NFPA 170 Standard on Fire Safety Symbols 1999 Edition National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, PO Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101 An International Codes and Standards Organization Copyright © National Fire Protection Association, Inc One Batterymarch Park Quincy, Massachusetts 02269 IMPORTANT NOTICE ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT NFPA codes and standards, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on fire and other safety issues While the NFPA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its codes and standards The NFPA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or 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extend to the index of this document (For further explanation, see the Policy Concerning the Adoption, Printing, and Publication of NFPA Documents, which is available upon request from the NFPA.) 170.book Page Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–1 Copyright © 1999 NFPA, All Rights Reserved NFPA 170 Standard for Fire Safety Symbols 1999 Edition This edition of NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety Symbols, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Fire Safety Symbols and acted on by the National Fire Protection Association, Inc., at its May Meeting held May 17–20, 1999, in Baltimore, MD It was issued by the Standards Council on July 22, 1999, with an effective date of August 13, 1999, and supersedes all previous editions Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical rule in the margin of the pages on which they appear These lines are included as an aid to the user in identifying changes from the previous edition This edition of NFPA 170 was approved as an American National Standard on August 13, 1999 Origin and Development of NFPA 170 The 1994 edition of NFPA 170 represented the completion of an effort to combine four previously separate documents that covered fire safety symbols for different purposes These documents included the following: NFPA 171, Public Firesafety Symbols NFPA 172, Fire Protection Symbols for Architectural and Engineering Drawings NFPA 174, Fire Protection Symbols for Risk Analysis Diagrams NFPA 178, Symbols for Fire Fighting Operations The Technical Committee on Fire Safety Symbols believes that placing all fire safety symbols in one document will make it easier for users of symbols to find the one(s) most appropriate for their application It will also eliminate duplication between these and eventually other NFPA documents The first edition of NFPA 170 placed these four documents in one document but did not combine them, except for definitions that were in each document For the second edition of NFPA 170, the Technical Committee on Fire Safety Symbols completely restructured the text into a logical and cohesive arrangement The duplication of symbols that occurred during the aformentioned consolidation of documents was eliminated New symbols added included those for campfire prohibitions, smoke barriers, illuminated exit signs, and belowground tanks For the third edition of NFPA 170, changes included the following: • Upgrading recommendations on pre-incident planning to requirements (new Chapter 6) • Adding new symbols for pull station, area of refuge, and cooking prohibition • Clarifying the symbols for smoke detectors, battery-powered emergency lights, and fire service/emergency telephone station • Recognizing the phaseout of halon now taking place, and the introduction of clean agents The fourth edition further recognizes the introduction of clean agents by adding new symbols for clean agent and water mist systems A new appendix (Appendix C) was added to include symbols that can be used for life safety planning 170.book Page Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–2 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS Technical Committee on Fire Safety Symbols Thomas R Wood, Chair Boca Raton Fire Rescue Services, FL [E] Phillip A Brown, American Fire Sprinkler Assn., Inc., TX [U] Randal G Brown, Randal Brown & Assoc., Ltd, Canada [U] Lydia A Butterworth, Smithsonian Institution, DC [E] Randall S Chaney, Wausau HPR Engr, CA [I] Scott D Corrin, University of California-Riverside, CA [SE] David C Cox, Fire Safety Displays Co., MI [M] William P MacDonald, New York Power Authority, NY [U] James M Mundy, Jr., Siemens Cerberus Division, NY [U] Rep Automatic Fire Alarm Assn., Inc Edward P Quinn Jr., General Accident Insurance, NY [I] George R Riggs, Engineered Fire Systems, Inc., AK [IM] Rep Fire Suppression Systems Assn Brad Schiffer, Brad Schiffer/Taxis, Inc., FL [SE] John Stofa, Simplex Time Recorder, VT [M] James J Vorce, Johnson Controls Inc., M14, WI [U] Harry J Walsh, Pennsylvania Lumbermens Mutual Insurance Co., PA [I] Derik White, The CAD Zone, OR [SE] David R Hague, NFPA Staff Liaison This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of this edition Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred A key to classifications can be found at the back of this document NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on fire safety symbols including those for building design plans, investigation diagrams, maps, and for public fire safety It shall coordinate its work with NFPA technical