Sổ tay hướng dẫn bảo vệ di sản văn hóa Tập 4 Quản lý rủi ro thảm họa

S TAY HNG DN BO V DI SN VN HểA QUN Lí RI RO THM HA CHO BO TNG DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT FOR MUSEUMS Biờn tp: Lise Macdonald Ni dung: Barbara O Roberts, Jane K Hutchins Minh ha: Aleksandar Dzoni-Sopov Phiờn bn Vit - Anh Vn phũng UNESCO ti Vit Nam xut bn nm 2014 Cỏc c quan v cỏ nhõn cú th tỏi bn ti liu ny, vi iu kin ghi rừ ngun, v gi xut bn phm n UNESCO theo a ch 23 Cao Bỏ Quỏt, Ba ỡnh, H Ni, Vit Nam â UNESCO, 2014 S tay hng dn bo v di sn húa N4: Qun lý ri ro thm cho bo tng (Bn ting Vit) CLT/CIH/MCO/2008/PI/47 NI DUNG CONTENTS GII THIU INTRODUCTION CC BC U TIấN TRONG FIRST STEPS IN THE RISK QUY TRèNH QUN Lí RI RO MANAGEMENT PROCESS CC RI RO DO V TR CA BO TNG RISKS FROM LOCATION a cht Geological a lý 10 Geographical Khớ tng 13 Meteorological Cu trỳc 15 Structural BO TRè 16 MAINTENANCE T LIU HểA 19 DOCUMENTATION BIN CH DN V BN 22 SIGNS AND MAPS THễNG TIN LIấN LC 24 COMMUNICATION Phng thc liờn lc v 26 Ways of Communicating and Issues to Consider cỏc cn cõn nhc Liờn lc vi bờn ngoi 27 External Communication NHNG KINH NGHIM THC HNH 28 PROFESSIONAL BEST PRACTICES CHUYấN MễN TT NHT U TIấN V CON NGI 31 PERSONAL PRIORITIES SN SNG NG PHể 32 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS TèNH HUNG KHN CP XY DNG MNG LI NG PHể 35 ESTABLISHING A RESPONSE NETWORK TP HUN 37 TRAINING Cỏc phng phỏp hun 39 Approaches to Training CC BC C BN 42 BASIC STEPS GIM THIU RI RO TOWARD RISK REDUCTION GIM ST 45 MONITORING GII THIU Ti liu ny cú mc ớch hng dn cỏn b bo tng quy trỡnh tun hon nhn thc, lp k hoch ng phú tỡnh khn cp, thụng tin liờn lc v cỏc hnh ng nhm gim thiu thit hi i vi di sn húa trng hp khn cp Bo v ngi l u tiờn cao nht Sau cỏc an ton sinh mng c gii quyt, vic bo v cỏc ti sn húa l mt phn nhim v chuyờn mụn ca cỏn b ph trỏch bo v v bo tn cỏc b su hin vt v m bo hot ng liờn lc ca bo tng Qun lý ri ro cú th l mt khỏi nim gõy lo lng Vỡ th giỳp ch ny gn gi hn, chỳng tụi nh ngha thut ng ny l vic s dng cỏc k nng, ngun lc hin cú, nhng k nng v ngun lc cn cú, thụng tin v vic nõng cao nng lc m bn mun cú nhm gim thiu cỏc ri ro m bn v thit ch ca bn s phi i mt mt s kin cú tớnh cht khn cp Chỳng tụi ngh bn tham kho cỏc ngun t liu khỏc v cỏc chin lc phũng nga i vi nhng mi nguy hi cú tớnh cht hy hoi v din bin chm nh cụn trựng, thay i v m tng i hoc nm mc ma Trong khuụn kh Chng trỡnh khn cp v bo tng (MEP), vi s h tr ca Ban Bo tng v Hin vt húa trc thuc V Hin vt húa v Di sn húa phi vt th ca UNESCO, Hi ng Bo tng Quc t (ICOM), Vin Bo tn Getty (GCI) v Trung tõm Nghiờn cu bo tn v tu b di sn húa quc t (ICCROM) ó thnh lp chng trỡnh hp tỏc nõng cao nng lc Phi hp nhúm qun lý tng hp cỏc tỡnh khn cp Cú th tham kho cỏc ti liu ca chng trỡnh MEP ti http://gcibibs.getty.edu/asp/ Trang web ca ICOM cng cú nhng thụng tin rt hu ớch: http://icom.museum/risk_management.html INTRODUCTION awareness, emergency planning, communication and actions that will reduce damage to cultural heritage in an emergency situation Protecting people is the highest priority Once life safety issues have been addressed, safeguarding cultural propertions and reestablish business continuity Risk Management can be a daunting concept and to make the subject more others you may need to obtain, and information and training you may wish to consider, to minimize the risks you and your institution may face, in a major emergency event We suggest you refer to other sources for preventive strategies to deal with slow and destructive hazards such as insect damage, relative humidity changes, or mold in a rainy season The International Council of