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Tìm nhöõng töø coù vaàn -at, -an, -ap Friday, October 1 st 2010 Let’s Read ( cont) Can you read ? Draw Cook Track 24 Track 25 Fly Sing Read Draw Swim Cook Goat Hippo Iguana Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, pages 825–833, Columbus, Ohio, USA, June 2008. c 2008 Association for Computational Linguistics Can you summarize this? Identifying correlates of input difficulty for generic multi-document summarization Ani Nenkova University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA nenkova@seas.upenn.edu Annie Louis University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA lannie@seas.upenn.edu Abstract Different summarization requirements could make the writing of a good summary more dif- ficult, or easier. Summary length and the char- acteristics of the input are such constraints in- fluencing the quality of a potential summary. In this paper we report the results of a quanti- tative analysis on data from large-scale evalu- ations of multi-document summarization, em- pirically confirming this hypothesis. We fur- ther show that features measuring the cohe- siveness of the input are highly correlated with eventual summary quality and that it is possi- ble to use these as features to predict the diffi- culty of new, unseen, summarization inputs. 1 Introduction In certain situations even the best automatic sum- marizers or professional writers can find it hard to write a good summary of a set of articles. If there is no clear topic shared across the input articles, or if they follow the development of the same event in time for a longer period, it could become difficult to decide what information is most representative and should be conveyed in a summary. Similarly, length requirements could pre-determine summary quality—a short outline of a story might be confus- ing and unclear but a page long discussion might give an excellent overview of the same issue. Even systems that perform well on average pro- duce summaries of poor quality for some inputs. For this reason, understanding what aspects of the in- put make it difficult for summarization becomes an interesting and important issue that has not been ad- dressed in the summarization community untill now. In information retrieval, for example, the variable system performance has been recognized as a re- search challenge and numerous studies on identify- ing query difficulty have been carried out (most re- cently (Cronen-Townsend et al., 2002; Yom-Tov et al., 2005; Carmel et al., 2006)). In this paper we present results supporting the hy- potheses that input topicality cohesiveness and sum- mary length are among the factors that determine summary quality regardless of the choice of summa- rization strategy (Section 2). The data used for the analyses comes from the annual Document Under- standing Conference (DUC) in which various sum- marization approaches are evaluated on common data, with new test sets provided each year. In later sections we define a suite of features cap- turing aspects of the topicality cohesiveness of the input (Section 3) and relate these to system perfor- mance, identifying reliable correlates of input diffi- culty (Section 4). Finally, in Section 5, we demon- strate that the features can be used to build a clas- sifier predicting summarization input difficulty with accuracy considerably above chance level. 2 Preliminary analysis and distinctions: DUC 2001 Generic multi-document summarization was fea- tured as a task at the Document Understanding Con- ference (DUC) in four years, 2001 through 2004. In our study we use the DUC 2001 multi-document task submissions as development data for in-depth analysis and feature selection. There were 29 in- put sets and 12 automatic summarizers participating in the evaluation that year. Summaries of different 825 lengths were produced by each system: 50, 100, Compaq Tru64 UNIX System and Storage Management It’s simple with Compaq Tru64 ™ UNIX ® , you have power for the enterprise and the luxury to reduce costs with sophisticated tools that are easy to use. TM ➔ management of your enterprise? 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Or are... enjoyed your high school biology classes, may have even taken Advanced Placement courses, and think you want to major in biology, you may be looking for a curriculum that offers a broader scope of courses In that case you will be looking at programs that provide you with a greater overview of the various fields from which you can choose 7 8 What Can You Do with a Major in Biology? Major Fields of Study and... courses you will take and the fields of study available to you when you major in biology I’ll also give you a little insight into what it will be like when you major in bio, address at least one of the questions asked earlier—that is, is it possible to switch your major? And we’ll talk about other options for you, including majoring in two disciplines and minoring in biology while majoring in something... are you a little mixed up about it? If so, here’s where we hope you can really get some insight into what you can imagine as you are now choosing a major Finally, in the appendix, I’ll provide you with some resources to help you make your decision about whether to major in bio and the kinds of organizations and societies that exist for graduates and professionals After reading this book, I hope you. .. 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