committees and other groups dealing with subjects to which fire safety symbols apply 1999 Edition 170.book Page Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–3 CONTENTS Contents Chapter General 1-1 Scope 1-2 Purpose 1-3 Units 170– 170– 170– 170– 4 4 Chapter Definitions 170– 2-1 Official NFPA Definitions 170– 2-2 Definitions of Terms Used in the Standard 170– Chapter Symbols for General Use 170– 3-1 Introduction 170– 3-2 Symbols for General Use 170– Chapter Symbols for Use by the Fire Service 170– 4-1 Introduction 170– 4-2 Symbols for Use by the Fire Service 170– 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 Symbols for Use in Pre-Incident Planning Sketches Introduction Access Features, Assessment Features, Ventilation Features, and Utility Shutoffs Detection/Extinguishing Equipment Water Flow Control Valves and Water Sources Equipment Rooms Identification of Hazardous Materials 170– 170– 170– 170– 9 9 170–17 170–17 170–17 170–18 Chapter Chapter Chapter 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 Symbols for Use in Architectural and Engineering Drawings and Insurance Diagrams Introduction Symbols for Site Features Symbols for Building Construction Water Supply and Distribution Symbols Symbols for Control Panels Symbols Related to Means of Egress Symbols for Fire Alarms, Detection, and Related Equipment Symbols for Fire Extinguishing Systems 5-9 Symbols for Portable Fire Extinguishers 5-10 Symbols for Fire-Fighting Equipment 5-11 Symbols for Smoke/Pressurization Control 5-12 Miscellaneous Symbols Appendix A 170–18 170–18 170–19 170–19 170–20 170–20 170–21 Referenced Publications 170–21 Explanatory Material 170–21 Appendix B Additional Explanatory Information on Chapters through 170–24 Appendix C Symbols for Life Safety Planning 170–28 170–11 170–12 170–13 Appendix D Referenced Publications 170–30 170–13 Appendix E 170–15 Index 170–32 Informatory Publications 170–30 1999 Edition 170.book Page Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–4 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS NFPA 170 Standard for Fire Safety Symbols 1999 Edition NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Appendix A Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter and Appendix D Chapter General 1-1 Scope This standard presents symbols used for fire safety and associated hazards ity having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement Should Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required 2-2 Definitions of Terms Used in the Standard Pre-Incident Planning A written document resulting from the gathering of general and detailed information/data to be used by public emergency response agencies and private industry for determining the response to reasonable anticipated emergency incidents at a specific facility Referent.* An object or concept (message) represented by a symbol 1-2 Purpose The purpose of this standard is to standardize the symbols used in representing fire and associated hazards Self-Luminous A type of sign that is self-energized with respect to luminosity and requires no external power source 1-3 Units Metric units of measurement used in this standard shall be in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) One unit (liter), outside of but recognized by SI, is commonly used in international fire protection For conversion factors, see Table 1-3 Supplementary Indicators.* Figures, numbers, subscripts, or letter abbreviations used to enhance the effectiveness of symbols Table 1-3 Metric Conversion Factors Name of Unit Unit Symbol Conversion Factor Liter L Cubic decimeter dm3 Pascal Pa psi = 6894.757 Pa Meter m ft = 0.3048 m Millimeter mm in = 25.4 mm Chapter gal = 3.785 L gal = 3.785 dm Definitions 2-1 Official NFPA Definitions Symbol.* A graphic representation of a referent Chapter Symbols for General Use 3-1 Introduction 3-1.1 Scope This chapter presents general referents and symbols for fire prevention and visual alerting for fire and related life safety emergencies 3-1.2 Purpose 3-1.2.1 The purpose of this chapter is to provide uniform fire safety symbols to improve communication wherever signs and symbols are employed to provide fire safety information 3-1.2.2 This chapter provides uniformity in the selection of symbols that are designed to assist in locating exits, fire safety alerting equipment, and safe areas Approved.* Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction 3-1.2.3* The fundamental imagery for symbols, as well as their background color and shape, is designated in this chapter Authority Having Jurisdiction.* The organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure 3-1.2.4* This chapter does not specify viewing distance, size, or optimal combinations of symbols, words, or other presentations Labeled Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner 3-1.3* Symbol Presentation Listed.* Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the author- 3-1.3.3 Symbol Color The symbol color shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z535.1, Safety Color Code 1999 Edition 3-1.3.1 The orientation for prohibition symbols shall not be altered from that shown in this chapter 3-1.3.2 The symbol background shape shall be square Exception:* For prohibition symbols, a circle and diagonal slash (at 45 degrees from upper left to lower right) shall be used 170.book Page Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM SYMBOLS FOR GENERAL USE 170–5 3-2* Symbols for General Use 3-2.1 Emergency Exit Characteristics: Square field; background green; door opening white; image in green or black Application: The identification and location of an emergency exit Characteristics: International symbol of accessibility per ANSI A117.1, Specifications for Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to and Usable by Physically Handicapped People Example: The location of a fire exit that is accessible to disabled users 3-2.4 Accessible Emergency Exit Route Example: The location of exit for use in a fire emergency 3-2.2 Emergency Exit Route Characteristics: Square field; background green; door opening white; image in green or black Application: The identification of a route that leads to an emergency exit that is accessible to disabled users Characteristics: Square field; background green; door opening white; image in green or black Application: The identification and location of a route to be used in an emergency Characteristics: International symbol of accessibility per ANSI A117.1, Specifications for Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to and Usable by Physically Handicapped People Characteristics: For arrows: square field; background white; arrow in green or black Example: The direction to a fire exit 3-2.3 Accessible Emergency Exit Characteristics: For arrows: square field; background white; arrow in green or black Example: The location of the route toward a fire exit that is accessible to disabled users 3-2.5 Not an Exit Characteristics: Square field; background green; door opening white; image in green or black Application: The identification of an emergency exit that is accessible to disabled users, as specified by ANSI A117.1, Specifications for Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to and Usable by Physically Handicapped People 1999 Edition 170.book Page Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–6 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS Characteristics: Square field; background white; door frame green; door opening white; image in green or black; red circle and diagonal slash Application: The identification of doors that NOT lead to an exit Example: The location of an interior door such as one leading to a closet, interior courtyard, or basement 3-2.6 Use Stairs in Case of Fire Characteristics: Circular field; red circle and slash; black image; white background Application: The identification of areas in which smoking is prohibited Example: The identification of areas, such as those for flammable liquid storage, where smoking could lead to fire or explosion 3-2.10 No Campfires Characteristics: Square field; red flame; black figure; white background Application: An instruction to the user to use stairs (downward egress) in case of fire Characteristics: Circular field; red circle and slash; black image; white background Example: The identification that stairs are to be used in case of fire Application: The identification of areas, such as municipal parks, where campfires are not permitted 3-2.7 Use Stairs in Case of Fire 3-2.11 Manually Activated Alarm Initiating Device (Manual Pull Station) Characteristics: Square field; red flame; black figure; white background Application: An instruction to the user to use stairs (upward egress) in case of fire Example: The identification that stairs are to be used in case of fire 3-2.8 Do Not Use Elevator in Case of Fire Characteristics: Rectangular field; white background; red flame; black hand; red box; red horn; red wave Application: An instruction to actuate an alarm initiating device in a fire emergency Example: Posted above a manually activated initiating device 3-2.12 No Cooking Characteristics: Square field; red flame; black figures; white background; red circle and slash Application: An instruction not to use elevators in case of fire Example: Posted near elevator call button 3-2.9 No Smoking Characteristics: Square field; white background; red flame; black pot and steam; red circle and slash Application: An instruction not to cook food in an area Example: Posted inside a guest room in a hotel or a student room in a college dormitory 1999 Edition 170.book Page Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM SYMBOLS FOR USE BY THE FIRE SERVICE 3-2.13 Area of Refuge 170–7 Characteristics: Square field; red background; white symbol Application: The identification and location of a fire department automatic sprinkler connection Examples: • The location of siamese automatic sprinkler connections on buildings • The location of siamese freestanding automatic sprinkler connections Characteristics: Square field; white background; red flame Application: The identification of an area of refuge 4-2.2 Fire Department Automatic Sprinkler Connection — Single Example: A designated area of refuge to be used in a fire emergency Chapter Symbols for Use by the Fire Service 4-1 Introduction 4-1.1 Scope This chapter presents standard referents and symbols that shall be used for visually alerting fire fighters and other emergency responders during fire and related emergencies 4-1.2 Purpose 4-1.2.1 The purpose of