Property tables and charts

cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 909 Appendix PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Table A–6 Superheated water Table A–7 Compressed liquid water Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Temperature table Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Pressure table Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a Figure A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart Table A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Table A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air Table A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 Table A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 Table A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO Table A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 Table A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O Table A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O Table A–25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH Table A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, atm Table A–27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons Table A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp Figure A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart Figure A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart Figure A–31 Psychrometric chart at atm total pressure Table A–32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k ϭ 1.4 Table A–33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k ϭ 1.4 Table A–34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k ϭ 1.4 | 909 cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 910 910 | Thermodynamics TABLE A – Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Substance Formula Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine n-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethylene Helium n-Hexane Hydrogen (normal) Krypton Methane Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propylene Sulfur dioxide Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) Water Xenon — NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6 SO2 CF3CH2F CCl3F H2O Xe Critical-point properties Molar mass, M kg/kmol Gas constant, R kJ/kg · K* Temperature, K 28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 120.91 102.92 30.070 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.179 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081 64.063 102.03 137.37 18.015 131.30 0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.1064 0.0520 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.05405 0.1173 0.06964 0.06876 0.08078 0.2765 0.1805 0.2964 2.0769 0.09647 4.1240 0.09921 0.5182 0.2595 0.1647 0.4119 0.2968 0.1889 0.2598 0.1885 0.1976 0.1298 0.08149 0.06052 0.4615 0.06332 132.5 405.5 151 562 584 425.2 304.2 133 556.4 417 536.6 384.7 451.7 305.5 516 282.4 5.3 507.9 33.3 209.4 191.1 513.2 416.3 44.5 126.2 309.7 154.8 370 365 430.7 374.2 471.2 647.1 289.8 Pressure, MPa Volume, m3/kmol 3.77 11.28 4.86 4.92 10.34 3.80 7.39 3.50 4.56 7.71 5.47 4.01 5.17 4.48 6.38 5.12 0.23 3.03 1.30 5.50 4.64 7.95 6.68 2.73 3.39 7.27 5.08 4.26 4.62 7.88 4.059 4.38 22.06 5.88 0.0883 0.0724 0.0749 0.2603 0.1355 0.2547 0.0943 0.0930 0.2759 0.1242 0.2403 0.2179 0.1973 0.1480 0.1673 0.1242 0.0578 0.3677 0.0649 0.0924 0.0993 0.1180 0.1430 0.0417 0.0899 0.0961 0.0780 0.1998 0.1810 0.1217 0.1993 0.2478 0.0560 0.1186 *The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kPa · m3/kg · K The gas constant is calculated from R ϭ Ru /M, where Ru ϭ 8.31447 kJ/kmol · K and M is the molar mass Source: K A Kobe and R E Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp 16.4 and 36.1 cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 911 Appendix | 911 TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (a) At 300 K Gas Formula Air Argon Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Octane Oxygen Propane Steam — Ar C4H10 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 Ne N2 C8H18 O2 C3H8 H2O Gas constant, R kJ/kg · K 0.2870 0.2081 0.1433 0.1889 0.2968 0.2765 0.2964 2.0769 4.1240 0.5182 0.4119 0.2968 0.0729 0.2598 0.1885 0.4615 cp kJ/kg · K cv kJ/kg · K k 1.005 0.5203 1.7164 0.846 1.040 1.7662 1.5482 5.1926 14.307 2.2537 1.0299 1.039 1.7113 0.918 1.6794 1.8723 0.718 0.3122 1.5734 0.657 0.744 1.4897 1.2518 3.1156 10.183 1.7354 0.6179 0.743 1.6385 0.658 1.4909 1.4108 1.400 1.667 1.091 1.289 1.400 1.186 1.237 1.667 1.405 1.299 1.667 1.400 1.044 1.395 1.126 1.327 Note: The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kJ/kg · °C Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B G., © 2000 Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 912 912 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Continued) (b) At various temperatures Temperature, K 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000 cp kJ/kg · K cv kJ/kg · K k Air 1.003 1.005 1.008 1.013 1.020 1.029 1.040 1.051 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.099 1.121 1.142 0.716 0.718 0.721 0.726 0.733 0.742 0.753 0.764 0.776 0.788 0.800 0.812 0.834 0.855 cp kJ/kg · K 14.051 14.307 14.427 14.476 14.501 14.513 14.530 14.546 14.571 14.604 14.645 14.695 14.822 14.983 9.927 10.183 10.302 10.352 10.377 10.389 10.405 10.422 10.447 10.480 10.521 10.570 10.698 10.859 k Carbon dioxide, CO2 1.401 1.400 1.398 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.381 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.359 1.354 1.344 1.336 0.791 0.846 0.895 0.939 0.978 1.014 1.046 1.075 1.102 1.126 1.148 1.169 1.204 1.234 Hydrogen, H2 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000 cv kJ/kg · K 1.416 1.405 1.400 1.398 1.398 1.397 1.396 1.396 1.395 1.394 1.392 1.390 1.385 1.380 0.602 0.657 0.706 0.750 0.790 0.825 0.857 0.886 0.913 0.937 0.959 0.980 1.015 1.045 1.314 1.288 1.268 1.252 1.239 1.229 1.220 1.213 1.207 1.202 1.197 1.193 1.186 1.181 cp kJ/kg · K 0.742 0.743 0.744 0.747 0.752 0.759 0.768 0.778 0.789 0.801 0.813 0.825 0.849 0.870 k Carbon monoxide, CO 1.039 1.040 1.043 1.047 1.054 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.100 1.113 1.126 1.139 1.163 1.185 Nitrogen, N2 1.039 1.039 1.041 1.044 1.049 1.056 1.065 1.075 1.086 1.098 1.110 1.121 1.145 1.167 cv kJ/kg · K 0.743 0.744 0.746 0.751 0.757 0.767 0.778 0.790 0.803 0.816 0.829 0.842 0.866 0.888 1.400 1.399 1.398 1.395 1.392 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.358 1.353 1.343 1.335 Oxygen, O2 1.400 1.400 1.399 1.397 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.371 1.365 1.360 1.349 1.341 0.913 0.918 0.928 0.941 0.956 0.972 0.988 1.003 1.017 1.031 1.043 1.054 1.074 1.090 0.653 0.658 0.668 0.681 0.696 0.712 0.728 0.743 0.758 0.771 0.783 0.794 0.814 0.830 1.398 1.395 1.389 1.382 1.373 1.365 1.358 1.350 1.343 1.337 1.332 1.327 1.319 1.313 Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p 783, Table A–4M Originally published in Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955 cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 913 Appendix | 913 TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Concluded) (c) As a function of temperature _ cp ϭ a ϩ bT ϩ cT ϩ dT (T in K, cp in kJ/kmol · K) Substance Nitrogen Oxygen Air Hydrogen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Nitric oxide Nitrous oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Sulfur Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Acetylene Benzene Methanol Ethanol Hydrogen