Museums (ICOM), The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) and the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Proơperty (ICCROM) have established in partnership a training program entitled Teamwork for Integrated Emergency Management supported by the Section of Museums and Cultural Objects of the Division of Cultural Objects and Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO, in the framework of the ICOMs Museums Emergency Programme (MEP) The helpful MEP Bibliography is available at : http://gcibibs.getty.edu/asp/ ICOM also has a website that may be useful: http://icom.museum/risk_management.html Cỏc BC U TIấN quy trỡnh qun lý ri ro Hóy ngh v quy trỡnh ny nh mt bỏnh xe luụn hnh: nhng iu cn lu ý, xỏc lp cỏc u tiờn, nhng hnh ng cn thc hin trc, v sau din tỡnh khn cp, v ỏnh giỏ li nhng gỡ ó thc hin nhm hon thin K hoch khn cp bng bn Cụng tỏc qun lý ri ro giỳp ỏnh giỏ cỏc ri ro v xỏc nh nhng im d b tn hi ca bn, thit lp cỏc mc tiờu v chin lc bn vng, ci thin cỏc bin phỏp gim thiu v phũng nga ri ro, hc hi cỏc phng phỏp mi v s dng cỏc k thut ng phú v cu h, v ỏnh giỏ li ton b chu trỡnh Chu trỡnh ny din liờn tc Hóy xem xột tt c cỏc nguy c i vi tũa nh v su hin vt, nhn din nhng ri ro chớnh i vi su tp, cỏc thit hi cú th cú, bt tay vo cụng vic xõy dng cỏc chin lc gim thiu ri ro v s dng hiu qu ngun lc ti chớnh v nhõn s Cỏch lm ny s tn ớt chi phớ v em li hiu qu cao hn l vic ch cho xy v c gng cu vt nhng gỡ cú th lỳc xy thm Thớ d, vic v sinh to nh cú th giỳp ngn nga hon v lm thụng thoỏng cỏc li i dnh cho ngi v di chuyn hin vt tỡnh khn cp FIRST STEPS in the risk Management Process Think of the process as a wheel that keeps turning: things to think about, setting priorities, actions to take before, during and after your next emergency and reviewing what was done in order to improve a written institutional Emergency Plan Risk management is assessing your risks and vulnerabilities, setting sustainable goals and strategies, improving preventive and mitigation measures, learning new methodologies and using response and recovery techniques and back again to assessment The cycle goes on Consider all the threats to your building and collection, identify the main risks to the collection, the damage each might cause, start work on mitigation strategies and use waiting for a problem to happen and trying to salvage what you can in a disaster ways for people and movement of collections during an emergency CC BC U TIấN FIRST STEPS Hóy suy ngh mt cỏch thc t v cỏc u tiờn v khong thi gian cn thit t c cỏc mc tiờu qun lý ri ro bn vng vi s nhõn lc v ngun lc hin cú Hóy ly s lng nhõn viờn v khỏch tham quan lm c s xõy dng k hoch qun lý ri ro Hóy cõn nhc k v chu k 24 ting ng h, cỏc hnh ng v trỏch nhim vo ban ngy v ban ờm cú th khỏc Be realistic about priorities and how long it may take to achieve sustainable risk management CC BC U TIấN FIRST STEPS Nờn thng xuyờn cp nht tỡnh hỡnh ang din ti bo tng v cỏc a phng, quc gia v quc t It is good to stay current with what is happening in your institution and with Hóy luụn sn sng Tỡm kim thụng tin Tng cng k nng, nhn thc, cỏc mi quan h v kh nng nhn din, gim thiu v ng phú vi tỡnh khn cp Be prepared Seek out information Increase your skills, awareness, connections, and abilities to identify, mitigate, and respond to an emergency CC RI RO T V TR CA BO TNG V A Lí RISKS FROM LOCATION GEOLOGICAL Hóy tỡm hiu xem liu bn cú kh nng gp phi nhng him thiờn nhiờn ln khụng: t