this chapter is to present uniform firefighting symbols in order to improve communication wherever symbology is employed in order to provide information to fire fighters and other emergency responders Characteristics: Square field; red background; white symbol Application: The identification and location of a fire department automatic sprinkler connection Examples: • The location of a single automatic sprinkler connection on buildings • The location of a single freestanding automatic sprinkler connection 4-2.3 Fire Department Standpipe Connection 4-1.2.2 This chapter provides uniformity in the selection of symbols that are intended to assist fire fighters in locating utilities and fire-fighting equipment 4-1.2.3* Fundamental shapes of symbols, as well as the background color and shape, are designated in this chapter 4-1.3* Symbol Presentation 4-1.3.1* Symbol Shapes The shape of symbols shall be as illustrated in Section 4-2 4-1.3.2 Symbol Background 4-1.3.2.1 The symbol background shall be square 4-1.3.2.2 The symbol background color shall be red, white, or blue as designated and shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z535.1, Safety Color Code, for safety red, white, or blue 4-1.3.3 Symbol Color The symbol color shall be safety white or blue and shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z535.1, Safety Color Code, for safety white or blue Characteristics: Square field; red background; white symbol Application: The identification and location of a fire department standpipe connection Examples: • The location of standpipe connections on buildings and structures • The location of freestanding standpipe connections 4-2.4 Fire Department Combined Automatic Sprinkler/ Standpipe Connection 4-1.3.4 Symbol Orientation Symbol orientation shall not be altered from that shown in this chapter 4-2* Symbols for Use by the Fire Service 4-2.1 Fire Department Automatic Sprinkler Connection — Siamese Characteristics: Square field; red background; white symbol Application: The identification and location of a fire department combined automatic sprinkler/standpipe connection Examples: • The location of combined sprinkler/standpipe connections on buildings • The location of freestanding combined sprinkler/standpipe connections 1999 Edition 170.book Page 22 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–22 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS A-4-1.3 Reflective material or self-luminous materials can be used Consideration needs to be given to the proper mounting of self-luminous symbols in well-lighted locations to ensure charging by exposure to ambient light A-5-1.4.1 Drawing scale, line thickness, and so forth are the subject of standards on drawing practice A-5-1.4.4 The following are examples of symbol orientation A-4-1.3.1 Drawing scale, line thickness, and so forth are the subject of standards on drawing practice A-4-2 Use of the symbols is not restricted to the examples cited A-4-2.5 The symbol can be of particular use where vehicles or snowfall frequently obscures hydrant locations A-5-1 This chapter on architectural and engineering symbols draws heavily on the symbols already developed by various societies, agencies, and industry A-5-1.2 The symbols in this chapter are intended to be simple, transferable by use of templates, and limited to those referents that are used repetitively in a set of drawings A-5-1.3 The effectiveness of the symbols in this chapter can be enhanced by the use of supplementary figures, subscripts, numbers, or letter abbreviations Devices infrequently used in a given set of drawings and diagrams are not standardized by this document They usually are accompanied by narrative description, either on the drawing or in specifications P A-5-1.4 Diagram Preparation and Contents Where appropriate, diagrams include, but are not limited to, the following (See Figure A-5-1.4.) (1) Title block indicating a Name of company or organization b Person making drawing and date of drawing c Name and location of facility involved (2) “North” direction arrow properly oriented to the position of buildings shown (3) Scale of diagram, if used, or “not to scale.” Scale may be given with a bar measurement if reduction copies are to be made F A-5-2.1.2 The following are examples of open-walled structures LOADING SHED Figure A-5-1.4 Diagram to exemplify the use of symbols for risk analysis drawing N A-5-2.3 The following is an example of a street Steel deck in N.S in Parking 8-in cem asb in A.S Br 30 ft 26 ft Br 12 in in 26 ft 10 12 in 12-14 Downing Street Steel deck Mfg Sewing & assembly in 12 ft Sewing & assembly in A.S Mach shop Storage St 10 ft in N.S A-5-2.4 The following are examples of bodies of water K CREE POND A-5-2.5.2 The following is an example of a fence with a gate Main St For SI units: in = 25 mm; ft = 0.305 m 1999 Edition x x x x x 170.book Page 23 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–23 APPENDIX A A-5-3.1 The following is an example of building construction identification (See NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction.) FIRE RESISTIVE CONST (TYPE I) Figure A-5-3.2 Examples of building height symbols (Figure includes copyrighted material of Insurance Services Office with its permission Copyright, Insurance Services Office, 1975.) 