chloride Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane i-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane Ethylene Propylene Formula a b Ϫ0.1571 1.520 0.1967 Ϫ0.1916 c 10Ϫ2 ϫ ϫ 10Ϫ2 ϫ 10Ϫ2 ϫ 10Ϫ2 N2 O2 — H2 28.90 25.48 28.11 29.11 CO 28.16 CO2 H2O NO N2O 22.26 5.981 ϫ 32.24 0.1923 ϫ 29.34 Ϫ0.09395 ϫ 24.11 5.8632 ϫ NO2 NH3 S2 22.9 27.568 27.21 SO2 25.78 SO3 C2H2 C6H6 CH4O C2H6O HCl CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C2H4 C3H6 0.8081 Ϫ0.7155 0.4802 0.4003 % error Temperature range, K Max Avg d 10Ϫ5 ϫ ϫ 10Ϫ5 ϫ 10Ϫ5 ϫ 10Ϫ5 Ϫ2.873 1.312 Ϫ1.966 Ϫ0.8704 ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 273–1800 273–1800 273–1800 273–1800 0.59 1.19 0.72 1.01 0.34 0.28 0.33 0.26 0.1675 ϫ 10Ϫ2 0.5372 ϫ 10Ϫ5 Ϫ2.222 ϫ 10Ϫ9 273–1800 0.89 0.37 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ2 Ϫ3.501 ϫ 10Ϫ5 1.055 ϫ 10Ϫ5 0.9747 ϫ 10Ϫ5 Ϫ3.562 ϫ 10Ϫ5 7.469 Ϫ3.595 Ϫ4.187 10.58 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 273–1800 273–1800 273–1500 273–1500 0.67 0.53 0.97 0.59 0.22 0.24 0.36 0.26 5.715 ϫ 10Ϫ2 2.5630 ϫ 10Ϫ2 2.218 ϫ 10Ϫ2 Ϫ3.52 ϫ 10Ϫ5 0.99072 ϫ 10Ϫ5 Ϫ1.628 ϫ 10Ϫ5 7.87 ϫ 10Ϫ9 Ϫ6.6909 ϫ 10Ϫ9 3.986 ϫ 10Ϫ9 273–1500 273–1500 273–1800 0.46 0.91 0.99 0.18 0.36 0.38 5.795 ϫ 10Ϫ2 Ϫ3.812 ϫ 10Ϫ5 8.612 ϫ 10Ϫ9 273–1800 0.45 0.24 ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ2 Ϫ11.20 Ϫ6.527 Ϫ31.57 Ϫ1.22 Ϫ10.38 ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 32.42 18.21 77.62 Ϫ8.039 20.05 ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 273–1300 273–1500 273–1500 273–1000 273–1500 0.29 1.46 0.34 0.18 0.40 0.13 0.59 0.20 0.08 0.22 30.33 Ϫ0.7620 ϫ 10Ϫ2 19.89 5.024 ϫ 10Ϫ2 6.900 17.27 ϫ 10Ϫ2 Ϫ4.04 30.48 ϫ 10Ϫ2 3.96 37.15 ϫ 10Ϫ2 Ϫ7.913 41.60 ϫ 10Ϫ2 6.774 45.43 ϫ 10Ϫ2 6.938 55.22 ϫ 10Ϫ2 3.95 15.64 ϫ 10Ϫ2 3.15 23.83 ϫ 10Ϫ2 1.327 1.269 Ϫ6.406 Ϫ15.72 Ϫ18.34 Ϫ23.01 Ϫ22.46 Ϫ28.65 Ϫ8.344 Ϫ12.18 ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ5 Ϫ4.338 Ϫ11.01 7.285 31.74 35.00 49.91 42.29 57.69 17.67 24.62 ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ9 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 0.22 1.33 0.83 0.40 0.54 0.25 0.56 0.72 0.54 0.73 0.08 0.57 0.28 0.12 0.24 0.13 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.17 16.40 21.8 Ϫ36.22 19.0 19.9 14.58 9.2143 48.475 9.152 20.96 ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ ϫ Source: B G Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984) Used with permission cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 914 914 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a) Liquids Boiling data at atm Substance Normal boiling point, °C Ammonia Ϫ33.3 Ϫ185.9 80.2 Latent heat of vaporization hfg , kJ/kg 1357 Freezing point, °C Ϫ77.7 Ϫ189.3 5.5 Latent heat of fusion hif , kJ/kg 322.4 Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane 103.9 Ϫ0.5 Ϫ78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 Ϫ268.9 Ϫ252.8 Ϫ11.7 204–293 356.7 Ϫ161.5 — 385.2 230.5 (at 0°C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4 Ϫ17.4 Ϫ138.5 Ϫ56.6 Ϫ114.2 Ϫ156 Ϫ10.8 18.9 — Ϫ259.2 Ϫ160 Ϫ24.9 Ϫ38.9 Ϫ182.2 109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4 Methanol Nitrogen 64.5 Ϫ195.8 1100 198.6 Ϫ97.7 Ϫ210 99.2 25.3 124.8 306.3 Ϫ57.5 180.7 Ϫ218.8 13.7 Ϫ187.7 80.0 Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane Ϫ183 — Ϫ42.1 Refrigerant-134a Ϫ26.1 Water 100 161.6 394 Freezing data 212.7 230–384 427.8 217.0 2257 Ϫ96.6 0.0 28 126 — 80.3 — 333.7 Liquid properties Temperature, °C Density r, kg/m3 Specific heat cp, kJ/kg · K Ϫ33.3 Ϫ20 25 Ϫ185.6 20 682 665 639 602 1394 879 4.43 4.52 4.60 4.80 1.14 1.72 20 Ϫ0.5 25 20 20 20 Ϫ268.9 Ϫ252.8 Ϫ11.7 20 25 Ϫ161.5 Ϫ100 25 Ϫ195.8 Ϫ160 20 25 Ϫ183 20 Ϫ42.1 50 Ϫ50 Ϫ26.1 25 25 50 75 100 1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13,560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1295 1207 1000 997 988 975 958 3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.79 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.53 3.13 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.43 4.22 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22 * Sublimation temperature (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of Ϫ56.5°C.) cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 915 Appendix | 915 TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (Concluded ) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Density, r kg/m3 Substance Specific heat, cp kJ/kg · K Metals Density, r kg/m3 Substance Specific heat, cp kJ/kg · K Nonmetals Aluminum 200 K 250 K 300 K 350 K 400 K 450 K 500 K Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 2% Al) Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 35% Zn) Copper Ϫ173°C Ϫ100°C Ϫ50°C 0°C 27°C 100°C 200°C Iron Lead Magnesium Nickel Silver Steel, mild Tungsten 8,280 0.797 0.859 0.902 0.929 0.949 0.973 0.997 0.400 8,310 0.400 2,700 Asphalt Brick, common Brick, fireclay (500°C) Concrete Clay Diamond Glass, window Glass, pyrex Graphite Granite Gypsum or plaster board Ice 200 K 220 K 240 K 260 K 273 K Limestone Marble Plywood (Douglas Fir) Rubber (soft) Rubber (hard) Sand Stone Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.) 0.254 0.342 0.367 0.381 0.386 0.393 0.403 0.45 0.128 1.000 0.440 0.235 0.500 0.130 8,900 7,840 11,310 1,730 8,890 10,470 7,830 19,400 2110 1922 2300 2300 1000 2420 2700 2230 2500 2700 800 0.920 0.79 0.960 0.653 0.920 0.616 0.800 0.840 0.711 1.017 1.09 921 1650 2600 545 1100 1150 1520 1500 721 513 1.56 1.71 1.86 2.01 2.11 0.909 0.880 1.21 1.840 2.009 0.800 0.800 1.26 1.38 (c) Foods Specific heat, kJ/kg · K Food Apples Bananas Beef round Broccoli Butter Cheese, swiss Cherries Chicken Corn, sweet Eggs, whole Ice cream Water content, % (mass) 84 75 67 90 16 39 80 74 74 74 63 Latent heat of Freezing Above Below fusion, point, °C freezing freezing kJ/kg Ϫ1.1 Ϫ0.8 — Ϫ0.6 — Ϫ10.0 Ϫ1.8 Ϫ2.8 Ϫ0.6 Ϫ0.6 Ϫ5.6 3.65 3.35 3.08 3.86 — 2.15 3.52 3.32 3.32 3.32 2.95 1.90 1.78 1.68 1.97 1.04 1.33 1.85 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.63 281 251 224 301 53 130 267 247 247 247 210 Specific heat, kJ/kg · K Food Lettuce Milk, whole Oranges Potatoes Salmon fish Shrimp Spinach Strawberries Tomatoes, ripe Turkey Watermelon Water content, % (mass) 95 88 87 78 64 83 93 90 94 64 93 Freezing point, °C Above freezing Below freezing Latent heat of fusion, kJ/kg Ϫ0.2 Ϫ0.6 Ϫ0.8 Ϫ0.6 Ϫ2.2 Ϫ2.2 Ϫ0.3 Ϫ0.8 Ϫ0.5 — Ϫ0.4 4.02 3.79 3.75 3.45 2.98 3.62 3.96 3.86 3.99 2.98 3.96 2.04 1.95 1.94 1.82 1.65 1.89 2.01 1.97 2.02 1.65 2.01 317 294 291 261 214 277 311 301 314 214 311 Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30, Table Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 916 916 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Specific volume, m3/kg Temp., T °C Sat press., Psat kPa 0.01 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Internal energy, kJ/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg · K Sat liquid, vf Sat vapor, vg Sat liquid, uf Evap., ufg Sat vapor, ug Sat liquid, hf Evap., hfg Sat vapor, hg Sat Sat liquid, Evap., vapor, sf sfg sg 0.6117 0.8725 1.2281 1.7057 2.3392 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001001 0.001002 206.00 147.03 106.32 77.885 57.762 0.000 21.019 42.020 62.980 83.913 2374.9 2360.8 2346.6 2332.5 2318.4 2374.9 2381.8 2388.7 2395.5 2402.3 0.001 21.020 42.022 62.982 83.915 2500.9 2489.1 2477.2 2465.4 2453.5 2500.9 2510.1 2519.2 2528.3 2537.4 0.0000 0.0763 0.1511 0.2245 0.2965 9.1556 8.9487 8.7488 8.5559 8.3696 9.1556 9.0249 8.8999 8.7803 8.6661 3.1698 