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on the layers under your structures XY DNG MNG LI NG PHể ESTABLISHING A RESPONSE NETWORK Hp tỏc vi cỏc c quan cú thm quyn v chc nng ng phú khn cp l iu cn lm Cn bit rừ v nng lc v ngun lc ca h m bn cú th s dng It is a good idea to work with public authorities and response agencies and be aware of the capabilities and resources that may be available to you Vic xõy dng cỏc tha thun h tr song phng vi cỏc bo tng hoc c quan kt ngha l iu nờn lm It is good to establish mutual aid agreements with sister institutions 35 XY DNG MNG LI NG PHể ESTABLISHING A RESPONSE NETWORK Nờn hp tỏc vi cỏc i tỏc cung cp dch v v lp cỏc tha thun v mua bỏn vi nh cung cp It is recommended to work with vendors and set up purchasing agreements with suppliers 36 TP HUN TRAINING Tp hun l mt phn thit yu ca cụng tỏc sn sng ng phú vi tỡnh khn cp, ng thi giỳp thỳc y lm vic theo nhúm bo tng Training is an essential part of emergency preparedness and also helps to promote team Khỏch tham quan thng mong i cỏn b bo tng bit rừ phi lm gỡ v lm th no a h n ni an ton Cỏc khúa hun cho cỏn b bo tng l khụng th thiu bi vỡ vic thc hnh ng x vi cỏc nhúm ngi ang lo lng hoc s hói l rt cn thit and how to take them to safety Training practice is necessary for working with groups of people who may be concerned or frightened 37 TP HUN TRAINING Vi k hoch khn cp bng bn, hóy thc hnh cỏch thc v thi im s tỏn ngi hoc b su hin vy tũa nh hoc di tớch Khi tỡnh khn cp xy ra, cỏc iu kin s tr nờn khú khn hn nhiu Using the written emergency plan, practice how and when to evacuate people or collections materials from a building or site In an emergency, conditions may become C gng trỡ liờn tc vic ci thin cỏc quy trỡnh thc hin v cp nht cỏc bc thc hin ny Try to establish an ongoing process for improving procedures and help to keep them current 38 PHNG PHP TP HUN APPROACHES TO TRAINING T chc cỏc bui dt Bỏo ng bng õm thanh, s tỏn nhõn viờn, trung ti im hp, v xem xột cỏc hnh ng tip theo Hóy ỏp dng mt khung thi gian, xem xột cn lm gỡ, thớ d 10 phỳt, 90 phỳt, hay 12 ting, hoc lờn lch cho cỏc bi ú nhõn viờn bo tng s ng phú vi cỏc tỡnh gi nh, v mi cỏc c quan chc nng a phng tham gia hun, nu c points, and consider the next actions Include a timeline, consider what to (for example) in 10 minutes, in ẵ hours, in 12 respond to a mock event and invite local agencies to join you for the training if appropriate ỏnh giỏ li tng bi hun Mi nhõn viờn cn c khuyn khớch nhn xột v a gi ý rỳt kinh nghim cho vic thc hin ln sau Cỏc nhõn viờn thng cú kin thc rt tt chia s should be encouraged to comment and to share 39 PHNG PHP TP HUN APPROACHES TO TRAINING Nõng cao nng lc v ng phú tỡnh khn cp bng vic s dng cỏc k thut ging dy nh: t cỏc tỡnh gi nh (Thớ d d bỏo s cú giú to nhõn viờn bo tng s phi lm gỡ?) t cỏc bi thc hnh (mt cụng hn nhng thc tin, tho lun v cỏc hnh ng cn thc hin theo nhúm v so sỏnh cỏc xut) Improve response capabilities by using teaching techniques such as: t scenarios (For example, high winds are t table top exercises (More elaborate but realistic problem, discuss actions in groups or teams and compare responses) o to cỏc i chuyờn di chuyn su hin vt cỏc tỡnh khn cp Hóy th lm mt bi s dng cỏc vt liu mụ phng hin vt b h hi hoc t Thi lng v khụng gian cn cho cụng vic cu h s em li iu bt ng cho mi ngi Train teams for handling collections in emergency situations Try an exercise using damaged or wet materials that simulate artifacts The amount of time and space that is needed for recovery work will be a surprise to everyone 40 PHNG PHP TP HUN APPROACHES TO TRAINING Hóy thc hnh vai trũ v trỏch nhim quỏ trỡnh qun lý ri ro, hnh ng ci thin nng lc v cỏc bin phỏp an ton cho ngi v di sn húa thuc quyn qun lý ca mỡnh v chun b tt cụng tỏc gi an ton tỡnh khn cp tip theo Practice roles