Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E S-40 Steel Pipe Sizing Criteria Schedule 40 Steel Design: 3'/100' PD , 10 fps max vel Nominl Outside Wall Inside IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data High: 5'/100' PD , 12 fps max vel Maxim: 7'/100' PD , 15 fps max vel Design High Maxim Pipe Diameter Thickness DiameterP.D perVelocity Flow P.D perVelocity Flow P.D perVelocity Flow Size (in) (in) (in) 100 ft (ft/sec) (gpm) 100 ft (ft/sec) (gpm) 100 ft (ft/sec) (gpm) 0.38 0.675 0.091 0.493 3.0 0.9 0.5 5.0 1.7 7.0 2.5 1.5 0.50 0.840 0.109 0.622 3.0 1.6 1.5 5.0 2.1 7.0 2.6 2.5 0.75 1.050 0.113 0.824 3.0 2.1 3.5 5.0 2.7 4.5 7.0 3.3 5.5 1.00 1.315 0.133 1.049 3.0 2.4 6.5 5.0 3.2 8.5 7.0 3.7 10 1.25 1.660 0.140 1.380 3.0 2.6 12 5.0 3.7 17 7.0 4.5 21 1.50 1.900 0.145 1.610 3.0 3.2 20 5.0 4.3 27 7.0 5.1 32 2.00 2.375 0.154 2.067 3.0 3.8 40 5.0 4.8 50 7.0 5.7 60 2.50 2.875 0.203 2.469 3.0 4.3 65 5.0 5.7 85 7.0 6.5 97 3.00 3.500 0.216 3.068 3.0 4.8 110 5.0 6.3 145 7.0 7.6 175 3.50 4.000 0.226 3.548 3.0 5.3 160 5.0 7.0 200 7.0 8.5 250 4.00 4.500 0.237 4.026 3.0 5.8 230 5.0 7.6 300 7.0 8.8 350 5.00 5.563 0.258 5.047 3.0 6.4 400 5.0 8.3 520 7.0 10.3 640 6.00 6.625 0.280 6.065 3.0 7.7 690 5.0 10.0 900 7.0 12.2 1,100 8.00 8.625 0.322 7.891 3.0 9.0 1,400 5.0 12.0 1,900 7.0 14.1 2,200 10.00 10.75 0.365 10.02 2.7 10.0 2,500 3.8 12.0 3,000 5.8 15.0 3,700 12.00 12.75 0.406 11.94 2.1 10.0 3,500 3.0 12.0 4,200 4.6 15.0 5,200 14.00 14.00 0.437 13.13 1.9 10.0 4,200 2.7 12.0 5,100 4.1 15.0 6,300 16.00 16.00 0.500 15.00 1.7 10.0 5,500 2.3 12.0 6,600 3.6 15.0 8,300 18.00 18.00 0.562 16.88 1.5 10.0 7,000 2.0 12.0 8,400 3.0 15.0 10500 20.00 20.00 0.593 18.81 1.3 10.0 8,900 1.8 12.0 10400 2.6 15.0 13000 22.00 22.00 1.250 20.75 1.1 10.0 10500 1.6 12.0 12600 2.4 15.0 15700 24.00 24.00 1.360 22.64 1.0 10.0 12500 1.4 12.0 15000 2.2 15.0 18700 26.00 26.00 0.750 25.25 0.9 10.0 15500 1.3 12.0 18600 2.1 15.0 23300 28.00 28.00 0.750 27.25 0.8 10.0 18100 1.2 12.0 21700 2.0 15.0 27100 30.00 30.00 0.750 29.25 0.7 10.0 20800 1.1 12.0 25000 1.9 15.0 31300 32.00 32.00 0.750 31.25 0.6 10.0 23800 1.0 12.0 28500 1.8 15.0 35700 34.00 34.00 0.750 33.25 0.5 10.0 26900 0.9 12.0 32300 1.7 15.0 40400 36.00 36.00 0.750 35.25 0.4 10.0 30300 0.8 12.0 36300 1.6 15.0 45400 Schedule 40 Steel S40-Crit - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data CLOSED SYSTEMS Design Criteria: 3’ Frictional Pressure Drop per 100’ Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity of 10 ft/sec Figure - Friction Loss for CLOSED Piping Systems: Schedule 40 Steel Schedule 40 Steel S40-Crit Source: Carrier Systems Design - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data OPEN SYSTEMS Design Criteria: 3’ Frictional Pressure Drop per 100’ Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity of 10 ft/sec Figure - Friction Loss for OPEN Piping Systems: Schedule 40 Steel Schedule 40 Steel S40-Crit Source: Carrier Systems Design - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP COPPER Nominal Pipe Size (ins) 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 Copper , Plastic IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Physical Dimensions and Sizing Criteria (ASPE Data Book) Type K Copper Type L Copper Type M Copper Pipe Sizing Criteria Diameter (ins) Diameter (ins) Diameter (ins) Velocity Loss in Flow Outside Inside Outside Inside Outside Inside Ft/sec PD’/100’ GPM 0.375 0.305 0.375 0.315 0.5 0.402 0.5 0.43 0.5 0.45 1.0 0.5 0.625 0.527 0.625 0.545 0.625 0.569 1.5 0.875 0.745 0.875 0.785 0.875 0.811 2.0 3 1.125 0.995 1.125 1.025 1.125 1.055 2.5 1.375 1.245 1.375 1.265 1.375 1.291 3.0 12 1.625 1.481 1.625 1.505 1.625 1.527 3.5 17 2.125 1.959 2.125 1.985 2.125 2.009 4.0 35 2.625 2.435 2.625 2.465 2.625 2.495 4.5 70 3.125 2.907 3.125 2.945 3.125 2.981 5.0 110 3.625 3.385 3.625 3.425 3.625 3.459 5.5 160 4.125 3.857 4.125 3.905 4.125 3.935 6.0 2.5 225 5.125 4.805 5.125 4.875 5.125 4.907 6.5 2.5 380 6.125 5.741 6.125 5.845 6.125 5.881 7.0 2.2 575 8.125 7.583 