4.2469 5.6291 7.3851 9.5953 0.001003 0.001004 0.001006 0.001008 0.001010 43.340 32.879 25.205 19.515 15.251 104.83 125.73 146.63 167.53 188.43 2304.3 2290.2 2276.0 2261.9 2247.7 2409.1 2415.9 2422.7 2429.4 2436.1 104.83 125.74 146.64 167.53 188.44 2441.7 2429.8 2417.9 2406.0 2394.0 2546.5 2555.6 2564.6 2573.5 2582.4 0.3672 0.4368 0.5051 0.5724 0.6386 8.1895 8.0152 7.8466 7.6832 7.5247 8.5567 8.4520 8.3517 8.2556 8.1633 50 55 60 65 70 12.352 15.763 19.947 25.043 31.202 0.001012 0.001015 0.001017 0.001020 0.001023 12.026 9.5639 7.6670 6.1935 5.0396 209.33 230.24 251.16 272.09 293.04 2233.4 2219.1 2204.7 2190.3 2175.8 2442.7 2449.3 2455.9 2462.4 2468.9 209.34 230.26 251.18 272.12 293.07 2382.0 2369.8 2357.7 2345.4 2333.0 2591.3 2600.1 2608.8 2617.5 2626.1 0.7038 0.7680 0.8313 0.8937 0.9551 7.3710 7.2218 7.0769 6.9360 6.7989 8.0748 7.9898 7.9082 7.8296 7.7540 75 80 85 90 95 38.597 47.416 57.868 70.183 84.609 0.001026 0.001029 0.001032 0.001036 0.001040 4.1291 3.4053 2.8261 2.3593 1.9808 313.99 334.97 355.96 376.97 398.00 2161.3 2146.6 2131.9 2117.0 2102.0 2475.3 2481.6 2487.8 2494.0 2500.1 314.03 335.02 356.02 377.04 398.09 2320.6 2308.0 2295.3 2282.5 2269.6 2634.6 2643.0 2651.4 2659.6 2667.6 1.0158 1.0756 1.1346 1.1929 1.2504 6.6655 6.5355 6.4089 6.2853 6.1647 7.6812 7.6111 7.5435 7.4782 7.4151 100 105 110 115 120 101.42 120.90 143.38 169.18 198.67 0.001043 0.001047 0.001052 0.001056 0.001060 1.6720 1.4186 1.2094 1.0360 0.89133 419.06 440.15 461.27 482.42 503.60 2087.0 2071.8 2056.4 2040.9 2025.3 2506.0 2511.9 2517.7 2523.3 2528.9 419.17 440.28 461.42 482.59 503.81 2256.4 2243.1 2229.7 2216.0 2202.1 2675.6 2683.4 2691.1 2698.6 2706.0 1.3072 1.3634 1.4188 1.4737 1.5279 6.0470 5.9319 5.8193 5.7092 5.6013 7.3542 7.2952 7.2382 7.1829 7.1292 125 130 135 140 145 232.23 270.28 313.22 361.53 415.68 0.001065 0.001070 0.001075 0.001080 0.001085 0.77012 0.66808 0.58179 0.50850 0.44600 524.83 546.10 567.41 588.77 610.19 2009.5 1993.4 1977.3 1960.9 1944.2 2534.3 2539.5 2544.7 2549.6 2554.4 525.07 546.38 567.75 589.16 610.64 2188.1 2173.7 2159.1 2144.3 2129.2 2713.1 2720.1 2726.9 2733.5 2739.8 1.5816 1.6346 1.6872 1.7392 1.7908 5.4956 5.3919 5.2901 5.1901 5.0919 7.0771 7.0265 6.9773 6.9294 6.8827 150 155 160 165 170 476.16 543.49 618.23 700.93 792.18 0.001091 0.001096 0.001102 0.001108 0.001114 0.39248 0.34648 0.30680 0.27244 0.24260 631.66 653.19 674.79 696.46 718.20 1927.4 1910.3 1893.0 1875.4 1857.5 2559.1 2563.5 2567.8 2571.9 2575.7 632.18 653.79 675.47 697.24 719.08 2113.8 2098.0 2082.0 2065.6 2048.8 2745.9 2751.8 2757.5 2762.8 2767.9 1.8418 1.8924 1.9426 1.9923 2.0417 4.9953 4.9002 4.8066 4.7143 4.6233 6.8371 6.7927 6.7492 6.7067 6.6650 175 180 185 190 195 200 892.60 1002.8 1123.5 1255.2 1398.8 1554.9 0.001121 0.001127 0.001134 0.001141 0.001149 0.001157 0.21659 0.19384 0.17390 0.15636 0.14089 0.12721 740.02 761.92 783.91 806.00 828.18 850.46 1839.4 1820.9 1802.1 1783.0 1763.6 1743.7 2579.4 2582.8 2586.0 2589.0 2591.7 2594.2 741.02 763.05 785.19 807.43 829.78 852.26 2031.7 2014.2 1996.2 1977.9 1959.0 1939.8 2772.7 2777.2 2781.4 2785.3 2788.8 2792.0 2.0906 2.1392 2.1875 2.2355 2.2831 2.3305 4.5335 4.4448 4.3572 4.2705 4.1847 4.0997 6.6242 6.5841 6.5447 6.5059 6.4678 6.4302 cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 917 Appendix | 917 TABLE A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table (Continued) Specific volume, m3/kg Temp., T °C Sat press., Psat kPa 205 210 215 220 225 Internal energy, kJ/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg Sat liquid, vf Sat vapor, vg Sat liquid, uf Evap., ufg Sat vapor, ug Sat liquid, hf 1724.3 1907.7 2105.9 2319.6 2549.7 0.001164 0.001173 0.001181 0.001190 0.001199 0.11508 0.10429 0.094680 0.086094 0.078405 872.86 895.38 918.02 940.79 963.70 1723.5 1702.9 1681.9 1660.5 1638.6 2596.4 2598.3 2599.9 2601.3 2602.3 874.87 897.61 920.50 943.55 966.76 230 235 240 245 250 2797.1 3062.6 3347.0 3651.2 3976.2 0.001209 0.001219 0.001229 0.001240 0.001252 0.071505 0.065300 0.059707 0.054656 0.050085 986.76 1010.0 1033.4 1056.9 1080.7 1616.1 1593.2 1569.8 1545.7 1521.1 2602.9 2603.2 2603.1 2602.7 2601.8 255 260 265 270 275 4322.9 4692.3 5085.3 5503.0 5946.4 0.001263 0.001276 0.001289 0.001303 0.001317 0.045941 0.042175 0.038748 0.035622 0.032767 1104.7 1128.8 1153.3 1177.9 1202.9 1495.8 1469.9 1443.2 1415.7 1387.4 280 285 290 295 300 6416.6 6914.6 7441.8 7999.0 8587.9 0.001333 0.001349 0.001366 0.001384 0.001404 0.030153 0.027756 0.025554 0.023528 0.021659 1228.2 1253.7 1279.7 1306.0 1332.7 305 310 315 320 325 9209.4 9865.0 10,556 11,284 12,051 0.001425 0.001447 0.001472 0.001499 0.001528 0.019932 0.018333 0.016849 0.015470 0.014183 330 335 340 345 350 12,858 13,707 14,601 15,541 16,529 0.001560 0.001597 0.001638 0.001685 0.001741 355 360 365 370 373.95 17,570 18,666 19,822 21,044 22,064 0.001808 0.001895 0.002015 0.002217 0.003106 Entropy, kJ/kg · K Sat vapor, hg Sat Sat liquid, Evap., vapor, sf sfg sg 1920.0 1899.7 1878.8 1857.4 1835.4 2794.8 2797.3 2799.3 2801.0 2802.2 2.3776 2.4245 2.4712 2.5176 2.5639 4.0154 3.9318 3.8489 3.7664 3.6844 6.3930 6.3563 6.3200 6.2840 6.2483 990.14 1013.7 1037.5 1061.5 1085.7 1812.8 1789.5 1765.5 1740.8 1715.3 2802.9 2803.2 2803.0 2802.2 2801.0 2.6100 2.6560 2.7018 2.7476 2.7933 3.6028 3.5216 3.4405 3.3596 3.2788 6.2128 6.1775 6.1424 6.1072 6.0721 2600.5 2598.7 2596.5 2593.7 2590.3 1110.1 1134.8 1159.8 1185.1 1210.7 1689.0 1661.8 1633.7 1604.6 1574.5 2799.1 2796.6 2793.5 2789.7 2785.2 2.8390 2.8847 2.9304 2.9762 3.0221 3.1979 3.1169 3.0358 2.9542 2.8723 6.0369 6.0017 5.9662 5.9305 5.8944 1358.2 1328.1 1296.9 1264.5 1230.9 2586.4 2581.8 2576.5 2570.5 2563.6 1236.7 1263.1 1289.8 1317.1 1344.8 1543.2 1510.7 1476.9 1441.6 1404.8 2779.9 2773.7 2766.7 2758.7 2749.6 3.0681 3.1144 3.1608 3.2076 3.2548 2.7898 2.7066 2.6225 2.5374 2.4511 5.8579 5.8210 5.7834 5.7450 5.7059 1360.0 1387.7 1416.1 1445.1 1475.0 1195.9 1159.3 1121.1 1080.9 1038.5 2555.8 2547.1 2537.2 2526.0 2513.4 1373.1 1402.0 1431.6 1462.0 1493.4 1366.3 1325.9 1283.4 1238.5 1191.0 2739.4 2727.9 2715.0 2700.6 2684.3 3.3024 3.3506 3.3994 3.4491 3.4998 2.3633 2.2737 2.1821 2.0881 1.9911 5.6657 5.6243 5.5816 5.5372 5.4908 0.012979 0.011848 0.010783 0.009772 0.008806 1505.7 1537.5 1570.7 1605.5 1642.4 993.5 945.5 893.8 837.7 775.9 2499.2 2483.0 2464.5 2443.2 2418.3 1525.8 1559.4 1594.6 1631.7 1671.2 1140.3 1086.0 1027.4 963.4 892.7 2666.0 2645.4 2622.0 2595.1 2563.9 3.5516 3.6050 3.6602 3.7179 3.7788 1.8906 1.7857 1.6756 1.5585 1.4326 5.4422 5.3907 5.3358 5.2765 5.2114 0.007872 0.006950 0.006009 0.004953 0.003106 1682.2 1726.2 1777.2 1844.5 2015.7 706.4 625.7 526.4 385.6 2388.6 2351.9 2303.6 2230.1 2015.7 1714.0 1761.5 1817.2 1891.2 2084.3 812.9 720.1 605.5 443.1 2526.9 2481.6 2422.7 2334.3 2084.3 3.8442 3.9165 4.0004 4.1119 4.4070 1.2942 1.1373 0.9489 0.6890 5.1384 5.0537 4.9493 4.8009 4.4070 Evap., hfg Source: Tables A–4 through A–8 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S A Klein and F L Alvarado The routine used in calculations is the highly accurate Steam_IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) This formulation replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES as the routine STEAM The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J Phys Chem Ref Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifications to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J Phys Chem Ref Data, 22, 783, 1993) The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, “Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K,” ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983 cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 918 918 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Specific volume, m3/kg Press., P kPa Sat temp., Tsat °C Sat liquid, vf Sat vapor, vg Internal energy, kJ/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg · K Sat liquid, uf Evap., ufg Sat vapor, ug Sat liquid, hf Evap., hfg Sat vapor, hg Sat liquid, sf Evap., sfg Sat vapor, sg 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 6.97 13.02 17.50 21.08 24.08 0.001000 129.19 0.001001 87.964 0.001001 66.990 0.001002 54.242 0.001003 45.654 29.302 54.686 73.431 88.422 100.98 2355.2 2338.1 2325.5 2315.4 2306.9 2384.5 2392.8 2398.9 2403.8 2407.9 29.303 54.688 73.433 88.424 100.98 2484.4 2470.1 2459.5 2451.0 2443.9 2513.7 2524.7 2532.9 2539.4 2544.8 0.1059 0.1956 0.2606 0.3118 0.3543 8.8690 8.6314 8.4621 8.3302 8.2222 8.9749 8.8270 8.7227 8.6421 8.5765 4.0 5.0 7.5 10 15 28.96 32.87 40.29 45.81 53.97 0.001004 0.001005 0.001008 0.001010 0.001014 121.39 137.75 168.74 191.79 225.93 2293.1 2282.1 2261.1 2245.4 2222.1 2414.5 2419.8 2429.8 2437.2 2448.0 121.39 137.75 168.75 191.81 225.94 2432.3 2423.0 2405.3 2392.1 2372.3 2553.7 2560.7 2574.0 2583.9 2598.3 0.4224 0.4762 0.5763 0.6492 0.7549 8.0510 7.9176 7.6738 7.4996 7.2522 8.4734 8.3938 8.2501 8.1488 8.0071 20 25 30 40 50 60.06 64.96 69.09 75.86 81.32 0.001017 0.001020 0.001022 0.001026 0.001030 7.6481 6.2034 5.2287 3.9933 3.2403 251.40 271.93 289.24 317.58 340.49 2204.6 2190.4 2178.5 2158.8 2142.7 2456.0 2462.4 2467.7 2476.3 2483.2 251.42 271.96 289.27 317.62 340.54 2357.5 2345.5 2335.3 2318.4 2304.7 2608.9 2617.5 2624.6 2636.1 2645.2 0.8320 0.8932 0.9441 1.0261 1.0912 7.0752 6.9370 6.8234 6.6430 6.5019 7.9073 7.8302 7.7675 7.6691 7.5931 75 100 101.325 125 150 91.76 99.61 99.97 105.97 111.35 0.001037 0.001043 0.001043 0.001048 0.001053 2.2172 1.6941 1.6734 1.3750 1.1594 384.36 417.40 418.95 444.23 466.97 2111.8 2088.2 2087.0 2068.8 2052.3 2496.1 2505.6 2506.0 2513.0 2519.2 384.44 417.51 419.06 444.36 467.13 2278.0 2257.5 2256.5 2240.6 2226.0 2662.4 2675.0 2675.6 2684.9 2693.1 1.2132 1.3028 1.3069 1.3741 1.4337 6.2426 6.0562 6.0476 5.9100 5.7894 7.4558 7.3589 7.3545 7.2841 7.2231 175 200 225 250 275 116.04 120.21 123.97 127.41 130.58 0.001057 0.001061 0.001064 0.001067 0.001070 1.0037 0.88578 0.79329 0.71873 0.65732 486.82 504.50 520.47 535.08 548.57 2037.7 2024.6 2012.7 2001.8 1991.6 2524.5 2529.1 2533.2 2536.8 2540.1 487.01 504.71 520.71 535.35 548.86 2213.1 2201.6 2191.0 2181.2 2172.0 2700.2 2706.3 2711.7 2716.5 2720.9 1.4850 1.5302 1.5706 1.6072 1.6408 5.6865 5.5968 5.5171 5.4453 5.3800 7.1716 7.1270 7.0877 7.0525 7.0207 300 325 350 375 400 133.52 136.27 138.86 141.30 143.61 0.001073 0.001076 0.001079 0.001081 0.001084 0.60582 0.56199 0.52422 0.49133 0.46242 561.11 572.84 583.89 594.32 604.22 1982.1 1973.1 1964.6 1956.6 1948.9 2543.2 2545.9 2548.5 2550.9 2553.1 561.43 573.19 584.26 594.73 604.66 2163.5 2155.4 2147.7 2140.4 2133.4 2724.9 2728.6 2732.0 2735.1 2738.1 1.6717 1.7005 1.7274 1.7526 1.7765 5.3200 5.2645 5.2128 5.1645 5.1191 6.9917 6.9650 6.9402 6.9171 6.8955 450 500 550 600 650 147.90 151.83 155.46 158.83 161.98 0.001088 0.001093 0.001097 0.001101 0.001104 0.41392 0.37483 0.34261 0.31560 0.29260 622.65 639.54 655.16 669.72 683.37 1934.5 1921.2 1908.8 1897.1 1886.1 2557.1 2560.7 2563.9 2566.8 2569.4 623.14 640.09 655.77 670.38 684.08 2120.3 2108.0 2096.6 2085.8 2075.5 2743.4 2748.1 2752.4 2756.2 2759.6 1.8205 1.8604 1.8970 1.9308 1.9623 5.0356 4.9603 4.8916 4.8285 4.7699 6.8561 6.8207 6.7886 6.7593 6.7322 700 750 164.95 167.75 0.001108 0.001111 0.27278 696.23 0.25552 708.40 1875.6 1865.6 2571.8 2574.0 697.00 709.24 2065.8 2762.8 1.9918 4.7153 6.7071 2056.4 2765.7 2.0195 4.6642 6.6837 34.791 28.185 19.233 14.670 10.020 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 985 Appendix | 985 TABLE A–17E Ideal-gas properties of air (Concluded) T R h Btu/lbm Pr u Btu/lbm vr s° Btu/lbm · R T R h Btu/lbm Pr u Btu/lbm vr s° Btu/lbm · R 4000 1088.3 3280 814.06 0.4518 1.13334 4600 1270.4 6089 955.04 0.2799 1.17575 4050 4100 4150 4200 4300 1103.4 1118.5 1133.6 1148.7 1179.0 3464 3656 3858 4067 4513 825.72 837.40 849.09 860.81 884.28 0.4331 0.4154 0.3985 0.3826 0.3529 1.13709 1.14079 1.14446 1.14809 1.15522 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 1300.9 1331.5 1362.2 1392.9 1423.6 6701 7362 8073 8837 9658 978.73 1002.5 1026.3 1050.1 1074.0 0.2598 0.2415 0.2248 0.2096 0.1956 1.18232 1.18876 1.19508 1.20129 1.20738 4400 4500 1209.4 1239.9 4997 5521 907.81 931.39 0.3262 0.3019 1.16221 1.16905 5200 5300 1454.4 1485.3 10,539 11,481 1098.0 1122.0 0.1828 0.1710 1.21336 1.21923 Note: The properties Pr (relative pressure) and vr (relative specific volume) are dimensionless quantities used in the analysis of isentropic processes, and should not be confused with the properties pressure and specific volume Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp 832–33, Table A–5 Originally published in J H Keenan and J Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948) cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 986 986 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 300 320 340 360 380 2,082.0 2,221.0 2,360.0 2,498.9 2,638.0 1,486.2 1,585.5 1,684.4 1,784.0 1,883.4 41.695 42.143 42.564 42.962 43.337 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 7,551.0 7,695.0 7,839.3 7,984.0 8,129.0 5,406.2 5,510.5 5,615.2 5,720.1 5,825.4 50.651 50.783 50.912 51.040 51.167 400 420 440 460 480 2,777.0 2,916.1 3,055.1 3,194.1 3,333.1 1,982.6 2,082.0 2,181.3 2,280.6 2,379.9 43.694 44.034 44.357 44.665 44.962 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 8,274.4 8,420.0 8,566.1 8,712.6 8,859.3 5,931.0 6,037.0 6,143.4 6,250.1 6,357.2 51.291 51.143 51.534 51.653 51.771 500 520 537 540 560 3,472.2 3,611.3 3,729.5 3,750.3 3,889.5 2,479.3 2,578.6 2,663.1 2,678.0 2,777.4 45.246 45.519 45.743 45.781 46.034 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 9,006.4 9,153.9 9,301.8 9,450.0 9,598.6 6,464.5 6,572.3 6,680.4 6,788.9 6,897.8 51.887 51.001 52.114 52.225 52.335 580 600 620 640 660 4,028.7 4,167.9 4,307.1 4,446.4 4,585.8 2,876.9 2,976.4 3,075.9 3,175.5 3,275.2 46.278 46.514 46.742 46.964 47.178 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 9,747.5 9,896.9 10,046.6 10,196.6 10,347.0 7,007.0 7,116.7 7,226.7 7,337.0 7,447.6 52.444 52.551 52.658 52.763 52.867 680 700 720 740 760 4,725.3 4,864.9 5,004.5 5,144.3 5,284.1 3,374.9 3,474.8 3,574.7 3,674.7 3,774.9 47.386 47.588 47.785 47.977 48.164 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 10,497.8 10,648.0 10,800.4 10,952.2 11,104.3 7,558.7 7,670.1 7,781.9 7,893.9 8,006.4 52.969 53.071 53.171 53.271 53.369 780 800 820 840 860 5,424.2 5,564.4 5,704.7 5,845.3 5,985.9 3,875.2 3,975.7 4,076.3 4,177.1 4,278.1 48.345 48.522 48.696 48.865 49.031 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 11,256.9 11,409.7 11,562.8 11,716.4 11,870.2 8,119.2 8,232.3 8,345.7 8,459.6 8,573.6 53.465 53.561 53.656 53.751 53.844 880 900 920 940 960 6,126.9 6,268.1 6,409.6 6,551.2 6,693.1 4,379.4 4,480.8 4,582.6 4,684.5 4,786.7 49.193 49.352 49.507 49.659 49.808 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 12,024.3 12,178.9 12,333.7 12,488.8 12,644.3 8,688.1 8,802.9 8,918.0 9,033.4 9,149.2 53.936 54.028 54.118 54.208 54.297 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 6,835.4 6,977.9 7,120.7 7,263.8 7,407.2 4,889.3 