1B C 1=2 20 ft D A-5-3.2 See Figure A-5-3.2 for an example of height symbols used for a building A-5-3.3.1 See Figures A-5-3.3.1(a) and (b) for examples of wall symbols A-5-3.3.2 See Figure A-5-3.3.1(a) for examples of parapet symbols used for a building 40 ft E 24 ft B A WOOD FRAME CONST (TYPE V) F 13B Underground G A Three stories, no basement, 40 ft to eaves B One story with basement, 20 ft to eaves C One-equals-two stories, no basement, 24 ft to eaves D One-story open porch or shed E One-story addition F Thirteen stories with basement G Underground structure A-5-3.5 See Figure A-5-3.5 for an example of cross-section symbols used for a building Figure A-5-3.3.1(a) Symbols used to note wall ratings and parapets on life safety plans and risk analysis plans/cross sections S S A-5-7.1.1(7) See NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for generic list of clean agents S S S S S A-5-7.1.2.4 Drawing should show the type of gas or gases being monitored Drawing should indicate the lower explosive limit (LEL) and/or the upper explosive limit (UEL) of gas or gases S S S S S A-5-7.1.2.3 Velocity can be shown S A-5-7.1.2.1 Temperature rating of heat detectors can be shown S S S A-5-7.1.1.1 The telephones referred to in 5-7.1.1.1 are those for a dedicated system for fire and related emergencies S A-5-7.1.1 Electrical or mechanical actuation can be shown S A-5-4.4 For 5-4.4.1 through 5-4.4.5, symbol elements can be utilized in any combination to fit the type of hydrant S A-5-8 These symbols are intended for use in identifying the type of system installed to protect an area within a building A-5-8.2 For 5-8.2.1 through 5-8.2.7, temperature rating of sprinkler and other characteristics can be shown via legends where a limited number of an individual type of sprinkler is called for by the design Figure A-5-3.3.1(b) Symbol used to note wall ratings on design and construction documents A-6-1.4 Triangle symbols are used for access features, assessment features, ventilation features, and utility shutoffs and can point at a specific location or direction Diamond symbols identify a specific location by touching a wall Circle symbols are used for all piping system appendatures, such as valves, since most pipes are round Square symbols are used for room designations, as they represent most rooms having four sides S S A-5-12.3.1 The electrothermal link (ETL) is a multipurpose dual-response fusible link/release device These devices are used in various applications, such as smoke/damper control and door closures The symbol should be shown with its rated thermal point S A-5-8.3 See also Section 5-4 for related symbols 1999 Edition 170.book Page 24 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–24 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS Figure A-5-3.5 Examples of symbols and notations used for fire risk analysis cross section (Figure includes copyrighted material of Insurance Services Office with its permission Copyright, Insurance Services Office, 1975.) Masonry Combustible Truss Joisted roof Composition roof on wood sheath on steel truss Line of eaves Frame partition (Roof and truss material indicated) Fire-resistive or steel joisted floor (steel joisted floor indicated by note) Plank floor on timber or steel supports Heavy timber Heavy Noncombustible or heavy timber timber floor with ceiling not directly attached to bottom of joists (Min tile on (Min tile on metal channels) metal channels) Sheathed floor and walls Joisted floor Wood joisted floor with ceiling directly attached to bottom of joists Wood joisted floor with ceiling not directly attached to bottom of joists (Min tile on metal channels) Ground Fire doors Left Nonstandard Right Standard Unprotected opening in wall A-6-2 For Sections 6-2 through 6-5, other features to complete the pre-incident planning sketch can be used as appropriate A-6-6 The following is an example of hazardous identification W 1999 Edition Additional Explanatory Information on Chapters through This appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only B-1 (Reserved.) B-2 (Reserved.) Fire-resistive roof (Min tile on metal channels) Appendix B B-3 Additional Explanatory Information on Chapter B-3.1 Symbol Testing Two or more versions of a symbol were developed for the referents listed in Chapter The effectiveness of each of these symbols was evaluated by testing its meaningfulness (i.e., understandability) with groups of different participants On the basis of these results, a symbol was selected for each referent In some cases, the symbols were refined graphically to incorporate modifications suggested by the test results Symbol development and refinement included the efforts of research psychologists, graphic designers, safety engineers, and fire professionals The life safety symbols were tested in the course of several different research projects during a 7-year period These results are referenced in a series of publications by the National Bureau of Standards Although a variety of testing procedures were used to assess understandability, the basic method consisted of asking people either to write down short definitions or to pick the correct definition from a set of carefully selected choices In several studies, data on symbol preference and rated