8.125 7.725 8.125 7.785 7.5 1.9 1105 10.125 9.449 10.125 9.625 10.125 9.701 8.0 1.5 1835 12.125 11.315 12.125 11.565 12.125 11.617 8.5 2800 PLASTIC Nominal Pipe Size (ins) 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E Physical Dimensions and Sizing Criteria (ASPE Data Book) Schedule 40 PVC Schedule 40 CPVCPolyethylene (75 psi) Pipe Sizing Criteria Diameter (ins) Diameter (ins) Diameter (ins) Velocity Loss in Flow Outside Inside Outside Inside Outside Inside Ft/sec PD’/100’ GPM 0.840 0.622 0.840 0.622 0.782 0.622 1.050 0.824 1.050 0.824 0.824 1.000 1.315 1.049 1.315 1.049 1.300 1.050 1.660 1.380 1.660 1.380 1.710 1.380 1.900 1.610 1.990 1.610 2.000 1.610 2.375 2.067 2.375 2.067 2.567 2.067 2.875 2.469 2.875 2.469 3.500 3.068 3.500 3.068 3.670 3.068 4.500 4.026 4.500 4.026 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 6.065 7.981 10.020 11.938 6.625 6.065 Cu-PVC 4.820 4.026 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Copper Pipe Sizing Chart Design Criteria: 3’ Frictional Pressure Drop per 100’ Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity of 10 ft/sec Figure - Friction Loss for Copper Piping Systems: Types K, L, & M Copper , Plastic Cu-PVC Source: Carrier Systems Design - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Pipe Sizing Criteria: Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E Schedule 80 Steel Schedule 80 Steel S-80 Steel Extra Strong Steel Outside Wall XS Steel Outside Wall Pipe Size Veloc Diameter Thickness Diameter Flow Diameter Thickness Diameter Flow (ins) (fps) (ins) (ins) (ins) (gpm) (ins) (ins) (ins) (gpm) 0.375 1.0 0.675 0.126 0.423 0.5 0.675 0.126 0.423 0.5 0.500 1.5 0.840 0.147 0.546 0.840 0.147 0.546 0.750 2.0 1.050 0.154 0.742 2.5 1.050 0.154 0.742 2.5 1.000 2.5 1.315 0.179 0.957 5.5 1.315 0.179 0.957 5.5 1.250 3.0 1.660 0.191 1.278 12 1.660 0.191 1.278 12 1.500 3.5 1.900 0.200 1.500 20 1.900 0.200 1.500 20 2.000 4.0 2.375 0.218 1.939 35 2.375 0.218 1.939 35 2.500 4.5 2.875 0.276 2.323 60 2.875 0.276 2.323 60 3.000 5.0 3.500 0.300 2.900 100 3.500 0.300 2.900 100 3.500 5.5 4.000 0.318 3.364 150 4.000 0.318 3.364 150 4.000 6.0 4.500 0.337 3.826 215 4.500 0.337 3.826 215 5.000 6.5 5.563 0.375 4.813 365 5.563 0.375 4.813 365 6.000 7.5 6.625 0.432 5.761 600 6.625 0.432 5.761 600 8.000 9.0 8.625 0.500 7.625 1,275 8.625 0.500 7.625 1,275 10.000 10.0 10.750 0.593 9.562 2,230 10.750 1.000 9.750 2,320 12.000 10.0 12.750 0.687 11.374 3,150 12.750 1.000 11.750 3,370 14.000 10.0 14.000 0.750 12.500 3,810 14.000 1.000 13.000 4,120 16.000 10.0 16.000 0.843 14.312 4,995 16.000 1.000 15.000 5,490 18.000 10.0 18.000 0.937 16.124 6,340 18.000 1.000 17.000 7,050 20.000 10.0 20.000 1.031 17.938 7,850 20.000 1.000 19.000 8,800 22.000 10.0 22.000 2.250 19.750 9,510 22.000 1.000 21.000 10,750 24.000 10.0 24.000 2.438 21.562 11,340 24.000 1.000 23.000 12,900 26.000 10.0 26.000 1.000 25.000 15,240 28.000 10.0 28.000 1.000 27.000 17,780 30.000 10.0 30.000 1.000 29.000 20,510 32.000 10.0 32.000 1.000 31.000 23,440 34.000 10.0 34.000 1.000 33.000 26,560 36.000 10.0 36.000 1.000 35.000 29,880 S80-XS Maxim S-80 Steel Nominal Maxim Sch 80 , XS Steel Inside IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Inside Maxim - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP CAST IRON Nominal Pipe Size (ins) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 30 36 42 48 Physical Data IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Hydraulic Handbook Colt Industries 125 PSI Cast Iron Diameter (ins) Outside Inside 3.96 3.06 5.00 4.04 175 PSI Cast Iron Diameter (ins) Outside Inside 3.96 3.00 5.00 3.96 250 PSI Cast Iron Diameter (ins) Outside Inside Pipe Sizing Criteria Velocity Loss in Flow Ft/sec PD’/100’ GPM 3.1 4.5 100 2.8 5.1 200 7.10 9.30 11.40 13.50 15.65 17.80 19.92 22.06 6.08 8.18 10.16 12.14 14.17 16.20 18.18 20.22 7.10 9.30 11.40 13.50 15.65 17.80 19.92 22.06 6.00 8.10 10.04 12.00 14.01 16.02 18.00 20.00 7.22 9.42 11.60 13.78 15.98 18.16 20.34 22.54 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.2 