4,992.0 5,095.1 5,198.5 5,302.2 49.955 50.099 50.241 50.380 50.516 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 12,800.2 12,956.3 13,112.7 13,269.5 13,426.5 9,265.3 9,381.7 9,498.4 9,615.5 9,732.8 54.385 54.472 54.559 54.645 54.729 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 987 Appendix | 987 TABLE A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 13,742 14,058 14,375 14,694 15,013 9,968 10,205 10,443 10,682 10,923 54.896 55.061 55.223 55.383 55.540 3500 3540 3580 3620 3660 27,016 27,359 27,703 28,046 28,391 20,065 20,329 20,593 20,858 21,122 59.944 60.041 60.138 60.234 60.328 2100 2140 2180 2220 2260 15,334 15,656 15,978 16,302 16,626 11,164 11,406 11,649 11,893 12,138 55.694 55.846 55.995 56.141 56.286 3700 3740 3780 3820 3860 28,735 29,080 29,425 29,771 30,117 21,387 21,653 21,919 22,185 22,451 60.422 60.515 60.607 60.698 60.788 2300 2340 2380 2420 2460 16,951 17,277 17,604 17,392 18,260 12,384 12,630 12,878 13,126 13,375 56.429 56.570 56.708 56.845 56.980 3900 3940 3980 4020 4060 30,463 30,809 31,156 31,503 31,850 22,718 22,985 23,252 23,520 23,788 60.877 60.966 61.053 61.139 61.225 2500 2540 2580 2620 2660 18,590 18,919 19,250 19,582 19,914 13,625 13,875 14,127 14,379 14,631 57.112 57.243 57.372 57.499 57.625 4100 4140 4180 4220 4260 32,198 32,546 32,894 33,242 33,591 24,056 24,324 24,593 24,862 25,131 61.310 61.395 61.479 61.562 61.644 2700 2740 2780 2820 2860 20,246 20,580 20,914 21,248 21,584 14,885 15,139 15,393 15,648 15,905 57.750 57.872 57.993 58.113 58.231 4300 4340 4380 4420 4460 33,940 34,289 34,638 34,988 35,338 25,401 25,670 25,940 26,210 26,481 61.726 61.806 61.887 61.966 62.045 2900 2940 2980 3020 3060 21,920 22,256 22,593 22,930 23,268 16,161 16,417 16,675 16,933 17,192 58.348 58.463 58.576 58.688 58.800 4500 4540 4580 4620 4660 35,688 36,038 36,389 36,739 37,090 26,751 27,022 27,293 27,565 27,836 62.123 62.201 62.278 62.354 62.429 3100 3140 3180 3220 3260 23,607 23,946 24,285 24,625 24,965 17,451 17,710 17,970 18,231 18,491 58.910 59.019 59.126 59.232 59.338 4700 4740 4780 4820 4860 37,441 37,792 38,144 38,495 38,847 28,108 28,379 28,651 28,924 29,196 62.504 62.578 62.652 62.725 62.798 3300 3340 3380 3420 3460 25,306 25,647 25,989 26,331 26,673 18,753 19,014 19,277 19,539 19,802 59.442 59.544 59.646 59.747 59.846 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 39,199 40,080 40,962 41,844 42,728 29,468 30,151 30,834 31,518 32,203 62.870 63.049 63.223 63.395 63.563 Source: Tables A–18E through A–23E are adapted from Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp 834–44 Originally published in J H Keenan and J Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1945) cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 988 988 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 300 320 340 360 380 2,073.5 2,212.6 2,351.7 2,490.8 2,630.0 1,477.8 1,577.1 1,676.5 1,775.9 1,875.3 44.927 45.375 45.797 46.195 46.571 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 7,696.8 7,850.4 8,004.5 8,159.1 8,314.2 5,552.1 5,665.9 5,780.3 5,895.2 6,010.6 54.064 54.204 54.343 54.480 54.614 400 420 440 460 480 2,769.1 2,908.3 3,047.5 3,186.9 3,326.5 1,974.8 2,074.3 2,173.8 2,273.4 2,373.3 46.927 47.267 47.591 47.900 48.198 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 8,469.8 8,625.8 8,782.4 8,939.4 9,096.7 6,126.5 6,242.8 6,359.6 6,476.9 6,594.5 54.748 54.879 55.008 55.136 55.262 500 520 537 540 560 3,466.2 3,606.1 3,725.1 3,746.2 3,886.6 2,473.2 2,573.4 2,658.7 2,673.8 2,774.5 48.483 48.757 48.982 49.021 49.276 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 9,254.6 9,412.9 9,571.9 9,730.7 9,890.2 6,712.7 6,831.3 6,950.2 7,069.6 7,189.4 55.386 55.508 55.630 55.750 55.867 580 600 620 640 660 4,027.3 4,168.3 4,309.7 4,451.4 4,593.5 2,875.5 2,976.8 3,078.4 3,180.4 3,282.9 49.522 49.762 49.993 50.218 50.437 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 10,050.1 10,210.4 10,371.0 10,532.0 10,693.3 7,309.6 7,430.1 7,551.1 7,672.4 7,793.9 55.984 56.099 56.213 56.326 56.437 680 700 720 740 760 4,736.2 4,879.3 5,022.9 5,167.0 5,311.4 3,385.8 3,489.2 3,593.1 3,697.4 3,802.4 50.650 50.858 51.059 51.257 51.450 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 10,855.1 11,017.1 11,179.6 11,342.4 11,505.4 7,916.0 8,038.3 8,161.1 8,284.2 8,407.4 56.547 56.656 56.763 56.869 56.975 780 800 820 840 860 5,456.4 5,602.0 5,748.1 5,894.8 6,041.9 3,907.5 4,013.3 4,119.7 4,226.6 4,334.1 51.638 51.821 52.002 52.179 52.352 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 11,668.8 11,832.5 11,996.6 12,160.9 12,325.5 8,531.1 8,655.1 8,779.5 8,904.1 9,029.0 57.079 57.182 57.284 57.385 57.484 880 900 920 940 960 6,189.6 6,337.9 6,486.7 6,636.1 6,786.0 4,442.0 4,550.6 4,659.7 4,769.4 4,879.5 52.522 52.688 52.852 53.012 53.170 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 12,490.4 12,655.6 12,821.1 12,986.9 13,153.0 9,154.1 9,279.6 9,405.4 9,531.5 9,657.9 57.582 57.680 57.777 57.873 57.968 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 6,936.4 7,087.5 7,238.9 7,391.0 7,543.6 4,990.3 5,101.6 5,213.3 5,325.7 5,438.6 53.326 53.477 53.628 53.775 53.921 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 13,319.2 13,485.8 13,652.5 13,819.6 13,986.8 9,784.4 9,911.2 10,038.2 10,165.6 10,293.1 58.062 58.155 58.247 58.339 58.428 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 989 Appendix | 989 TABLE A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 14,322 14,658 14,995 15,333 15,672 10,549 10,806 11,063 11,321 11,581 58.607 58.782 58.954 59.123 59.289 3500 3540 3580 3620 3660 2100 2140 2180 2220 2260 16,011 16,351 16,692 17,036 17,376 11,841 12,101 12,363 12,625 12,888 59.451 59.612 59.770 59.926 60.077 2300 2340 2380 2420 2460 17,719 18,062 18,407 18,572 19,097 13,151 13,416 13,680 13,946 14,212 2500 2540 2580 2620 2660 19,443 19,790 20,138 20,485 20,834 2700 2740 2780 2820 2860 _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 28,273 28,633 28,994 29,354 29,716 21,323 21,603 21,884 22,165 22,447 63.914 64.016 64.114 64.217 64.316 3700 3740 3780 3820 3860 30,078 30,440 30,803 31,166 31,529 22,730 23,013 23,296 23,580 23,864 64.415 64.512 64.609 64.704 64.800 60.228 60.376 60.522 60.666 60.808 3900 3940 3980 4020 4060 31,894 32,258 32,623 32,989 33,355 24,149 24,434 24,720 25,006 25,292 64.893 64.986 65.078 65.169 65.260 14,479 14,746 15,014 15,282 15,551 60.946 61.084 61.220 61.354 61.486 4100 4140 4180 4220 4260 33,722 34,089 34,456 34,824 35,192 25,580 25,867 26,155 26,144 26,733 65.350 64.439 65.527 65.615 65.702 21,183 21,533 21,883 22,232 22,584 15,821 16,091 16,362 16,633 16,905 61.616 61.744 61.871 61.996 62.120 4300 4340 4380 4420 4460 35,561 35,930 36,300 36,670 37,041 27,022 27,312 27,602 27,823 28,184 65.788 65.873 65.958 66.042 66.125 2900 2940 2980 3020 3060 22,936 23,288 23,641 23,994 24,348 17,177 17,450 17,723 17,997 18,271 62.242 62.363 62.483 62.599 62.716 4500 4540 4580 4620 4660 37,412 37,783 38,155 38,528 38,900 28,475 28,768 29,060 29,353 29,646 66.208 66.290 66.372 66.453 66.533 3100 3140 3180 3220 3260 24,703 25,057 25,413 25,769 26,175 18,546 18,822 19,098 19,374 19,651 62.831 62.945 63.057 63.169 63.279 4700 4740 4780 4820 4860 39,274 39,647 40,021 40,396 40,771 29,940 30,234 30,529 30,824 31,120 66.613 66.691 66.770 66.848 66.925 3300 3340 3380 3420 3460 26,412 26,839 27,197 27,555 27,914 19,928 20,206 20,485 20,763 21,043 63.386 63.494 63.601 63.706 63.811 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 41,146 42,086 43,021 43,974 44,922 