effectiveness also were obtained For these testing efforts, one set of participants consisted of 222 industrial personnel and 78 students; another set consisted of 271 miners and mine personnel; and another set consisted of 94 paid volunteers No major differences between participant groups were observed for the symbols selected for Chapter In addition to the studies of understandability, a detailed assessment was made of exit symbol visibility This study used a laboratory optical viewing system to present a set of exit symbols included in a much larger set (108) of safety and information symbols Three viewing conditions that simulated smoke were used (luminance of 0.085, 0.060, and 0.032 candela/m2) Forty-two participants were familiarized with a randomly selected set of exit symbols to identify the separate effects of understandability and visibility The symbol given in Chapter was the symbol that was most frequently identified correctly under all three viewing conditions In addition, the identification data were virtually the same whether participants had been familiarized with the symbol or not — suggesting that the symbol has high initial understandability (This suggestion is reinforced by the high percentages of correct identification found in those studies that evaluated understandability.) The results of the visibility testing program are important because an exit symbol must be both well understood and visible when under degraded viewing conditions such as smoke The goal of the overall testing program was to identify versions or elements of symbols for the selected referents that appeared to be most effective in communicating the intended message It is recognized that further education and/or supplemental word messages may be useful in optimizing the effectiveness of these symbols with the general public Nevertheless, the symbols selected have demonstrated good initial understandability Symbols for the referents generally showed good understandability (better than 85 percent correct identi- 170.book Page 25 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM APPENDIX B fication) Symbols that presented some understandability problems included “No Exit” and “Fire Alarm Call Point.” The examples shown herein, however, represent the imagery that was best understood It is hoped that use of these images will strengthen public recognition It also should be noted that the symbol for handicapped accessibility was not tested in this program It is, however, in an existing ANSI standard, A117.1, Specifications for Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to and Usable by Physically Handicapped People, and has achieved wide use and good recognition B-4 Additional Explanatory Information on Chapter B-4.1 Symbol Testing At least two versions of a symbol were developed for each of the referents in 4-2.1 and 4-2.3 through 4-2.7 Referents 4-2.8 through 4-2.12 are discussed below Subsequently, the effectiveness of the symbols was evaluated by testing their meaningfulness to groups of fire professionals; the procedures are outlined below On the basis of the test results, a symbol was selected for each referent This set of symbols was further refined graphically, incorporating modifications suggested by the test results Symbol development and refinement through a Subcommittee on Visual Alerting Symbols included the efforts of fire professionals, graphic artists and designers, research psychologists, and safety engineers Symbols for referents 4-2.8 through 4-2.12 were adapted from International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publications The fire extinguisher symbol (4-2.10) was included in the test procedure Although the standpipe outlet symbol (4-2.9) was not tested in isolation, it was incorporated as an element in two of the tested symbols (4-2.3 and 4-2.4) Participants in the test program included fire professionals attending a national convention or local (Maryland) training classes and totaled of 86 participants The test procedure involved two phases In the first phase, the participants were shown one symbol at a time, in slide form, and were asked to write down a short definition of what they thought each symbol meant In the second phase, two symbolic versions of each referent were shown together, and their intended meaning was provided; the participants indicated which version (if either) of each pair they felt better conveyed the meaning They also were asked to give the reason for their preference and were free to offer any suggestions for improvement The goal of the testing program was to identify versions or elements of symbols for the selected referents that were most effective in visually alerting fire fighters It is recognized that education might be required to optimize the effectiveness of the symbols for fire fighters Nevertheless, it is important to select symbols that initially are meaningful Symbols for seven of the nine referents tested showed good recognizability (85– 100%) and no serious confusion with other possible meanings However, for two referents—wall hydrant and gas control valve—recognition was poor, and confusion was common for both symbolic versions of each message Therefore, no symbol for these two referents is presented in this standard Graphic