6.8 7.7 9.0 9.7 9.4 9.6 10.0 9.2 600 1,200 2,200 3,400 4,500 6,000 8,000 9,000 26.32 32.40 38.70 45.10 51.40 24.22 30.00 35.98 42.02 47.98 26.32 32.74 39.16 45.58 51.98 24.00 30.00 36.00 42.02 48.06 26.90 33.46 40.04 24.00 30.00 36.00 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 10.0 10.0 9.5 9.3 9.8 14,000 22,000 30,000 40,000 55,000 ALUMINUM , BRASS Nominal Pipe Size (ins) 0.38 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E Handbook for Mechanical Engineers : Baumeister & Marks Aluminum Schedule 40 Diameter (ins) Thickness Outside Inside (ins) 0.675 0.493 0.091 0.840 0.622 0.109 1.050 0.824 0.133 1.315 1.049 0.133 1.660 1.380 0.140 1.900 1.610 0.145 2.375 2.067 0.154 2.875 2.469 0.203 3.500 3.068 0.216 4.000 3.548 0.226 4.500 4.026 0.237 5.563 5.047 0.258 6.625 6.065 0.280 8.625 7.981 0.322 10.750 10.020 0.365 12.750 12.000 0.375 Iron , Aluminum , Brass Aluminum Schedule 80 Diameter (ins) Thickness Outside Inside (ins) 0.675 0.423 0.126 0.840 0.546 0.147 1.050 0.742 0.154 1.315 0.957 0.179 1.660 1.278 0.191 1.900 1.500 0.200 2.375 1.939 0.218 2.875 2.325 0.276 3.500 2.900 0.300 4.000 3.364 0.318 4.500 3.826 0.337 5.563 4.813 0.375 6.625 5.761 0.432 8.625 7.625 0.500 10.750 9.750 0.500 12.750 11.750 0.500 Fe-Al-Br Brass (85% Cu, 15% Zn) Diameter (ins) Thickness Outside Inside (ins) 0.675 0.494 0.092 0.840 0.625 0.108 1.050 0.822 0.114 1.315 1.062 0.127 1.660 1.368 0.146 1.900 1.600 0.150 2.375 2.062 0.157 2.875 2.500 0.188 3.500 3.062 0.219 4.000 3.500 0.250 4.500 4.000 0.250 5.563 5.062 0.251 6.625 6.125 0.250 8.625 8.000 0.313 10.750 10.019 0.363 12.750 12.000 0.375 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data ( f = 0.2083 x (100/C)^1.85 x Q^1.85/D^4.8635 ) PIPE DESIGN BASED ON HAZEN WILLIAMS FORMULA Source: Cameron Hydraulic Data, 1926-62 Values of C High (smooth, clean) Average Design (old) Pipe Material Low (old, corroded) Copper, Brass, Tin, Lead, Glass 155 to 120 140 130 Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, Steel (seamless) 150 to 80 130 100 C= 155 represents new, clean smooth surfaces C = 80 represents old, corroded, rough surfaces Sizing Criteria: 3’ PD per 100’ Pipe Length Pipe Sizing Criteria for Cast Iron and Steel: Cameron Hydraulic Data, Old Pipes: 1926-62C = Pipe Size (ins) 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 Cast Iron Steel : Sch-40 & Sch-80 Flow Velocity Loss Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1.1 2.1 2.5 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.2 10 2.2 3.1 14 2.2 2.7 28 2.7 2.9 45 3.0 2.9 75 3.5 2.9 80 3.5 3.0 110 3.7 2.8 120 4.0 3.1 160 4.1 2.9 170 4.3 3.2 280 4.6 2.8 300 4.8 3.0 450 5.1 2.8 500 5.6 3.2 1000 6.4 3.0 1000 6.4 3.0 1800 7.4 3.0 1800 7.3 3.0 3000 8.5 3.2 3000 8.5 3.2 Steel : XS Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1.4 4.0 1.5 3.2 1.8 3.3 2.0 3.0 12 2.2 2.9 24 2.6 3.0 40 3.0 3.2 70 3.4 3.0 100 3.6 2.9 140 3.9 2.9 260 4.6 2.9 400 4.9 2.7 900 6.3 3.1 1700 7.3 3.0 2800 8.3 3.1 Pipe Sizing Criteria for Cast Iron and Steel: Cameron Hydraulic Data, Old Pipes: 1926-62C = Pipe Size (ins) 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 Cast Iron Steel : Sch-40 & Sch-80 Flow Velocity Loss Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1.5 2.9 1.4 2.5 2.2 4.1 2.0 3.2 2.5 3.6 2.3 3.1 10 2.6 3.1 10 2.5 2.9 15 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 30 3.2 2.6 30 3.1 2.5 60 4.1 3.3 60 4.0 3.1 90 4.3 3.0 90 4.2 2.8 140 5.0 3.2 140 4.9 2.9 190 5.2 3.0 190 5.1 2.8 350 6.2 3.2 350 6.0 3.0 550 6.8 3.1 550 6.6 2.8 1100 7.8 2.8 1200 8.2 3.0 Hazen-Williams Sizing Haz-Will Steel : XS Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1.3 2.0 1.9 2.7 2.2 2.7 10 2.4 2.6 15 2.6 2.4 35 3.5 3.1 60 3.9 2.9 100 4.6 3.2 140 4.8 2.9 200 5.3 2.9 350 5.9 2.8 600 7.1 3.2 1200 8.1 2.9 100 Steel: XXS Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 12 20 40 60 90 160 280 700 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.8 6.0 11.7 4.7 3.6 