31,415 32,157 32,901 33,648 34,397 67.003 67.193 67.380 67.562 67.743 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 990 990 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 300 320 340 360 380 2,108.2 2,256.6 2,407.3 2,560.5 2,716.4 1,512.4 1,621.1 1,732.1 1,845.6 1,961.8 46.353 46.832 47.289 47.728 48.148 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 9,575.8 9,802.6 10,030.6 10,260.1 10,490.6 7,431.1 7,618.1 7,806.4 7,996.2 8,187.0 58.072 58.281 58.485 58.689 58.889 400 420 440 460 480 2,874.7 3,035.7 3,199.4 3,365.7 3,534.7 2,080.4 2,201.7 2,325.6 2,452.2 2,581.5 48.555 48.947 49.329 49.698 50.058 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 10,722.3 10,955.3 11,189.4 11,424.6 11,661.0 8,379.0 8,572.3 8,766.6 8,962.1 9,158.8 59.088 59.283 59.477 59.668 59.858 500 520 537 540 560 3,706.2 3,880.3 4,027.5 4,056.8 4,235.8 2,713.3 2,847.7 2,963.8 2,984.4 3,123.7 50.408 50.750 51.032 51.082 51.408 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 11,898.4 12,136.9 12,376.4 12,617.0 12,858.5 9,356.5 9,555.3 9,755.0 9,955.9 10,157.7 60.044 60.229 60.412 60.593 60.772 580 600 620 640 660 4,417.2 4,600.9 4,786.6 4,974.9 5,165.2 3,265.4 3,409.4 3,555.6 3,704.0 3,854.6 51.726 52.038 52.343 52.641 52.934 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 13,101.0 13,344.7 13,589.1 13,834.5 14,080.8 10,360.5 10,564.5 10,769.2 10,974.8 11,181.4 60.949 61.124 61.298 61.469 61.639 680 700 720 740 760 5,357.6 5,552.0 5,748.4 5,946.8 6,147.0 4,007.2 4,161.9 4,318.6 4,477.3 4,637.9 53.225 53.503 53.780 54.051 54.319 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 14,328.0 14,576.0 14,824.9 15,074.7 15,325.3 11,388.9 11,597.2 11,806.4 12,016.5 12,227.3 61.800 61.974 62.138 62.302 62.464 780 800 820 840 860 6,349.1 6,552.9 6,758.3 6,965.7 7,174.7 4,800.1 4,964.2 5,129.9 5,297.6 5,466.9 54.582 54.839 55.093 55.343 55.589 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 15,576.7 15,829.0 16,081.9 16,335.7 16,590.2 12,439.0 12,651.6 12,864.8 13,078.9 13,293.7 62.624 62.783 62.939 63.095 63.250 880 900 920 940 960 7,385.3 7,597.6 7,811.4 8,026.8 8,243.8 5,637.7 5,810.3 5,984.4 6,160.1 6,337.4 55.831 56.070 56.305 56.536 56.765 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 16,845.5 17,101.4 17,358.1 17,615.5 17,873.5 13,509.2 13,725.4 13,942.4 14,160.1 14,378.4 63.403 63.555 63.704 63.853 64.001 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 8,462.2 8,682.1 8,903.4 9,126.2 9,350.3 6,516.1 6,696.2 6,877.8 7,060.9 7,245.3 56.990 57.212 57.432 57.647 57.861 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 18,132.2 18,391.5 18,651.5 18,912.2 19,173.4 14,597.4 14,816.9 15,037.2 15,258.2 15,479.7 64.147 64.292 64.435 64.578 64.719 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 991 Appendix | 991 TABLE A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 (Concluded ) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 19,698 20,224 20,753 21,284 21,818 15,925 16,372 16,821 17,273 17,727 64.999 65.272 65.543 65.809 66.069 3500 3540 3580 3620 3660 2100 2140 2180 2220 2260 22,353 22,890 23,429 23,970 24,512 18,182 18,640 19,101 19,561 20,024 66.327 66.581 66.830 67.076 67.319 2300 2340 2380 2420 2460 25,056 25,602 26,150 26,699 27,249 20,489 20,955 21,423 21,893 22,364 2500 2540 2580 2620 2660 27,801 28,355 28,910 29,465 30,023 2700 2740 2780 2820 2860 _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 41,965 42,543 43,121 43,701 44,280 35,015 35,513 36,012 36,512 37,012 73.462 73.627 73.789 73.951 74.110 3700 3740 3780 3820 3860 44,861 45,442 46,023 46,605 47,188 37,513 38,014 38,517 39,019 39,522 74.267 74.423 74.578 74.732 74.884 67.557 67.792 68.025 68.253 68.479 3900 3940 3980 4020 4060 47,771 48,355 48,939 49,524 50,109 40,026 40,531 41,035 41,541 42,047 75.033 75.182 75.330 75.477 75.622 22,837 23,310 23,786 24,262 24,740 68.702 68.921 69.138 69.352 69.563 4100 4140 4180 4220 4260 50,695 51,282 51,868 52,456 53,044 42,553 43,060 43,568 44,075 44,584 75.765 75.907 76.048 76.188 76.327 30,581 31,141 31,702 32,264 32,827 25,220 25,701 26,181 26,664 27,148 69.771 69.977 70.181 70.382 70.580 4300 4340 4380 4420 4460 53,632 54,221 54,810 55,400 55,990 45,093 45,602 46,112 46,622 47,133 76.464 76.601 76.736 76.870 77.003 2900 2940 2980 3020 3060 33,392 33,957 34,523 35,090 35,659 27,633 28,118 28,605 29,093 29,582 70.776 70.970 71.160 71.350 71.537 4500 4540 4580 4620 4660 56,581 57,172 57,764 58,356 58,948 47,645 48,156 48,668 49,181 49,694 77.135 77.266 77.395 77.581 77.652 3100 3140 3180 3220 3260 36,228 36,798 37,369 37,941 38,513 30,072 30,562 31,054 31,546 32,039 71.722 71.904 72.085 72.264 72.441 4700 4740 4780 4820 4860 59,541 60,134 60,728 61,322 61,916 50,208 50,721 51,236 51,750 52,265 77.779 77.905 78.029 78.153 78.276 3300 3340 3380 3420 3460 39,087 39,661 40,236 40,812 41,388 32,533 33,028 33,524 34,020 34,517 72.616 72.788 72.960 73.129 73.297 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 62,511 64,000 65,491 66,984 68,471 52,781 54,071 55,363 56,658 57,954 78.398 78.698 78.994 79.284 79.569 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 992 992 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol CO _ s° Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 300 320 340 360 380 2,081.9 2,220.9 2,359.9 2,498.8 2,637.9 1,486.1 1,585.4 1,684.7 1,783.9 1,883.3 43.223 43.672 44.093 44.490 44.866 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 7,571.1 7,716.8 7,862.9 8,009.2 8,156.1 5,426.4 5,532.3 5,638.7 5,745.4 5,851.5 52.203 52.337 52.468 52.598 52.726 400 420 440 460 480 2,776.9 2,916.0 3,055.0 3,194.0 3,333.0 1,982.6 2,081.9 2,181.2 2,280.5 2,379.8 45.223 45.563 45.886 46.194 46.491 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 8,303.3 8,450.8 8,598.8 8,747.2 8,896.0 5,960.0 6,067.8 6,176.0 6,284.7 6,393.8 52.852 52.976 53.098 53.218 53.337 500 520 537 540 560 3,472.1 3,611.2 3,725.1 3,750.3 3,889.5 2,479.2 2,578.6 2,663.1 2,677.9 2,777.4 46.775 47.048 47.272 47.310 47.563 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 9,045.0 9,194.6 9,344.6 9,494.8 9,645.5 6,503.1 6,613.0 6,723.2 6,833.7 6,944.7 53.455 53.571 53.685 53.799 53.910 580 600 620 640 660 4,028.7 4,168.0 4,307.4 4,446.9 4,586.6 2,876.9 2,976.5 3,076.2 3,175.9 3,275.8 47.807 48.044 48.272 48.494 48.709 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 9,796.6 9,948.1 10,100.0 10,252.2 10,404.8 7,056.1 7,167.9 7,280.1 7,392.6 7,505.4 54.021 54.129 54.237 54.344 54.448 680 700 720 740 760 4,726.2 4,886.0 5,006.1 5,146.4 5,286.8 3,375.8 3,475.9 3,576.3 3,676.9 3,777.5 48.917 49.120 49.317 49.509 49.697 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 10,557.8 10,711.1 10,864.9 11,019.0 11,173.4 7,618.7 7,732.3 7,846.4 7,960.8 8,075.4 54.522 54.665 54.757 54.858 54.958 780 800 820 840 860 5,427.4 5,568.2 5,709.4 5,850.7 5,992.3 3,878.4 3,979.5 4,081.0 4,182.6 4,284.5 49.880 50.058 50.232 50.402 50.569 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 11,328.2 11,483.4 11,638.9 11,794.7 11,950.9 8,190.5 8,306.0 8,421.8 8,537.9 8,654.4 55.056 55.154 55.251 55.347 55.411 880 900 920 940 960 6,134.2 6,276.4 6,419.0 6,561.7 6,704.9 4,386.6 4,489.1 4,592.0 4,695.0 4,798.5 50.732 50.892 51.048 51.202 51.353 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 12,107.5 12,264.3 12,421.4 12,579.0 12,736.7 8,771.2 8,888.3 9,005.7 9,123.6 9,241.6 55.535 55.628 55.720 55.811 55.900 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 6,848.4 6,992.2 7,136.4 7,281.0 7,425.9 4,902.3 5,006.3 