and responsibilities in the risk management process, act to improve capabilities and safety measures for people and the cultural heritage in your care and be ready to a great safe job in the next emergency situation 41 CC BC C BN GIM THIU RI RO BASIC STEPS TOWARD RISK REDUCTION Hóy i khp tũa nh v nhn bit tt c cỏc li vo cụng trỡnh trc bn phi lm iu ú mt tỡnh khn cp Walk through building and know all ways of going out of or into the structure before you have to so in an emergency situation m bo cú cỏc ng bao ngoi, li thoỏt v ca vo tũa nh tỡnh khn cp Secure the perimeter, exits and entrances to the building in an emergency 42 CC BC C BN GIM THIU RI RO BASIC STEPS TOWARD RISK REDUCTION Ci thin an ninh v gim thiu nguy c hon bng cỏch lm thụng thoỏng cỏc li thoỏt Khuyn khớch v h tr cỏc nhõn viờn tham gia hnh ng phũng nga v gim thiu ri ro It is a good idea to help improve security clear Encourage and support preventive Bỏo cỏo v gii quyt cỏc ri ro, thớ d: cụn trựng; ng rũ r nc; ca b chn; mựi khớ ga; ốn hoc cụng tc b hng; chut b khu vc su hin vt Vic bỏo cỏo nguy c khụng nhng l trỏch nhim thng ngy m cũn l trỏch nhim ca thnh viờn tham gia ng phú khn cp Take responsibility for reporting and addressing risks, for example: Insects; dripping pipes; blocked doors; gas smell; faulty lights or switches; vermin in collection areas It is good to report risks both as part of normal duties and as part of a response team 43 CC BC C BN GIM THIU RI RO BASIC STEPS TOWARD RISK REDUCTION Cp nht v ỏnh giỏ k hoch khn cp phn ỏnh cỏc nhim v ó hon thnh hot ng qun lý ri ro Update and revise the emergency plan to ment activities 44 GIM ST MONITORING Thit lp chu k ỏnh giỏ, phõn tớch v iu chnh cụng tỏc hun nhõn viờn, xõy dng h thng an ninh, bo trỡ, t liu húa cỏc quy trỡnh, cỏc b su hin vt, cỏc trỡnh t ng phú v (cỏc) K hoch khn cp Establish cycle of review, analysis, and maintenance, documentation of procedures, collec-tions, response procedures and Emergency Plan(s) Luụn cnh giỏc v s thay i ca iu kin thi tit, cỏc nguy c t nhiờn v ngi gõy Be alert to changing weather conditions, natural and man-made hazards 45 GIM ST MONITORING Luụn theo dừi vic nõng cao k nng ca nhõn viờn, lờn k hoch hun, v nõng cao nng lc cỏ nhõn v th v ng phú vi tỡnh khn cp, s dng cỏc ngun lc a phng, nu cú iu kin Keep in touch with the improving skills of capabilities and institutional capacity to respond to a situation, if possible, with local resources Cn cp nht thụng tin v cỏc thay i v h tng c s It is advisable to stay informed of local infrastructure changes 46 GIM ST MONITORING Cn cp nht cỏc mng li ngun lc, c v h tr chuyờn mụn, dch v v cung cp vt t It is recommended to update networks of resources, both for professional assistance and services and supplies Hóy sng v lm vic vi ý thc an ton Cụng tỏc qun lý ri ro tt cn cú n lc bn vng ca mi nhõn viờn Tỡnh khn cp sp n ca bn khụng nht thit phi bin thnh thm Live and work with safety in mind Good risk management requires Your next emergency need not become a disaster 47 PHN GHI CHẫP NOTES 48 ... Vit Nam â UNESCO, 20 14 S tay hng dn bo v di sn húa N4: Qun lý ri ro thm cho bo tng (Bn ting Vit) CLT/CIH/MCO/2008/PI /47 NI DUNG CONTENTS GII THIU INTRODUCTION CC BC U TIấN TRONG FIRST STEPS IN... STEPS IN THE RISK QUY TRèNH QUN Lí RI RO MANAGEMENT PROCESS CC RI RO DO V TR CA BO TNG RISKS FROM LOCATION a cht Geological a lý 10 Geographical Khớ tng 13 Meteorological Cu trỳc 15 Structural BO... your from help? 11 A Lí GEOGRAPHICAL Vic bo tn cỏc di ch kho c di lũng t cú th to cỏc thỏch thc vic bo v cỏc to nh bờn trờn Protecting archeological sites below - es to protecting buildings above