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.2 130 Steel: XXS Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1.5 1.6 2.7 1.8 2.6 2.2 2.6 12 2.6 2.7 20 3.2 3.3 35 3.4 2.7 60 3.9 2.9 100 4.4 2.8 150 5.0 3.1 200 5.1 2.7 400 6.4 3.1 650 7.1 3.0 1300 8.3 3.0 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Dynamic Pressure Losses through Fittings EL = L/D* D (EL = Equivalent Length L=Pipe Length, D = Pipe Diameter) Velocity Pressure Factor (K) for Water : K = C*D**E: Pressure Drop (PD) = K*VP FITTING IDENTIFICATION ColRo Description w A8 90 deg Elbow: Regular Screwed Pipe Fittings Data L/D Factors Name K Factors Water Glycol Brine Diesel Petrol Steam Gas Coeff C Expon E EL90-RG-SC 45 53 61 45 36 30 35 1.5 -0.6092 A9 90 deg Elbow: Long Radius Screwed EL90-LR-SC 25 29 34 25 20 15 20 0.75 -0.8787 A10 90 deg Elbow: Regular Flanged EL90-RG-Fl 45 53 61 45 36 30 35 0.45 -0.253 A11 90 deg Elbow: Long Radius Flanged EL90-LR-FL 25 29 34 25 20 15 20 0.4 -0.463 A12 45 deg Elbow: Regular Screwed EL45-RG-SC 25 29 34 25 20 20 25 0.35 -0.1365 A13 45 deg Elbow: Regular Flanged El45-RG-FL 15 18 20 15 12 15 20 0.22 -0.1414 A14 Return U-Bend: Regular Screwed BEND-RG-SC 90 105 123 90 72 70 75 1.35 -0.5 A15 Return U-Bend: Regular Flanged BEND-RG-FL 90 105 123 90 72 70 75 0.425 -0.255 A16 Return U-Bend: Long Radius BEND-LR-SC 50 59 68 50 40 45 45 0.426 -0.5182 A17 Tee: Line Flow Screwed TEE-LF-SC 20 24 27 20 16 20 25 0.9 A18 Tee: Branch Flow Screwed TEE-BF-SC 65 76 89 65 52 65 70 1.85 -0.3747 A19 Tee: Line Flow Flanged TEE-LF-FL 20 24 27 20 16 20 25 0.265 -0.4695 A20 Tee: Branch Flow Flanged TEE-BF-FL 65 76 89 65 52 65 70 -0.2851 A21 Strainer: Basket STRAINER 90 105 123 90 72 70 75 2.4 -0.5609 A22 Union / Coupling UNION 45 53 61 45 36 30 35 0.083 -0.6644 A23 Inlet: Bell-Mouthed INLET-BM 20 24 27 20 16 20 25 0.05 A24 Inlet: Square-Edged INLET-SE 45 53 61 45 36 30 35 0.5 A25 Outlet: All Types OUTLET 65 76 89 65 52 65 70 Fittings - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Dynamic Pressure Losses through Valves EL = L/D* D (EL = Equivalent Length L=Pipe Length, D = Pipe Diameter) Velocity Pressure Factor (K) for Water : K = C*D**E: Pressure Drop (PD) = K*VP ColRo w A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A29 A30 Valve Fittings Data FITTING IDENTIFICATION Name Description Water Angle : Screwed ANGLE-SC 175 Angle : Flanged ANGLE-FL 175 Balancing BALANCING 350 Ball BALL 10 Butterfly BUTTERFLY 50 Check Swing : Screwed CHECK-SC 150 Check Swing : Flanged CHECK-FL 150 Gate : Screwed GATE-SC 10 Gate : Flanged GATE-FL 10 Gate : Electric Motor GATE-EM 10 Gate : Pneumatic Motor GATE-PM 10 Globe : Screwed GLOBE-SC 350 Globe : Flanged GLOBE-FL 350 Globe : Electric Motor GLOBE-EM 350 Globe : Pneumatic Motor GLOBE-PM 350 Lock Shield LOCK-SHIELD 10 Plug Cock PLUG-COCK 150 Pressure Reducing PRV 10 Quick Open QUICKOPEN 350 Pressure Regulator PR-REG 10 Relief / Safety RELIEF Solenoid SOLENOID 350 Foot Valve FOOT 50 Glycol 205 205 410 12 59 176 176 12 12 12 12 410 410 410 410 12 176 12 410 12 410 59 Valves Brine 238 238 477 14 68 204 204 14 14 14 14 477 477 477 477 14 204 14 477 14 477 68 L/D Factors Diesel GasolineSteam Gas 175 140 150 200 175 140 150 200 350 280 30 350 10 10 10 50 40 0 150 120 75 100 150 120 75 100 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 350 280 300 350 350 280 300 350 350 280 300 350 350 280 300 350 10 10 10 150 120 130 150 10 10 10 350 280 300 350 10 10 10 0 0 350 280 300 350 50 40 0 K Factors Coeff C Expon E 4.5 4.5 4.25 4.25 12.5 12.5 0.24 0.24 12.5 12.5 3.5 3.5 2 0.24 0.24 1 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 0.24 0.24 12.5 12.5 0.24 0.24 12.5 12.5 0.24 0.24 0 12.5 12.5 0.8 0.8 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data PROPERTIES OF STEAM Steam and Condensate Enthalpy btu/lb Press cuft Liquid Latent psig deg F cuft Liquid Latent 26.8 180.1 970.3 65 311.8 5.49 281.8 901.3 25.13 183.6 968.1 70 316.4 5.18 286.2 898 218.7 23.72 186.8 966 75 320.1 4.91 290.4 894.8 221.7 22.47 189.8 964.1 80 323.9 4.66 