5,110.8 5,215.7 5,320.9 51.501 51.646 51.788 51.929 52.067 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 12,894.9 13,053.2 13,212.0 13,371.0 13,530.2 9,360.0 9,478.6 9,597.7 9,717.0 9,836.5 55.990 56.078 56.166 56.253 56.339 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 993 Appendix | 993 TABLE A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol CO (Concluded) _ s° Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 13,850 14,170 14,492 14,815 15,139 10,077 10,318 10,560 10,803 11,048 56.509 56.677 56.841 57.007 57.161 3500 3540 3580 3620 3660 27,262 27,608 27,954 28,300 28,647 20,311 20,576 20,844 21,111 21,378 61.612 61.710 61.807 61.903 61.998 2100 2140 2180 2220 2260 15,463 15,789 16,116 16,443 16,722 11,293 11,539 11,787 12,035 12,284 57.317 57.470 57.621 57.770 57.917 3700 3740 3780 3820 3860 28,994 29,341 29,688 30,036 30,384 21,646 21,914 22,182 22,450 22,719 62.093 62.186 62.279 62.370 62.461 2300 2340 2380 2420 2460 17,101 17,431 17,762 18,093 18,426 12,534 12,784 13,035 13,287 13,541 58.062 58.204 58.344 58.482 58.619 3900 3940 3980 4020 4060 30,733 31,082 31,431 31,780 32,129 22,988 23,257 23,527 23,797 24,067 62.511 62.640 62.728 62.816 62.902 2500 2540 2580 2620 2660 18,759 19,093 19,427 19,762 20,098 13,794 14,048 14,303 14,559 14,815 58.754 58.885 59.016 59.145 59.272 4100 4140 4180 4220 4260 32,479 32,829 33,179 33,530 33,880 24,337 24,608 24,878 25,149 25,421 62.988 63.072 63.156 63.240 63.323 2700 2740 2780 2820 2860 20,434 20,771 21,108 21,446 21,785 15,072 15,330 15,588 15,846 16,105 59.398 59.521 59.644 59.765 59.884 4300 4340 4380 4420 4460 34,231 34,582 34,934 35,285 35,637 25,692 25,934 26,235 26,508 26,780 63.405 63.486 63.567 63.647 63.726 2900 2940 2980 3020 3060 22,124 22,463 22,803 23,144 23,485 16,365 16,225 16,885 17,146 17,408 60.002 60.118 60.232 60.346 60.458 4500 4540 4580 4620 4660 35,989 36,341 36,693 37,046 37,398 27,052 27,325 27,598 27,871 28,144 63.805 63.883 63.960 64.036 64.113 3100 3140 3180 3220 3260 23,826 24,168 24,510 24,853 25,196 17,670 17,932 18,195 18,458 18,722 60.569 60.679 60.787 60.894 61.000 4700 4740 4780 4820 4860 37,751 38,104 38,457 38,811 39,164 28,417 28,691 28,965 29,239 29,513 64.188 64.263 64.337 64.411 64.484 3300 3340 3380 3420 3460 25,539 25,883 26,227 26,572 26,917 18,986 19,250 19,515 19,780 20,045 61.105 61.209 61.311 61.412 61.513 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 39,518 40,403 41,289 42,176 43,063 29,787 30,473 31,161 31,849 32,538 64.556 64.735 64.910 65.082 65.252 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 994 994 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 300 320 340 360 380 2,063.5 2,189.4 2,317.2 2,446.8 2,577.8 1,467.7 1,553.9 1,642.0 1,731.9 1,823.2 27.337 27.742 28.130 28.501 28.856 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 9,673.8 10,381.5 11,092.5 11,807.4 12,526.8 6,893.6 7,402.7 7,915.1 8,431.4 8,952.2 37.883 38.372 38.830 39.264 39.675 400 420 440 460 480 2,710.2 2,843.7 2,978.1 3,113.5 3,249.4 1,915.8 2,009.6 2,104.3 2,200.0 2,296.2 29.195 29.520 29.833 30.133 20.424 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 13,250.9 13,980.1 14,714.5 15,454.4 16,199.8 9,477.8 10,008.4 10,544.2 11,085.5 11,632.3 40.067 40.441 40.799 41.143 41.475 500 520 537 540 560 3,386.1 3,523.2 3,640.3 3,660.9 3,798.8 2,393.2 2,490.6 2,573.9 2,588.5 2,686.7 30.703 30.972 31.194 31.232 31.482 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 16,950.6 17,707.3 18,469.7 19,237.8 20,011.8 12,184.5 12,742.6 13,306.4 13,876.0 14,451.4 41.794 42.104 42.403 42.692 42.973 580 600 620 640 660 3,937.1 4,075.6 4,214.3 4,353.1 4,492.1 2,785.3 2,884.1 2,983.1 3,082.1 3,181.4 31.724 31.959 32.187 32.407 32.621 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 20,791.5 21,576.9 22,367.7 23,164.1 23,965.5 15,032.5 15,619.3 16,211.5 16,809.3 17,412.1 43.247 43.514 43.773 44.026 44.273 680 700 720 740 760 4,631.1 4,770.2 4,909.5 5,048.8 5,188.1 3,280.7 3,380.1 3,479.6 3,579.2 3,678.8 32.829 33.031 33.226 33.417 33.603 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 24,771.9 25,582.9 26,398.5 27,218.5 28,042.8 18,019.9 18,632.4 19,249.4 19,870.8 20,496.5 44.513 44.748 44.978 45.203 45.423 780 800 820 840 860 5,327.6 5,467.1 5,606.7 5,746.3 5,885.9 3,778.6 3,878.4 3,978.3 4,078.2 4,178.0 33.784 33.961 34.134 34.302 34.466 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 28,871.1 29,703.5 30,539.8 31,379.8 32,223.5 21,126.2 21,760.0 22,397.7 23,039.2 23,684.3 45.638 45.849 46.056 46.257 46.456 880 900 920 940 960 6,025.6 6,165.3 6,305.1 6,444.9 6,584.7 4,278.0 4,378.0 4,478.1 4,578.1 4,678.3 34.627 34.784 34.938 35.087 35.235 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 33,070.9 33,921.6 34,775.7 35,633.0 36,493.4 24,333.1 24,985.2 25,640.7 26,299.4 26,961.2 46.651 46.842 47.030 47.215 47.396 980 1000 1100 1200 1300 6,724.6 6,864.5 7,564.6 8,265.8 8,968.7 4,778.4 4,878.6 5,380.1 5,882.8 6,387.1 35.379 35.520 36.188 36.798 37.360 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 35,356.9 38,223.3 39,092.8 39,965.1 40,840.2 27,626.1 28,294.0 28,964.9 29,638.6 30,315.1 47.574 47.749 47.921 48.090 48.257 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 995 Appendix | 995 TABLE A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R T R _ h Btu/lbmol _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R 300 320 340 360 380 2,367.6 2,526.8 2,686.0 2,845.1 3,004.4 1,771.8 1,891.3 2,010.8 2,130.2 2,249.8 40.439 40.952 41.435 41.889 42.320 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 8,768.2 8,942.0 9,116.4 9,291.4 9,467.1 6,623.5 6,757.5 6,892.2 7,027.5 7,163.5 50.854 51.013 51.171 51.325 51.478 400 420 440 460 480 3,163.8 3,323.2 3,482.7 3,642.3 3,802.0 2,369.4 2,489.1 2,608.9 2,728.8 2,848.8 42.728 43.117 43.487 43.841 44.182 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 9,643.4 9,820.4 9,998.0 10,176.1 10,354.9 7,300.1 7,437.4 7,575.2 7,713.6 7,852.7 51.360 51.777 51.925 52.070 52.212 500 520 537 540 560 3,962.0 4,122.0 4,258.0 4,282.4 4,442.8 2,969.1 3,089.4 3,191.9 3,210.0 3,330.7 44.508 44.821 45.079 45.124 45.415 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 10,534.4 10,714.5 10,895.3 11,076.6 11,258.7 7,992.5 8,132.9 8,274.0 8,415.5 8,557.9 52.354 52.494 52.631 52.768 52.903 580 600 620 640 660 4,603.7 4,764.7 4,926.1 5,087.8 5,250.0 3,451.9 3,573.2 3,694.9 3,816.8 3,939.3 45.696 45.970 46.235 46.492 46.741 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 11,441.4 11,624.8 11,808.8 11,993.4 12,178.8 8,700.9 8,844.6 8,988.9 9,133.8 9,279.4 53.037 53.168 53.299 53.428 53.556 680 700 720 740 760 5,412.5 5,575.4 5,738.8 5,902.6 6,066.9 4,062.1 4,185.3 4,309.0 4,433.1 4,557.6 46.984 47.219 47.450 47.673 47.893 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 12,364.8 12,551.4 12,738.8 12,926.8 13,115.6 9,425.7 9,572.7 9,720.3 9,868.6 10,017.6 53.682 53.808 53.932 54.055 54.117 780 800 820 840 860 6,231.7 6,396.9 6,562.6 6,728.9 6,895.6 4,682.7 4,808.2 4,934.2 5,060.8 5,187.8 48.106 48.316 48.520 48.721 48.916 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 13,305.0 13,494.4 13,685.7 13,877.0 14,069.2 10,167.3 10,317.6 10,468.6 10,620.2 10,772.7 54.298 54.418 54.535 54.653 54.770 880 900 920 940 960 7,062.9 7,230.9 7,399.4 7,568.4 7,738.0 5,315.3 5,443.6 5,572.4 5,701.7 5,831.6 49.109 49.298 49.483 49.665 49.843 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 14,261.9 14,455.4 14,649.5 14,844.3 15,039.8 10,925.6 11,079.4 11,233.8 11,388.9 