 0000965 5.54e-06 17.41 0.003 0000726 0001203 | time | -.2199615 1.39e-06 -1.6e+05 0.000 -.2199675 -.2199555 lnexrate | L1 | 1.000404 0000268 3.7e+04 0.000 1.000289 1.000519 _cons | 1.534236 0003317 4625.61 0.000 1.532809 1.535663 Linear regression Number of obs = 16 F( 3, 12) = 85.12 Prob > F = 0.0021 R-squared = 0.7855 Root MSE = 03507 | Robust lnev_c | Coef Std Err t P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] -+ lnfdimade | L1 | 6548515 125776 5.21 0.014 time | -.0326981 0355431 -0.92 0.425 lnexrate | L1 | -.5363827 9044847 -0.59 0.595 _cons | 3.14567 10.40426 0.30 0.782 254576 1.055127 -.1458122 0804161 -3.414857 2.342091 -29.96534 36.25668 157 Appendix 1c Dependent variable Export value by Northern Coastal Region (Log EVt) Linear regression Number of obs = 16 F( 3, 12) = 3164.18 Prob > F = 0.0003 R-squared = 0.8977 Root MSE = 00974 | lnev | Robust Coef Std Err t P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] -+ lnfdimade | L1 | 2208255 0261172 8.46 0.014 333199 1084521 time | 0357346 0087045 4.11 0.055 -.001718 0731872 lnexrate | L1 | -2.737507 2383337 -11.49 0.007 -3.762974 -1.71204 | _cons | 42.65141 2.611881 17.47 0.003 34.39339 56.86942 158 Appendix Model EXPYmg = a + bFDIa=made + cEVFDI + dGOindustrial SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.899950612 R Square 0.899901227 Adjusted R Square 0.899753068 Standard Error 0.803421648 Observations 16 ANOVA Df Regression Residual Total Coefficients Significance SS MS F F 13068.84473 4356.281576 6748.836156 0.000148155 1.290972688 0.645486344 13070.1357 Standard Error Intercept FDImade EVFDI -65.69899791 0.098467019 0.031332121 2.434350912 0.00234934 0.002487728 GOindustrial -0.092665495 0.008780797 t Stat 26.98830213 41.91263626 12.59467271 10.55319855 P-value Lower 95% TINV 2.92 Upper 95% 0.001370111 -76.1731645 -55.2248313 0.000568774 0.088358627 0.108575412 0.006245152 0.020628291 0.042035951 0.008859925 0.130446215 -0.05488477 Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% -76.1731645 55.22483131 0.088358627 0.108575412 0.020628291 0.042035951 0.130446215 0.054884774 159 Appendix Growth rate in using FDI and producing exports compared to the previous years No Group of goods A SITC SITC SITC SITC SITC B SITC SITC SITC Group (0-4) Raw materials and preliminary goods Food and alive animals Beverage and cigarette Materials, cruel form, not used for eating, except for fuel Fuel, lubricating oil, and related materials Oil, fat content, wax Group (5-8) Processed or refined goods Chemical substances and related products Major processed goods classifying materials Machine, equipments, parts 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 64,2 85.6 38.9 26.6 -6.1 11.7 5.0 6.2 52.8 69.3 45.4 28.6 -8.1 14.1 21.4 18.6 38.9 35.3 82.6 51.6 -60.2 61.8 13.0 12.3 18.6 21.0 38.3 25.6 -10.3 11.1 15.7 18.7 16.5 20.1 30.3 23.2 -9.8 19.6 -8.5 12.8 26.2 28.6 22.2 86.2 3.7 17.9 9.1 18.3 46.3 72.5 8.5 56.5 3.9 26.9 4.8 15.2 18.6 53.5 10.4 12.3 6.7 21.8 8.0 7.8 34.6 43.1 9.2 50.8 25.7 42.3 24.6 32.6 42.3 84.8 7.2 66.8 -2.1 23.2 -10.2 17.4 SITC Other processed goods 62.7 18.2 21.9 21.4 8.5 11.9 35.7 26.2 C Goods not belongs to above groups 19.6 52.8 -2.1 10.0 1.7 3.3 2.0 4.6 52.8 75.6 20.5 37.9 -0.8 18.8 4.7 12.8 Total of the Region 160 Appendix Proportion of using FDI and producing exports by goods groups No A SITC0 SITC1 SITC2 SITC3 SITC4 B SITC5 SITC6 SITC7 SITC8 C Group of goods Group (0-4) Raw materials and preliminary goods Food and alive animals Beverage and cigarette Materials, cruel form, not used for eating, except for fuel Fuel, lubricating oil, and related materials 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 30.5 42.8 49.4 45.3 42.9 41.0 40.4 40.2 20.5 19.8 23.9 22.3 20.6 19.8 23.0 21.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 3.9 4.9 5.7 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.6 15.5 17.7 19.1 17.1 15.5 15.6 13.7 14.6 Oil, fat content, wax 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 48.0 47.2 42.5 48.2 50.5 53.2 54.0 54.3 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 10.9 8.9 8.1 8.8 11.2 13.4 15.9 16.2 30.3 31.9 28.4 34.3 33.9 35.1 30.1 30.2 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.9 4.3 4.4 11.5 10.0 8.1 6.5 6.6 5.8 5.6 5.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Group (5-8) Processed or refined goods Chemical substances and related products Major processed goods classifying materials Machine, equipments, parts Other processed goods Goods not belongs to above groups Total of the Region 161 Appendix Industrial production value by sitc of the northern coastal region in 2005 – 2012 (Calculated on real prices) Unit: 1000 USD No A SITC SITC SITC SITC SITC B SITC SITC SITC SITC C Group of goods Group (0-4) Raw materials and preliminary goods Food and alive animals Beverage and cigarette Materials, cruel form, not used for eating, except for fuel Fuel, lubricating oil, and related materials Oil, fat content, wax Group (5-8) Processed or refined goods Chemical substances and related products Major processed goods classifying materials Machine, equipments, parts Other processed goods Goods not belongs to above groups Total of the Region 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 1,292,841 1,525,552 2,105,261 3,368,418 3,856,839 4,551,070 4,665,246 5,364,756 620,564 627,265 825,621 1,368,478 1,598,632 1,896,645 1,976,369 2,268448 17,846 21,415 28,456 32,168 46,789 54,085 38,667 44,506 102,268 185,128 306,123 421,145 456,369 499,738 501,298 574,487 542,993 701,593 912,106 1,498,689 1,696,678 2,048,456 2,102,147 2,413,264 9,170 9,849 32,955 47,938 58,370 52,146 46,765 64,501 1,415,969 1,699,163 2,580,778 3,638,897 4,221,121 5,465,345 5,879,306 6,832,756 71,018 84,654 206,071 153,274 202,986 217,479 369,623 427,671 408,269 366,146 428,261 762,226 1,176,362 1,589,678 1,868,958 2,159,406 728,626 1,016,127 1,518,268 2,241,134 2,505,345 3,278,642 3,254,589 3,725,568 208,056 232,236 428,178 482,245 336,428 379,546 386,136 520,111 369,385 468,550 628,086 469,155 637,385 662,491 707,634 808,118 3,078,195 3,693,265 5,314,125 7,476,470 8,715,345 10,678,906 11,252,240 13,005,630 162 Appendix Calculation of PRODY of The value of Aquatic product exports of the Northern Coast Region in 2008 The value of Aquatic product exports in 2008 (1000 USD) The value of exports of the province in 2008 (1000 USD) Proportion of export value of goods / province (%) Index of exports in 2008 GDP average in 2008 (1000VND) Quảng Ninh 72.970,28 1,196,200.0 0.06 0.160 19,096.3 3,057.1 Hải Phòng 73,370.0 1,139,500.0 0.06 0.169 21,170.0 3,577.2 Ninh Bình 36,834.14 462,000.0 0.08 0.209 8,200.6 1,715.8 Nam Định 60,450.15 561,700.0 0.11 0.282 9,235.9 2,608.5 Thái Bình 36,875.43 539,800.0 0.07 0.179 10,280.3 1,843.0 Total 280,500.00 3,899,200.0 0.38 1.000 67,983.100 12,801.6 Province Source: Calculated by the author Prody 2008 163 Appendix Laws Concerning FDI activities in Vietnam Year Published Content 26/12/1987 Law of foreign investment in Vietnam 30/6/1990 Law of amending and supplementing some articles of the Law of Foreign Investment in Vietnam No 41 LCT/HDNN8 23/12/1992 Law of amending and supplementing some articles of the Law of Foreign Investment approved by IX National Assembly (no number) 1/1/1995 Decree No.191-CP on issuing Regulation appraising, and exercising FDI projects 12/11/1996 Law of foreign investment in Vietnam newly issued by IX National Assembly (no number) 18/2/1997 Decree NO12/CP of the Government on implementing the Law of Foreign investment in Vietnam 24/4/1997 Decree No.36/ND-CP concerning regulations in industrial zones, export processing zones and high technology zones 1/9/1997 Circular No 60-TC/CDKT on guiding accounting and auditing practice for FDI enterprises and organizations in Vietnam 20/2/1998 Decision No 41/1998/QD-TTg on licensing investment for FDI projects 15/8/1998 Resolution No.62/1998 ND-CP on issuing regulations of investment of construction- business-transformation contract 26/3/1999 Decision No.53/1999/QD-TTg on some solutions to encourage FDI 1/9/1999 of establishing, Decision No.1021/1999/QD-BTM on abolishing the approval of export plans of FDI enterprises 6/3/2000 Resolution No.06/2000/ND-CP on foreign investment cooperation in the fields of healthcare, education and training, scientific research 9/6/2000 Law of amending and supplementing some articles of Law of Foreign Investment in Vietnam No.18/2000/QH10 31/7/2000 Resolution No.24/2000/ND-CP on implementing Law of Foreign Investment in Vietnam 2001 Instruction No.19/2001/CT-TTg on implementing Resolution No.09/2001/NQ-CP dated 28/8/2001 of the Government on improving attraction and enhancing FDI effectiveness in the period of 2001-2005 19/3/2003 Resolution No 27/2003/ND-CP of amending and supplementing some articles of Resolution No.24/2000/ND-CP on implementing Law of Foreign Investment in Vietnam 164 Year Published Content 15/4/2003 Resolution No.38/2003/ND-CP of the Government on transform some FDI enterprises into joint-stock enterprises 17/6/2003 Law of corporate income tax No.09/2003/QH11 effective from 1/1/2004 28/8/2003 Resolution No.99/2003/ND-CP on regulations in high technology zones 5/4/2004 Decision No.53/2004-TTg of the Prime Ministere on some policies to encourage investment on high technology zones, foreign investors to research on high technology and training human resources for science of high technology 14/6/2005 Law of Commerce No.36/2005/QH11 29/11/2005 Law of Investment No.69/2005/QH11 13/12/2005 Ordinance on Foreign Exchange No.28/2005/PL-UBTVQH11 14/11/2005 Resolution NO.142/2005/ND-CP on renting land and ground 29/11/2005 Law of Intellectual Property No.50/2005/QH11 29/11/2005 Law of Enterprise No.60/2005/QH11 Tháng 7/2006 Development plan of industrial zones in Vietnam to 2015 and orientation of 2020 approved by the Prime Minister by Decision No.1107/QD-TTg 22/9/2006 Resolution No 108/2006/ND-CP on guiding implementing some articles in Law of foreign investment in 2005 22/9/2006 Resolution No.103/2006/ND-CP on guiding implementing some articles of Law of Intellectural Property 12/2/2007 Resolution No.23/2007/ND-CP on Law of Commerce on trading goods of FDI enterprises 14/2/2007 Resolution No.24/2007/ND-CP of the Government on implementing corporate income tax 2/4/2007 Law of amending, supplementing some articles of Labour Code 18/6/2009 Decision No 88/2009/ QD0TTg on issuing regulations of contributing capital, purchasing share of foreign investors in Vietnam enterprises 14/7/2010 Resolution No.28/2010/ND_CP regarding foreign cooperation in the field of Science and Technology 13/8/2010 Resolution No.87/2010/ND-CP concerning detailed regulation of implementing Import-Export Law investment Source: summary of the author 165 Appendix Enterprises Getting Corporate Income Tax-Exemption and Reduction Enterprises Receiving Preferential Tax Tax reduction exemption duration Tax reduction level Duration years 50% years Business unit is newly established from investment projects of sectors, fields of preferential investment years 50% years Business unit is newly established from investment project in areas facing difficulties in socio-economic conditions or moving to those areas years 50% years Business unit is newly established from investment project in areas receiving preferential and facing difficulties in socio-economic conditions or moving to those areas years 50% years Business unit is newly established from investment project in areas receiving specially preferential and facing special difficulties in socioeconomic conditions years 50% years Business units established from is newly investment projects and moved out of the urban areas as approved planning Source: Resolution No 24/2007/ND-CP dated 14/02/2007 of the Vietnamese Government 166 CURRICULUM VITAE I Personal Information Name: NGUYEN THIEN SU – (SUNT) Sex: Male Birthday: 04/02/1960 Birthplace: Thai Bình province, Vietnam Civil status: Married Father: Nguyen Thien Kinh (deceased) Mother: Huu Thi Chinh Wife: Tran Thi Phuong Thuy Birthday: 17/8/1974 Children: Nguyen Thien Phuong Thao Birthday: 02/10/1994 Nguyen Nam Oanh Birthday: 26/5/2000 II Educational Qualification 2008: Politics senior Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration 2003: Master of Business Administration Hanoi University of Technology 1987: Economic Engineer Hanoi University of Mining and Geology III Civil service, eligibility and Government 1978-1982: Served in the Army 167 IV Work Experience The Hanoi College of Industrial Economics Trung Hoa Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi City, Vietnam 1987 to present Current position: Vice rector The Hanoi College of Industrial Economics, Vietnam Trung Hoa Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi City, Vietnam ... the Northern Coastal Region of Vietnam The five (5) provinces in the Northern Coastal Region were Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, and Ninh Binh which served as locale of the study The. .. strategy of exports of Vietnam Background of the Study The Northern Coastal Region of Vietnam includes five (5) provinces, i.e., Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, and Ninh Binh According... SHEET The Dissertation of NGUYEN THIEN SU entitled IMPACTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON RESTRUCTURE OF EXPORTS IN THE NORTHERN COASTAL REGION OF VIETNAM Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the