294.4 891.9 224.5 21.35 192.7 962.3 85 327.6 4.44 298.2 899 227.3 20.34 195.5 960.5 90 331.2 4.24 301.9 886.1 229.9 19.42 198.2 958.8 95 334.6 4.06 305.5 883.3 232.4 18.58 200.7 957.2 100 337.9 3.89 308.9 880.7 234.9 17.81 203.2 955.6 105 341.1 3.74 312.3 878.1 875.5 Press Temp psig deg F 212 215.5 Volume Temp Volume Enthalpy btu/lb 237.2 17.11 205.6 954.1 110 344.2 3.59 315.5 10 239.5 16.46 207.9 952.5 115 347.2 3.46 318.7 873 11 241.7 15.86 210.1 951.1 120 350.1 3.34 321.7 870.7 12 243.8 15.31 212.2 949.7 125 352.9 3.23 324.7 868.3 13 245.9 14.79 214.3 948.3 130 355.6 3.12 327.6 865.9 14 247.9 14.31 216.4 946.9 135 358.3 3.02 330.4 863.7 15 249.8 13.86 218.3 945.6 140 360.9 2.93 333.1 861.5 16 251.7 13.43 220.3 944.3 145 363.4 2.84 335.8 859.3 17 253.6 13.03 222.2 943 150 365.9 2.76 338.4 857.2 18 255.4 12.66 224 941.8 155 368.3 2.68 340.9 855 19 257.1 12.31 225.7 940.6 160 370.6 2.61 343.4 853 20 258.8 11.98 227.5 939.5 165 372.9 2.54 345.9 850.9 21 260.5 11.67 229.2 938.3 170 375.2 2.47 348.3 848.9 22 262.2 11.37 230.9 937.2 175 377.4 2.41 350.7 846.9 23 263.8 11.08 232.5 936.1 180 379.5 2.35 353 845 24 265.4 10.82 234.1 935 185 381.6 2.3 355.2 843.1 25 266.9 10.56 235.6 934 190 383.7 2.24 357.4 841.2 30 274.1 9.45 243 928.9 195 385.8 2.19 359.6 839.2 35 280.7 8.56 249.8 924.2 200 387.8 2.13 361.9 837.4 40 286.8 7.83 256 919.8 210 391.7 2.04 366 833.8 45 292.4 7.2 261.8 915.7 220 395.5 1.95 370.1 830.3 50 297.7 6.68 267.2 911.8 230 399.1 1.88 374.1 826.8 55 302.7 6.23 272.4 908.1 240 402.7 1.81 377.8 823.4 60 307.3 5.83 277.2 904.6 250 406.1 1.74 381.6 820.1 Steam-Condns - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Example: 6800 lbs per hour of steam flow in a ½ inch pipe at 100 psig pressure What is the pressure (psi) drop per 100 ft length of pipe and the flow velocity? Answer: psi/100’ = 11 velocity = 32,000 fpm Figure - 17 ASHRAE Steam Flow Rates at Various Pressures and Velocities for Schedule 40 Pipe Steam Pipe Sizing Charts Steam-Charts Source: - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Figure – 18 Steam flow at 30 psig Source: ASHRAE Design Criteria: 0.75 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 6,000 fpm Figure – 19 Steam flow at 50 psig Source: ASHRAE Design Criteria: 1.0 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 8,000 fpm Steam Pipe Sizing Charts Steam-Charts - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Figure – 20 Steam flow at 100 psig Source: ASHRAE Design Criteria: 2.0 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 10,000 fpm Figure – 21 Steam flow at 150 psig Source: ASHRAE Design Criteria: 2.0 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 10,000 fpm Steam Pipe Sizing Charts Steam-Charts - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Natural Gas Pipe Sizing Tables and Charts Steel Pipe - Schedule 40 Downstream Pressure DPress Pipe Dimension (in) (psig) 1/2" 3/4" 1 1/4 1/2 2 1/2 9.5 355 745 1,400 2,880 4,310 8,305 515 1,080 2,030 4,160 6,240 12,020 19,150 33,860 69,060 ###### 8.5 350 730 1,370 2,815 4,210 8,120 8.1 475 995 1,875 3,850 5,770 11,100 17,700 31,300 63,840 ###### 7.6 300 630 1,190 2,440 3,650 7,040 7.2 440 910 1,720 3,530 5,290 10,190 16,240 28,710 58,560 ###### 6.6 290 615 1,160 2,380 3,565 6,865 10,940 19,345 39,460 71,390 6.3 395 830 1,560 3,210 4,810 9,260 14,760 26,090 53,210 96,260 5.7 245 515 970 1,990 2,990 5,730 9,140 5.4 355 745 1,400 2,880 4,310 8,310 13,245 23,415 47,760 86,400 4.7 240 500 940 1,935 2,900 5,580 8,895 4.5 315 660 1,240 2,540 3,810 7,340 11,695 20,680 42,170 76,300 13,240 23,400 47,730 86,350 12,940 22,880 46,600 84,420 11,215 19,830 40,440 76,170 · inlet upstream pressure is more than psig (35 kPa) · fittings factor 1.2 - equivalent pipe length = pipe length + 20% 16,160 32,950 59,620 15,730 32,080 58,030 For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about 900 to 1100 BTU/cf In general it is common to set · Cubic Foot (CF) = Approx 1,000 BTUs · CFH ≈ MBH · Btu/h = 0.293 W LP Natural Gas Natural-Gas - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Steel Pipe - Schedule 40 Capacity of Pipe (MBH ≈ CFH) Pipe SizeInside (in) Nomin al dia Pipe Length (ft) 10 20 40 80 150 300 1/2" 0.622 120 85 60 42 31 22 3/4" 0.824 272 192 136 96 70 50 1.049 547 387 273 193 141 100 1/4 1.38 1,200 849 600 424 310 219 1/2 1.61 1,860 1,316 930 658 480 340 2.067 3,759 2,658 1,880 1,330 971 686 1/2 2.469 6,169 4,362 3,084 2,189 1,593 1,126 3.068 11,225 7,938 5,613 3,969 2,898 2,049 4.026 23,479 16,602 11,740 8,301 6,062 4,287 5.047 42,945 30,367 21,473 15,183 11,088 7,841 6.065 69,671 49,265 34,836 24,632 17,989 12,720 7.981 ###### ###### 70,916 50,145 36,621 25,895 · pressure less than 1/2 psig· pressure drop 0.5 inches water column · specific gravity of natural gas· energy content in natural gas 1000 Btu/lb · Cubic Foot (CF) = Approx 1,000 BTUs· · common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe length CFH = MBH in table above = pipe length + 50% For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about 900 to 1100 BTU/cf In general it is common to set LP Natural Gas Natural-Gas - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E Copper Tubing - type K IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Copper Tubing - type L Capacity of Pipe (MBH ≈ CFH) Capacity of Pipe (MBH ≈ CFH) Pipe Size (in)Inside Nomin Outsid al Dia Dia Pipe Length (ft) PipeOutsid Size (in)Inside Nomina l Dia Dia 10 20 40 80 1/4" 3/8" 0.305 15 10 1/4" 3/8" 3/8" 1/2" 0.402 33 24 17 12 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 0.527 74 52 37 26 5/8" 3/4" 0.652 138 97 69 3/4" 7/8" 0.745 203 143 1 1/8 0.995 469 1/4 3/8 1.245 894 Pipe Length (ft) 10 20 40 80 0.315 16 11 1/2" 0.43 41 29 20 14 1/2" 5/8" 0.545 81 58 41 29 49 5/8" 3/4" 0.666 146 103 73 52 101 72 3/4" 7/8" 0.785 236 167 118 84 332 235 166 1 1/8 1.025 511 362 256 181 632 447 316 1/4 3/8 1.265 936 662 468 331 · pressure less than 1/2 psig · · common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe length · pressure less than 1/2 psig common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe length in table above = pipe length + 50% in table above = pipe length + 50% · pressure drop 0.5 inches water column · pressure drop 0.5 inches water column · specific gravity of natural gas 0.6 · specific gravity of natural gas 0.6 · energy content in natural gas 1000 Btu/lb · energy content in natural gas 1000 Btu/lb · One MBH is equivalent to 1000 BTU's per hour · One MBH is equivalent to 1000 BTU's per hour LP Natural Gas · Btu/h = 0.293 W · lb = 0.4536 kg · ft (foot) = 0.3048 m · in water = 248.8 N/m (Pa) = 0.0361 lb/in (psi) = 25.4 kg/m = 0.0739 in mercury · psi (lb/in ) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m ) 2 Natural-Gas - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data The capacity of a low pressure natural gas (less than psi) pipe line can be calculated with the Spitzglass formula like q = 3550 k ( h / l SG) 1/2 (1) where q = natural gas flow capacity (cfh) h = pressure drop (in Water Column) l = length of pipe (ft) k = [d /(1 + 3.6/d + 0.03 d)] 1/2 d = inside diameter pipe (in) SG = specific gravity For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about 900 to 1100 BTU/cf In general it is common to set Cubic Foot (CF) = approx 1,000 BTUs CFH = MBH The specific gravity of natural gas varies from 0.55 to 1.0 The downstream pressure in a houseline after the meter/regulator is in general in the range of to 11 inches Water Column, or about 1/4 psi Example - Natural Gas Pipe Capacity The capacity of a 100 ft natural gas pipe with a nominal diameter 0.5 inches (actual ID 0.622 in ) and 0.5 inches WC pressure drop can be calculated as )5 k = [(0.622 in /(1 + 3.6 / (0.622 in) + 0.03 (0.622 in))]0.117 q = 3550 0.117 ( (0.5 in) / (100 ft) 0.60 ) 1/2 = 37.9 cfh Specific gravity of natural gas is set to 0.60 LP Natural Gas Natural-Gas - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E Fixture Data : Domestic Hot and Cold Water Fixture Type Supply Minim