11,544.7 54.886 54.999 55.113 55.226 55.339 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 7,908.2 8,078.2 8,250.4 8,422.4 8,595.0 5,962.0 6,093.0 6,224.8 6,357.1 6,490.0 50.019 50.191 50.360 50.528 50.693 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 15,236.1 15,433.0 15,630.6 15,828.7 16,027.6 11,701.2 11,858.4 12,016.3 12,174.7 12,333.9 55.449 55.559 55.668 55.777 55.884 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 996 996 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R T R 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 16,428 16,830 17,235 17,643 18,054 12,654 12,977 13,303 13,632 13,963 56.097 56.307 56.514 56.719 56.920 3500 3540 3580 3620 3660 34,324 34,809 35,296 35,785 36,274 27,373 27,779 28,187 28,596 29,006 62.876 63.015 63.153 63.288 63.423 2100 2140 2180 2220 2260 18,467 18,883 19,301 19,722 20,145 14,297 14,633 14,972 15,313 15,657 57.119 57.315 57.509 57.701 57.889 3700 3740 3780 3820 3860 36,765 37,258 37,752 38,247 38,743 29,418 29,831 30,245 30,661 31,077 63.557 63.690 63.821 63.952 64.082 2300 2340 2380 2420 2460 20,571 20,999 21,429 21,862 22,298 16,003 16,352 16,703 17,057 17,413 58.077 58.261 58.445 58.625 58.803 3900 3940 3980 4020 4060 39,240 39,739 40,239 40,740 41,242 31,495 31,915 32,335 32,757 33,179 64.210 64.338 64.465 64.591 64.715 2500 2540 2580 2620 2660 22,735 23,175 23,618 24,062 24,508 17,771 18,131 18,494 18,859 19,226 58.980 59.155 59.328 59.500 59.669 4100 4140 4180 4220 4260 41,745 42,250 42,755 43,267 43,769 33,603 34,028 34,454 34,881 35,310 64.839 64.962 65.084 65.204 65.325 2700 2740 2780 2820 2860 24,957 25,408 25,861 26,316 26,773 19,595 19,967 20,340 20,715 21,093 59.837 60.003 60.167 60.330 60.490 4300 4340 4380 4420 4460 44,278 44,788 45,298 45,810 46,322 35,739 36,169 36,600 37,032 37,465 65.444 65.563 65.680 65.797 65.913 2900 2940 2980 3020 3060 27,231 27,692 28,154 28,619 29,085 21,472 21,853 22,237 22,621 23,085 60.650 60.809 60.965 61.120 61.274 4500 4540 4580 4620 4660 46,836 47,350 47,866 48,382 48,899 37,900 38,334 38,770 39,207 39,645 66.028 66.142 66.255 66.368 66.480 3100 3140 3180 3220 3260 29,553 30,023 30,494 30,967 31,442 23,397 23,787 24,179 24,572 24,968 61.426 61.577 61.727 61.874 62.022 4700 4740 4780 4820 4860 49,417 49,936 50,455 50,976 51,497 40,083 40,523 40,963 41,404 41,856 66.591 66.701 66.811 66.920 67.028 3300 3340 3380 3420 3460 31,918 32,396 32,876 33,357 33,839 25,365 25,763 26,164 26,565 26,968 62.167 62.312 62.454 62.597 62.738 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 52,019 53,327 54,640 55,957 57,279 42,288 43,398 44,512 45,631 46,754 67.135 67.401 67.662 67.918 68.172 _ h Btu/lbmol _ u Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 997 Appendix TABLE A–26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, 77°F, atm _ h°f Substance Formula Btu/lbmol and absolute entropy at _ g°f Btu/lbmol _ s° Btu/lbmol · R Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Water Hydrogen peroxide Ammonia Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane n-Butane n-Octane n-Octane n-Dodecane Benzene Methyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Hydroxyl 0 0 Ϫ59,010 Ϫ169,680 Ϫ98,350 Ϫ102,040 Ϫ45,430 Ϫ7,140 Ϫ21,860 ϩ87,990 ϩ29,306 Ϫ14,150 ϩ26,980 Ϫ10,105 Ϫ6,760 ϩ7,110 ϩ2,840 ϩ21,570 ϩ55,780 Ϫ69,700 Ϫ71,570 Ϫ72,520 Ϫ75,240 ϩ99,710 ϩ87,460 ϩ195,970 ϩ14,750 1.36 31.21 45.77 49.00 47.21 51.07 45.11 16.71 55.60 45.97 44.49 48.00 52.54 54.85 63.80 64.51 74.11 111.55 86.23 148.86 64.34 57.29 30.30 67.54 38.40 38.47 27.39 36.61 43.92 C(s) H2(g) N2(g) O2(g) CO(g) CO2(g) H2O(g) H2O(ᐉ) H2O2(g) NH3(g) CH4(g) C2H2(g) C2H4(g) C2H6(g) C3H6(g) C3H8(g) C4H10(g) C8H18(g) C8H18(ᐉ) C12H26(g) C6H6(g) CH3OH(g) CH3OH(ᐉ) C2H5OH(g) C2H5OH(ᐉ) O(g) H(g) N(g) OH(g) 0 0 Ϫ47,540 Ϫ169,300 Ϫ104,040 Ϫ122,970 Ϫ58,640 Ϫ19,750 Ϫ32,210 ϩ97,540 ϩ22,490 Ϫ36,420 ϩ8,790 Ϫ44,680 Ϫ54,270 Ϫ89,680 Ϫ107,530 Ϫ125,190 ϩ35,680 Ϫ86,540 Ϫ102,670 Ϫ101,230 Ϫ119,470 ϩ107,210 ϩ93,780 ϩ203,340 ϩ16,790 Source: From JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1971), Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API Research Project 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953) | 997 cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 998 998 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons Fuel (phase) Formula Molar mass, lbm/lbmol Carbon (s) Hydrogen (g) Carbon monoxide (g) Methane (g) Methanol (ᐉ) Acetylene (g) Ethane (g) Ethanol (ᐉ) Propane (ᐉ) Butane (ᐉ) 1-Pentene (ᐉ) Isopentane (ᐉ) Benzene (ᐉ) Hexene (ᐉ) Hexane (ᐉ) Toluene (ᐉ) Heptane (ᐉ) Octane (ᐉ) Decane (ᐉ) Gasoline (ᐉ) Light diesel (ᐉ) Heavy diesel (ᐉ) Natural gas (g) C H2 CO CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C10H22 CnH1.87n CnH1.8n CnH1.7n CnH3.8nN0.1n 12.011 2.016 28.013 16.043 32.042 26.038 30.070 46.069 44.097 58.123 70.134 72.150 78.114 84.161 86.177 92.141 100.204 114.231 142.285 100–110 170 200 18 Density,1 lbm/ft3 125 — — — 49.3 — — 49.3 31.2 36.1 40.0 39.1 54.7 42.0 41.2 54.1 42.7 43.9 45.6 45–49 49–52 51–55 — 1At atm and 68°F 2At 77°F for liquid fuels, and atm and normal boiling temperature for gaseous fuels 3At 77°F Multiply by molar mass to obtain heating values in Btu/lbmol Enthalpy of vaporization,2 Btu/lbm — — — 219 502 — 74 395 144 156 156 — 186 169 157 177 157 156 155 151 116 99 — Specific heat,1 cp Btu/ lbm · °F Higher heating value,3 Btu/lbm Lower heating value,3 Btu/lbm 0.169 3.44 0.251 0.525 0.604 0.404 0.418 0.583 0.662 0.578 0.525 0.554 0.411 0.439 0.542 0.408 0.535 0.533 0.528 0.57 0.53 0.45 0.48 14,100 60,970 4,340 23,880 9,740 21,490 22,320 12,760 21,640 21,130 20,540 20,890 17,970 20,430 20,770 18,230 20,680 20,590 20,490 20,300 19,800 19,600 21,500 14,100 51,600 4,340 21,520 8,570 20,760 20,430 11,530 19,930 19,510 19,190 19,310 17,240 19,090 19,240 17,420 19,180 19,100 19,020 18,900 18,600 18,400 19,400 0.4 1000 35 30 40 45 50 45 55 30 13 12 10 25 th En 50 ,B py al 60 nd ou rp e p 35 tu o y r fd r 55 65 40 0.2 65 % 30% % 40 70 20 midity ative hu 10% Rel 20% Dry bulb temperature, °F 50 % 60 % 70 75 80 We t bu lb t e mp e t ure 25 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020 022 024 026 028 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 | 90 % 13 70 From the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA: used with permission 15 60 70 75 80 85 ºF 15 Prepared by Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, University of Idaho 25 30 35 15 20 Enthalpy ∆h —————— = —— Humidity ratio ∆␻ QS Sensible heat —————– = —— QT Total heat –1000 90 60 Appendix FIGURE A–31E Psychrometric chart at atm total pressure 00 15 0.6 0.5 2.0 4.0 – • – 4.0 –1 –• r 1.0 60 45 85 95 1.0 0.8 p em 65 °F re tu er a 0.1 35 50 Dry bulb temperature °F • 40 50 50 nt ati o tu Sa % 80 Sea Level 75 55 110 ©1992 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc 80 200 85 000 5000 – 0.1 90 – 0.4 – –0 – 0.2 45 55 14 100 per 105 Vo ft air 115 , cu e lum ry lb d 120 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No Normal Temperature Barometric Pressure: 29.921 inches of mercury cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 999 999 14 Humidity ratio, pounds moisture per pound dry air ... ϭ Ru /M, where Ru ϭ 8.31447 kJ/kmol · K and M is the molar mass Source: K A Kobe and R E Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American... Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta,... Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30, Table Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing