A SURPRING TOOL TO HELP YOU WINE

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WINE Contents Chapter WINE HISTORY Chapter Chapter VERSION OF WICHAMPAGNE Red wine White wine Rose wine 4.Fruit wine Honey wine (Mead) Chapter GRAPPE VARIETIES Classification Process Harvestingand destemming Crushing and primary Pressing Pigeage WINE Cold stabilization Secondary fermentation and bulk aging Malolactic fermentation 10 Laboratory tests 11 Blending and fining 12 Preservatives 13 Filtration 14 Bottling 15 Tasking 16.Colecting 17.Culinury uses Chapter RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE Ancient religions Judaism Islam Chapter HEALTH EFFECTS Short –term effects Long – term effects WINE WINE WINE Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes, generally Vitis vinifera, fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine These variations result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the terroir, and the production process Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production Wines not made from grapes include rice wine and fruit wines such as plum, cherry, pomegranate and elderberry Wine has been produced for thousands of years The earliest known traces of wine are from China (c. 7000 BC), Georgia (c. 6000 BC), Iran (c. 5000 BC),and Sicily (c. 4000 BC).The earliest known winery is the 6,100-year-old Areni-1 winery in Armenia.Wine reached the Balkans by 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece, Thrace and Rome Throughout history, wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects WINE Wine has long played an important role in religion Red wine was associated with blood by the ancient Egyptians and was used by both the Greek cult of Dionysus and the Romans in their Bacchanalia; Judaism also incorporates it in the Kiddush and Christianity in the Eucharist Entrance to the Areni-1 cave in southern Armenia near the town of Areni The cave is the location of the world's oldest known winery and where the world's oldest known shoe has been found HISTORY WINE Archaeological evidence has established the earliest known production of wine from fermented grapes during the late Neolithic site of Hajji Firuz Tepe in the northern Iran Zagros Mountains or early Chalcolithic site in the northern edge of the Middle East.The earliest chemically attested grape wine was discovered at Hajji Firuz in the northwestern Zagros Mountains dating back to 5400 BC Both archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that the earliest production of wine may slightly predate this: with the earliest wine-making likely having taken place in the Southern Caucasus (which encompasses Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan), or the West Asian region between Eastern Turkey, and Northwestern Iran The earliest evidence of a grape-based fermented drink was found in China (c. 7000 BC), Georgia from 6000 BC,Iran from 5000 BC, and Sicily from 4000 BC The earliest evidence of a wine production facility is the Areni-1 winery in Armenia and is at least 6100 years old A 2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the early years of the seventh millennium BC Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of Jiahu, Henan, contained traces of tartaric acid and other organic compounds commonly found in wine However, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, cannot be ruled out If these beverages, which seem to be the precursors of rice wine, included grapes rather than other fruits, they would have been any of the several dozen indigenous wild species in China, WINE rather than Vitis vinifera, which was introduced there 6000 years later The spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians who spread outward from a base of city-states along the Lebanese, Syrian, Palestinian, and Israeli coasts The wines of Byblos were exported to Egypt during the Old Kingdom and then throughout the Mediterranean Evidence includes two Phoenician shipwrecks from 750 BC discovered by Robert Ballard, whose cargo of wine was still intact As the first great traders in wine (cherem), the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of olive oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin, similar to retsina The earliest remains of Apadana Palace in Persepolis dating back to 515 BC include carvings depicting soldiers from Achaemenid Empire subject nations bringing gifts to the Achaemenid king, among them Armenians bringing their famous wine Literary references to wine are abundant in Homer (8th century BC, but possibly relating earlier compositions), Alkman (7th century BC), and others In ancient Egypt, six of 36 wine amphoras were found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun bearing the name "Kha'y", a royal chief vintner Five of these amphoras were designated as originating from the king's personal estate, with the sixth from the estate of the royal house of Aten.Traces of wine have also been found in central WINE Asian Xinjiang in modern-day China, dating from the second and first millennia BC The first known mention of grape-based wines in India is from the late 4th-century BC writings of Chanakya, the chief minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya In his writings, Chanakya condemns the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent indulgence of a style of wine known as madhu The ancient Romans planted vineyards near garrison towns so wine could be produced locally rather than shipped over long distances Some of these areas are now worldrenowned for wine production The Romans discovered that burning sulfur candles inside empty wine vessels kept them fresh and free from a vinegar smell In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church supported wine because the clergy required it for the Mass Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves An old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining white wine from bastard—bad or tainted bastardo wine WINE VERSION OF WINE CHAMPAGNE 1.Red wine The red-wine production process involves extraction of color and flavor components from the grape skin Red wine is made from dark-colored grape varieties The actual color of the WINE 10 Investment in fine wine has attracted those who take advantage of their victims' relative ignorance of this wine market sector Such wine fraudsters often profit by charging excessively high prices for off-vintage or lower-status wines from well-known wine regions, while claiming that they are offering a sound investment unaffected by economic cycles As with any investment, thorough research is essential to making an informed decision Top 10 Most Expensive Red Wine In The World 10 Chateau Margaux 2009 Balthazar – $4,062 Chateau Lafite 1865 – $4,650 Domaine de la Romanee-Conti 1990 – $20,975 Inglenook Cabernet Sauvignon 1941 – $24,675 Chateau Mouton-Rothschild 1945 – $23,000 Cheval Blanc 1947 – $33,781 Penfolds Grange Hermitage 1951 – $38,420 Chateau Lafite 1787 – $160,000 Chateau Margaux 1787 – $500,000 Screaming Eagle Cabernet Sauvignon 1992 – $500,000 WINE 39 17 Culinary Uses Wine is a popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range of cuisines, from the simple and traditional stews to the most sophisticated and complex haute cuisines Wine is often served with dinner Sweet dessert wines may be served with the dessert course In fine restaurants in Western countries, wine typically accompanies dinner At a restaurant, patrons are helped to make good food-wine pairings by the restaurant's sommelier or wine waiter Individuals dining at home may use wine guides to help make food–wine pairings Wine is also drunk without the WINE 40 accompaniment of a meal in wine bars or with a selection of cheeses (at a wine and cheese party) Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes Wine sauce is an example of a culinary sauce that uses wine as a primary ingredient Natural wines may exhibit a broad range of alcohol content, from below 9% to above 16% ABV, with most wines being in the 12.5–14.5% range.Fortified wines (usually with brandy) may contain 20% alcohol or more RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE Ancient religions The use of wine in ancient Near Eastern and Ancient Egyptian religious ceremonies was common Libations often included wine, and the religious mysteries of Dionysus used wine as a sacramental entheogen to induce a mind-altering state WINE 41 2.Judaism Wine is an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions The Kiddush is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is a Rabbinic obligation of adults to drink four cups of wine In the Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service.Note that this does not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception that contributes to the Christian myth of the blood libel "It has been one of history's cruel ironies that the blood libel— accusations against Jews using the blood of murdered gentile children for the making of wine and matzot—became the false pretext for numerous pogroms And due to the danger, those who live in a place where blood libels occur are halachically exempted from using red wine, lest it be seized as "evidence" against them In Christianity, wine is used in a sacred rite called the Eucharist, which originates in the Gospel account of the Last Supper (Gospel of Luke 22:19) describing Jesus sharing bread and wine with his disciples and commanding them to "do this in remembrance of me." Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations (see Eucharistic theologies contrasted) While some Christians consider the use of wine from the grape as essential for the validity of the sacrament, many Protestants also allow (or require) pasteurized grape juice as a substitute Wine was used in Eucharistic rites by all Protestant groups until an alternative arose in the late 19th century Methodist dentist and prohibitionist Thomas Bramwell Welch applied new pasteurization techniques to stop the natural WINE 42 fermentation process of grape juice Some Christians who were part of the growing temperance movement pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice, and the substitution spread quickly over much of the United States, as well as to other countries to a lesser degree There remains an ongoing debate between some American Protestant denominations as to whether wine can and should be used for the Eucharist or allowed as an ordinary beverage, with Catholics and some mainline Protestants allowing wine drinking in moderation, and some conservative Protestant groups opposing consumption of alcohol altogether Islam Alcoholic beverages, including wine, are forbidden under most interpretations of Islamic law.In many Muslim countries, possession or consumption of alcoholic beverages carry legal penalties Iran had previously had a thriving wine industry that disappeared after the Islamic Revolution in 1979 In Greater Persia, mey (Persian wine) was a central theme of poetry for more than a thousand years, long before the advent of Islam Some Alevi sects–one of the two main branches of Islam in Turkey (the other being Sunni Islam)–use wine in their religious services Certain exceptions to the ban on alcohol apply Alcohol derived from a source other than the grape (or its byproducts) and the date is allowed in "very small quantities" (loosely defined as a quantity that does not cause intoxication) under the Sunni Hanafi madhab, for specific purposes (such as medicines), where the goal is not intoxication However, WINE 43 modern Hanafi scholars regard alcohol consumption as totally forbidden HEALTH EFFECTS 1.Short-term effects Wine contains ethyl alcohol, the same chemical that is present in beer and distilled spirits and as such, wine consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the WINE 44 percentage of alcohol in the wine and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-thecounter or street drugs, among other factors Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting, and death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious and respiratory depression (potentially lifethreatening) A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning As with all alcoholic beverages, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving 2.Long-term effects The main active ingredient of wine is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to wine Drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men) is associated with a decreased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and early death.Drinking more than this amount however, increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke.Risk WINE 45 is greater in younger people due to binge drinking which may result in violence or accidents About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year Alcoholism is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in problems.It was previously divided into two types: alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence In a medical context, alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions is present: a person drinks large amounts over a long time period, has difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time, alcohol is strongly desired, usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities, usage results in social problems, usage results in health problems, usage results in risky situations, withdrawal occurs when stopping, and alcohol tolerance has occurred with use Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine Although lower quality evidence suggest a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis and alcoholism The American Heart Association "cautions people NOT to start drinking if they not already drink alcohol Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation." WINE 46 Population studies exhibit a J-curve correlation between wine consumption and rates of heart disease: heavy drinkers have an elevated rate, while people who drink small amount (up to 20 g of alcohol per day, approximately 200 ml (7 imp fl oz; US fl oz) of 12.7% ABV wine) have a lower rate than nondrinkers Studies have also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages is correlated with decreased mortality from cardiovascular causes, although the association is stronger for wine Additionally, some studies have found a greater correlation of health benefits with red than white wine, though other studies have found no difference Red wine contains more polyphenols than white wine, and these could be protective against cardiovascular disease Although red wine contains the chemical resveratrol and there is tentative evidence it may improve heart health, the evidence is unclear for those at high risk as of 2013 Grape skins naturally produce resveratrol in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast during fermentation White wine generally contains lower levels of the chemical as it has minimal contact with grape skins during this process THE END WINE 47 References • • • • Johnson, H (1989) Vintage: The Story of Wine Simon & Schuster pp 11–6 ISBN 0-671-79182-6 ^ Jump up to: a b Castro-Sowinski, Susana (17 November 2016) Microbial Models: From Environmental to Industrial Sustainability Springer p 42 ISBN 9789811025556 ^ Jump up to: a b Hames, Gina (2010) Alcohol in World History Routledge p 17 ISBN 978-1-317-54870-6 ^ Jump up to: a b [1] Prehistoric China – The Wonders That Were Jiahu The World’s Earliest Fermented • Beverage Professor Patrick McGovern the Scientific Director of the Biomolecular Archaeology Project for Cuisine, Fermented Beverages, and Health at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia Retrieved on January 2017 Jump up ^ Keys, David (28 December 2003) "Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000- • year-old wine" The Independent ^ Jump up to: a b Spilling, Michael; 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Manuela Gómez-Mígueza; Isabel M Vicarioa; Francisco J Heredia (April • 2007) "Assessment of colour and aroma in white wines vinifications: Effects of grape maturity and soil type" Journal of Food Engineering 79 (3): 758–764 doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.02.038 Retrieved 26 June 2008 Jump up ^ Johnson, Hugh; Jancis Robinson (13 September 2001) The World Atlas of Wine Mitchell Beazley • pp 44–45 ISBN 978-1-84000-332-1 Jump up ^ Pellaprat, Henri-Paul (2003) The great book of French cuisine New York: Vendome ISBN 0-86565- • 231-7 Jump up ^ For example, Berry Brothers & Rudd, one of the world's largest dealers, start "fine wine" prices at • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • about £25—in March 2009 with a wine from Au Bon Climat website "Fine wine offers" Jump up ^ economist.com Fine-wine fraud Jump up ^ Crops processed at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) website Jump up ^ Courtney, Sue (16 April 2005) "New Zealand Wine Regions – Central Otago" Retrieved 26 June 2008 Jump up ^ "Wine History" Retrieved 26 June 2008 ^ Jump up to: a b Crops and livestock products at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) website Jump up ^ "UK tops world wine imports table" BBC 14 January 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf Jump up ^ "6 Secrets of Cooking With Wine" Jump up ^ Parker, Robert M (2008) Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide, 7th Edition Simon and Schuster p 15 ISBN 1-4391-3997-0 Jump up ^ Jancis Robinson (2006) The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.) Oxford University Press See alcoholic strength at p 10 Jump up ^ Rich, Tracey R "Pesach: Passover" Judaism 101 Jump up ^ Neusner, Jacob (2000) The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism Boston, Massachusetts: BRILL p 82 ISBN 90-04-11617-6 Jump up ^ Rutman, Rabbi Yisrael "Pesach: What We Eat and Why We Eat It" Project Genesis Inc Archived from the original on May 2013 Retrieved 14 April 2013 Jump up ^ "Almost Like Wine" Time Magazine September 1956 Retrieved 26 June 2008 Jump up ^ Harrison, Frances (11 April 2008) "Alcohol fatwa sparks controversy" BBC News Retrieved 31 July 2010 Jump up ^ Tait, Robert (12 October 2005) "End of the vine" London: Guardian News and Media Limited Retrieved 26 June 2008 Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim Book 043, Hadith Number 7186 Jump up ^ "Alcohol based Perfumes, Deodrants and Creams, Mufti Muhammad ibn Adam, Darul Iftaa, Leicester" Central-mosque.com Retrieved 17 May 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e O'Keefe, JH; Bhatti, SK; Bajwa, A; DiNicolantonio, JJ; Lavie, CJ (March 2014) "Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison or the remedy." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 89 (3): 382–93 PMID 24582196 doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005 Jump up ^ "Alcohol Facts and Statistics" Retrieved May 2015 Jump up ^ Jill Littrell (2014) Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's • Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism:volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse Hoboken: Taylor and Francis p 55 ISBN 978-1-317-78314-5 The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems Jump up ^ Hasin, Deborah (December 2003) "Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders" niaaa.nih.gov Retrieved • 28 February 2015 ^ Jump up to: a b "Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5" November 2013 Retrieved May 2015 WINE 51 • • • • • Jump up ^ Schuckit, MA (27 November 2014) "Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)." The New England Journal of Medicine 371 (22): 2109–13 PMID 25427113 doi:10.1056/NEJMra1407298 Jump up ^ Alcohol and Heart Health American Heart Association Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "General Information on Alcohol Use and Health" Retrieved 26 June 2008 Jump up ^ American Heart Association "Alcohol, Wine and Cardiovascular Disease" Retrieved 26 June 2008 Jump up ^ Streppel, M T.; Ocke, M C.; Boshuizen, H C.; Kok, F J.; Kromhout, D (2009) "Long-term wine • consumption is related to cardiovascular mortality and life expectancy independently of moderate alcohol intake: the Zutphen Study" Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 63 (7): 534–540 PMID 19406740 doi:10.1136/jech.2008.082198 Jump up ^ Lindberg, Matthew L.; Ezra A Amsterdam (2008) "Alcohol, wine, and cardiovascular health" Clinical • Cardiology 31 (8): 347–51 PMID 18727003 doi:10.1002/clc.20263 Jump up ^ Tomé-Carneiro, J; Gonzálvez, M; Larrosa, M; Yáñez-Gascón, MJ; García-Almagro, FJ; Ruiz-Ros, JA; • Tomás-Barberán, FA; García-Conesa, MT; Espín, JC (July 2013) "Resveratrol in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a dietary and clinical perspective." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1290: 37–51 PMID 23855464 doi:10.1111/nyas.12150 Jump up ^ Frémont, Lucie (January 2000) "Biological effects of resveratrol" Life Sciences 66 (8): 663–673 • • PMID 10680575 doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00410-5 Retrieved 26 June 2008 Jump up ^ timesofmalta.com – Italian wine under investigation for adulteration, April 2008 Jump up ^ (GMT+8) (24 December 2010) "Chinese Government Shuts Down Fake Wine Producers" • Wantchinatimes.com Retrieved 17 May 2014 Jump up ^ "Adulterated Chinese wine seized" Drinkingny.wordpress.com 27 December 2010 Retrieved 17 • May 2014 Jump up ^ J L CALHEIROS E MENESES, President, Junta Nacional da Cortiça, Portugal "The cork industry in • Portugal" Jump up ^ Muzaurieta, Annie Bell, thedailygreen.com (1 October 2008) Holy Hangover! Wine Bottles Cause Air • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Pollution Jump up ^ fineliving.com Storing Wine Jump up ^ maridajesgourmet.com Storing Wine Temperature Jump up ^ "Wine Fridges and Wine Cabinets" Further reading[edit] Colman, Tyler (2008) Wine Politics: How Governments, Environmentalists, Mobsters, and Critics Influence the Wines We Drink University of California Press ISBN 978-0-520-25521-0 Foulkes, Christopher (2001) Larousse Encyclopedia of Wine Larousse ISBN 2-03-585013-4 Johnson, Hugh (2003) Hugh Johnson's Wine Companion (5th ed.) Mitchell Beazley ISBN 978-1-84000-704-6 McCarthy, Ed; Mary Ewing-Mulligan; Piero Antinori (2006) Wine for Dummies HarperCollins ISBN 0-47004579-5 MacNeil, Karen (2001) The Wine Bible Workman ISBN 1-56305-434-5 Oldman, Mark (2004) Oldman's Guide to Outsmarting Wine Penguin ISBN 978-0-14-200492-0 Parker, Robert (2008) Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide Simon and Schuster ISBN 978-0-7432-7198-1 Pigott, Stuart (2004) Planet Wine: A Grape by Grape Visual Guide to the Contemporary Wine World Mitchell Beazley ISBN 978-1-84000-776-3 Robinson, Jancis (2006) The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.) Oxford: OUP ISBN 0-19-860990-6 Simpson, James (2011) Creating Wine: The Emergence of a World Industry, 1840–1914 Princeton University Press ISBN 978-1-4008-3888-2 online review Zraly, Kevin (2006) Windows on the World Complete Wine Course Sterling ISBN 1-4027-3928 Jancis Robinson (2003) Jancis Robinson's WINE COURSE, A guide to the world of wine BBC worldwide Ltd p • 39 Jump up^ "Required Analytical Tests for Wineries" Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Archived from • the original on May 9, 2013 ^ Jump up to:a b c Vineyards, Jost "The Vegan wine guide" Tastebetter.com Archived from the original on May • • • 31, 2008 Retrieved 2013-03-16 Jump up^ "Wine Business Monthly 15 June 2006" Winebusiness.com Retrieved 2013-03-16 Jump up^ "Wine Business Monthly 9/15/07" Winebusiness.com Retrieved 2013-03-16 Jump up^ "Wine Business Monthly 11/15/06" Winebusiness.com Retrieved 2013-03-16 WINE 52 • • • Jump up^ [1], Italian Wine Central Use some images on google.com Refer on wikipedia.org WINE 53