Fixture / Description Code PSIG GPM Bathroom Group TANK Bathroom Group VALVE Water Closet TANK Water Closet VALVE 15 Urinal TANK Urinal VALVE Shower Head TANK Bathtub TANK Lavatory TANK Service Sink TANK Kitchen Sink TANK Restaurant Sink TANK Drinking Fountain TANK Dish Washer TANK Clothes Washer TANK Private Use : Fixture Units Cold Hot Total 4.5 6 3 6 3 4 2 7.5 7.5 10 1 1.5 2 2 3 1 2 2 Conversion Table : Fixture Units to GPM Fixture Units Fixture Units Flow Flow GPM Tank Valve GPM Tank Valve 34 63 18 35 66 20 3 36 69 21 4 37 74 23 38 78 25 39 83 26 40 86 28 10 41 90 30 12 42 95 31 10 13 43 99 33 11 15 44 103 35 12 16 45 107 37 13 18 46 111 39 14 20 47 115 42 15 21 48 119 44 16 23 49 123 46 17 24 50 127 48 18 26 51 130 50 19 28 52 135 52 20 30 53 141 54 21 32 54 146 57 22 34 55 151 60 23 36 56 155 63 24 39 57 160 66 25 42 58 165 69 26 44 59 170 73 27 46 10 60 175 76 28 49 11 62 185 82 29 51 12 64 195 88 30 54 13 66 205 95 31 56 14 68 215 102 32 58 15 70 225 108 33 60 16 72 236 116 Plumbing Fixture Units IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Public Use : Fixture Units Cold Hot Total 4.5 4.5 5 10 10 3 5 4 7.5 7.5 10 2 4 4 3 2 3 3 (from ASPE Data Book) Fixture Units Flow Gpm Tank Valve 74 245 124 76 254 132 78 264 140 80 275 148 82 284 158 84 294 168 86 305 176 88 315 186 90 326 195 92 337 205 94 348 214 96 359 223 98 370 234 100 380 245 105 406 270 110 431 295 115 455 329 120 479 365 125 506 396 130 533 430 135 559 460 140 585 490 145 611 521 150 638 559 155 665 596 160 692 631 165 719 666 170 748 700 175 778 739 180 809 775 185 840 811 190 874 850 200 945 931 FixtUnits Flow GPM 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 Minim Conn Size Cold Hot 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.38 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.38 0.50 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.00 0.38 0.38 0.50 0.50 Fixture Units Tank Valve 1018 1009 1091 1091 1173 1173 1254 1254 1335 1335 1418 1418 1500 1500 1583 1583 1668 1668 1755 1755 1845 1845 1926 1926 2018 2018 2110 2110 2204 2204 2298 2298 2388 2388 2480 2480 2575 2575 2670 2670 2765 2765 2862 2862 2960 2960 3060 3060 3150 3150 3620 3620 4070 4070 4480 4480 5380 5380 6280 6280 7280 7280 8300 8300 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E Horizontal Fixture Branches and Stacks Pipe IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Building Drains and Sewers Any Horiz One Stack More than Br Intervals Diam Fixture Br Interv Total for Total at One (ins) Branch or Less Stack Br Interval 1.5 2.0 10 24 2.5 12 20 42 3.0 20 48 4.0 160 5.0 Pipe Max Fixture Units that may be Connected Diam Slope per Foot 1/4 inch 1/2 inch 2.0 21 26 2.5 24 31 72 20 3.0 42 50 240 500 90 4.0 180 216 250 360 540 1100 200 5.0 390 480 575 6.0 620 960 1900 350 6.0 700 840 1000 8.0 1400 2200 3600 600 8.0 1400 1600 1920 2300 10.0 2500 3800 5600 1000 10.0 2500 2900 3500 4200 12.0 3900 6000 8400 1500 12.0 2900 4600 5600 6700 15.0 7000 15.0 7000 8300 10000 12000 Plumbing Sanitary Drainage Sanitary (ins) 1/16 inch 1/8 inch - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data Horizontal Vent Sizing Table (BOCA National Plumbing Code) Horizontal Branch Diam Slope Diameter of Vent (inches) 1.25 1.5 10 12 Maximum Developed Length of Vent (feet) (in/ft) 1.25 2.5 0.125 0.25 0.50 1.5 0.125 0.25 0.50 2.5 10 12 15 0.125 0.25 290 0.50 150 380 0.125 180 450 0.25 96 240 0.50 49 130 0.125 190 0.25 97 420 0.50 50 220 0.125 190 0.25 98 310 0.50 48 160 410 0.125 190 490 0.25 97 250 0.50 46 130 0.125 190 0.25 97 250 0.50 46 130 0.125 190 0.25 91 310 0.50 38 150 410 0.125 190 500 0.25 85 240 0.50 32 110 0.125 180 0.25 79 420 0.50 26 200 0.125 0.25 0.50 Plumbing Sanitary Vents Vents - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E Vertical Vent Sizing Table Stack Total Diam FUs to 1.25 1.5 (BOCA National Plumbing Code) Diameter of Vent (inches) 2.5 Stack 1.25 30 1.5 50 150 10 30 100 12 30 75 200 20 26 50 150 2.5 42 30 100 300 10 42 150 360 1040 21 32 110 270 810 53 27 94 230 680 102 25 10 12 15 10 12 Maximum Developed Length of Vent (feet) (ins) IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data 86 210 620 43 35 85 250 980 140 27 65 200 750 320 23 55 170 640 540 21 50 150 580 190 28 82 320 990 490 21 63 250 760 940 18 53 210 670 1400 16 49 190 590 500 33 130 400 1000 1100 26 100 310 780 2000 22 84 260 660 2900 20 77 240 600 1800 31 95 240 940 3400 24 73 190 720 5600 20 62 160 610 7600 18 56 140 560 4000 31 78 310 960 7200 24 60 240 740 11000 20 51 200 630 15000 18 46 180 570 7300 31 120 380 940 13000 24 94 300 720 20000 20 79 250 610 26000 18 72 230 500 15000 40 130 310 25000 31 96 240 38000 26 81 200 50000 24 74 180 Plumbing Sanitary Vents Vents - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data ROOF DRAIN AND LEADER SIZING Rain (in./hr.) 10 11 12 Size of Drain or Leader Diameter (in.) 2880 8800 18400 34600 54000 ###### 1440 4400 9200 17300 27000 58000 960 2930 6130 11530 17995 38660 720 2200 4600 8650 13500 29000 575 1760 3680 6920 10800 23200 480 1470 3070 5765 9000 19315 410 1260 2630 4945 7715 16570 360 1100 2300 4325 6750 14500 320 980 2045 3845 6000 12890 290 880 1840 3460 5400 11600 260 800 1675 3145 4910 10545 240 730 1530 2880 4500 9660 HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING 1/8 Slope Maximum Rainfall (in./hr) Pipe Size 1644 1096 822 657 3760 2506 1880 1504 6680 4453 3340 2672 10700 7133 5350 4280 23000 15330 11500 9200 10 41400 27600 20700 16580 12 66600 44400 33300 26650 15 ###### 72800 59500 47600 548 1253 2227 3566 7600 13800 22200 39650 HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING 1/2 Slope Maximum Rainfall (in./hr) Pipe Size 2295 1644 1310 5010 3760 3010 13360 8900 6680 5320 21400 13700 10700 8580 46000 30650 23000 18400 10 82800 55200 41400 33150 12 ###### 88800 66600 53200 15 ###### ###### ###### 95300 1096 2500 4450 7140 15320 27600 44400 79250 Plumbing Storm Water Sizing Storm HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING 1/4 Slope Maximum Rainfall (in./hr) Pipe Size 2320 1546 1160 928 5300 3533 2650 2120 9440 6293 4720 3776 15100 10066 7550 6040 32600 21733 16300 13040 10 58400 38950 29200 23350 12 94000 62600 47000 37600 15 ###### ###### 84000 67250 773 1766 3146 5033 10866 19450 31350 56000 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Design Software Ref-Data Example of Primary-Secondary Piping Network System Terminal Units (100 gpm each) Section No Cooling Coils S12 R1 S11 R2 S10 R3 Pumps Chillers Booster Pump S8 S9 CHWS CHWR R4 S7 S6 S5 S1 S2 R8 R5 S3 R7 Cooling Coils (300 gpm each) Chillers Primary-Secondary Piping S4 R6 Primary Pumps CHW-Schematic - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP Varkie C Thomas, Ph.D., P.E IBM-AES Piping Design Software Ref-Data BOILER PLANT Boiler Primary Hot Water Pumps HWS Boiler HWR AHU Heating Coils Hot Water Loop HWS HWR HWR Booster HWS Pump 4-Pipe Units 4-Pipe Units 4-Pipe Units BLDG Booster CHWS Pump CHWS Building Envelope CHWR Chilled Water Loop CHWS Primary Chilled Water Pumps AHU Cooling Coils Centrifug al Chiller Centrifug al Chiller Centrifug al Chiller CHWR CWR CWS Cooling Tower Condenser Water Loop Cooling Tower CHILLER PLANT CWR Primary Plant Piping Plant-Schematic - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls ... 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 6,000 fpm Figure – 19 Steam flow at 50 psig Source: ASHRAE Design Criteria: 1.0 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 8,000 fpm Steam Pipe Sizing Charts Steam -Charts - Pipe- Sizing- Data.xls... 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 10,000 fpm Figure – 21 Steam flow at 150 psig Source: ASHRAE Design Criteria: 2.0 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 10,000 fpm Steam Pipe Sizing Charts Steam -Charts - Pipe- Sizing- Data.xls... old, corroded, rough surfaces Sizing Criteria: 3’ PD per 100’ Pipe Length Pipe Sizing Criteria for Cast Iron and Steel: Cameron Hydraulic Data, Old Pipes: 1926-62C = Pipe Size (ins) 0.50 0.75 1.00