improvements and alternative conceptions are being sought (A symbol for a gas shutoff valve was accepted for the 1991 edition of NFPA 170, now 4-2.8 in this document.) B-4.2 The NFPA Committee on Fire Safety Symbols was able to identify a set of shapes for symbols to be used to direct responding fire fighters B-5 Additional Explanatory Information on Chapter B-5.1 Symbol Selection Procedure See Figure B-5.1 for an example of the procedures involved in selecting fire safety symbols 170–25 B-5.2 Discussion of Basic Symbols B-5.2.1 Symbol Testing Inevitably, when a new standard is introduced to a field in which standardized symbols are not established and everyone is acting independently, controversy looms over the effort as to which (whose) alleged “standard” should be used Such controversy can only be met with a national logic for meeting the standardization task Such logic was used in developing former NFPA 172, now incorporated into Chapter B-5.2.2 This symbology effort ultimately employed the following steps: (1) Identify problem Is a standard for fire protection symbols needed? (2) Identify referents What devices should be symbolized? Consider applicability to fire protection and frequency of use (3) Identify symbols’ availability What symbols exist, and how widely are they used for fire protection and other disciplines? (4) Develop a system of symbol selection Can a system be identified so that referents and symbols can be rationally selected or developed? (See B-5.1.) (5) Can a scheme of basic shapes be utilized in developing symbol sets for categories of referents? (6) Adhere to the scheme Make exceptions only where an overwhelming level of usage makes changes unreasonable (7) Avoid conflicts Are there other practices and/or standards with which the proposed standard might be in conflict? B-5.2.3 To accomplish step B-5.2.2(5), two factors had to be considered First, there is very little agreement on symbols throughout North America For the most part, various industry segments disagree on symbols and even on basic shapes Second, the ISO Committee on Fire Protection Symbols for Use on Drawings completed most of its work on this subject before 1980 and proposed a set of basic symbol shapes B-5.2.4 With the two foregoing considerations, the NFPA Committee on Fire Safety Symbols was able to develop a set of basic shapes for symbols to be used on fire protection drawings The following basic shapes were selected by uniting the ISO proposed basic shapes and, where existent, the North American common practice Thus, the collection of shapes (menu) represents a compromise with the sole major objective of developing a symbols standard aimed at a common language to improve future communication among users of fire protection drawings worldwide B-5.2.5 The collection of basic shapes in Table B-5.2.5 is broken down into a major classification of symbol elements and a supplementary set of symbol elements that can be used singly or in combination with other symbol elements These basic symbol shapes and relative sizes are not exclusive of all the shapes and sizes that were used in developing former NFPA 172 (now incorporated into Chapter 5) They are a guide that was used in developing the family scheme It is recognized that former NFPA 172 did not include all the fire safety symbols that can be required on architectural and engineering drawings Table B-5.2.5 can therefore be used as a basis for future development of Chapter or for the design of specialized symbols by the draftsperson Symbol elements have definite meanings and therefore should always be represented at the same relative size when used in different symbols 1999 Edition 170.book Page 26 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–26 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS Figure B-5.1 Symbol selection procedure Proposed referent Is it within committee scope? Yes Has referent been considered before? Yes No Reject Reject No Select (new) symbol Is symbol used for another referent? Is symbol graphic? No Yes No Modify Yes Can symbol be modified? No No Add further definition (possible tests) No Are meaning and use clear? Yes Does symbol agree with design logic? Yes No 1999 Edition Acceptable? Yes Accept Proposed standard Yes 170.book Page 27 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–27 APPENDIX B Table B-5.2.5 Basic Symbol Shapes and Relative Sizes General Referent Shape Relative Size† Comments MAJOR ELEMENTS 5/ Automatically actuating systems Manually actuating systems 5/ 32 32 in dia in square Detection, extinguishment Manual alarm system 32 in × 5/16 in Supplementary element is used to describe the panel Portable fire extinguisher 3/ 15 in sides Supplementary element is used to further describe the extinguisher Fire-fighting equipment 1/ in sides Supplementary element is used to describe a specific device Control panel 5/ SUPPLEMENTARY ELEMENTS Water system components 3/ 32 in dia Foam agent 3/ 16 in dia Dry chemical agent Gaseous agent 3/ 32 in square 1/ in sides General shape, a circle Shading of this element indicates a wet device Nozzle Used on pipe or other symbol Pressure notation Used with another symbol shape, such as a detector or a tank Switch (electrical) or contact 0.075 in dia 1999 Edition 170.book Page 28 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–28 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS Table B-5.2.5 Basic Symbol Shapes and Relative Sizes (Continued) General Referent Relative Size† Shape 5/ Valve 1/ Check valve 32 in high in high (with arrow) Tamper detector 5/ 32 Heat detector 0.05 in dia 5/ 32 Flow detector Comments in dia in square †Relative is emphasized since it is not the intent here to specify actual dimensions For comparisons, this column lists the sizes of the symbols presented here B-5.2.6 The NFPA Committee on Fire Safety Symbols was able to identify a set of shapes for symbols to be used on fire protection drawings and diagrams (see Table B-5.2.5) The shapes were selected through a reconciliation of the symbols presented in former NFPA 172 (now incorporated into Chapter 5), the general shapes being drafted by ISO and, where existent, the common practice in North America Thus, the family of shapes represents a compromise, with the major objective of developing a common language to improve future communication among users of fire protection diagrams worldwide Appendix C Symbols for Life Safety Planning This appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only C-1 The following symbols are presented for use in developing plans showing life safety related components Other features that can be indicated include wall rating (see 5-3.3.1), emergency lighting (see 5-6.1), and so forth C-1.1 Egress Component Identifier B-5.3 Use of Color Coding B-5.3.1 General The use of color coding to indicate various types of building construction is recommended and can be justified Where used, color coding should be in conformity with this appendix to maximize communication Where color coding is not used, it is necessary to rely on printed detail E: _ _ Comments: Specify egress component EX# = Exit number B-5.3.2 Table B-5.3.2 presents a recommended system for color coding HE = Horizontal exit Table B-5.3.2 Color Coding of Construction Types CP = Common path of travel Construction Type† Fire resistive (Type 1) Noncombustible/limited combustible (Type II) Heavy timber and ordinary (Type III and IV) Wood frame (Type V) †See Color Light brown Gray (brown border if masonry walls) Pink PD = Public discharge RD = Room number ES = Escape C-1.2 Egress Component Capacity < > Yellow NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction 1999 Edition EP = Exit passageway Comments: Specify allowable number of persons through egress component (e.g., < 25 >) 170.book Page 29 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–29 APPENDIX C C-1.3 Governing Component Capacity (6) 1/ -hour fire-rated, smoke-resistant > S Comments: Specify maximum capacity of the egress path C-1.4 Travel Distance (7) 3/ -hour fire-rated (8) 3/ -hour fire-rated, smoke-resistant > Comments: Left side: Distance to egress component Right side: Egress component identifier C-1.5 Occupancy Capacity S Comments: Top: Specify capacity Bottom left: Specify occupant load factor Bottom right: Specify area ft2 (m2) (9) 1-hour fire-rated, smoke-resistant C-1.6 Fire Door (10) 1-hour fire-rated, smoke-resistant S (1) Non-rated (11) 11/2-hour fire-rated (2) Non-rated smoke-resistant (12) 11/2-hour fire-rated, smoke-resistant S S (3) 20-minute fire-rated (13) 2-hour fire-rated (4) 20-minute fire-rated, smoke-resistant (14) 2-hour fire-rated, smoke-resistant S (5) 1/ -hour fire-rated S (15) 3-hour fire-rated 1999 Edition 170.book Page 30 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–30 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS (16) 3-hour fire-rated, smoke-resistant S E-1.3 FMRC Publications Factory Mutual Research Corporation, 1151 Boston-Providence Turnpike, Norwood, MA 02061 Factory Mutual Engineering Association, “Insurance Plan Manual,” 1978 Factory Mutual Insurance Co., “Graphic Symbols.” E-1.4 IEC Publication International Electrotechnical Commission, rue de Varembé, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland C-1.7 Exit IEC, Pub 117-3, Graphical Symbols, 1977 Comments: Wide, black, solid line C-1.8 Exit Access “The Insurance Plan,” 1968 Comments: Wide, black, dashed line C-1.9 Exit Discharge Comments: Wide, black, short, dashed line Appendix D Referenced Publications D-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard for informational purposes only and are thus not considered part of the requirements of this standard unless also listed in Chapter The edition indicated here for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this standard D-1.1 NFPA Publications National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, P.O Box 9101, Quincy, MA 022699101 NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, 1999 edition NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, 1996 edition D-1.2 ANSI Publication American National Standards Institute, Inc., 11 West 42nd Street, 13th floor, New York, NY 10036 ANSI A117.1, Specifications for Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to and Usable by Physically Handicapped People Appendix E Informatory Publications E-1 This appendix lists publications that are for informational purposes only E-1.1 NFPA Publications National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, P.O Box 9101, Quincy, MA 022699101 Fire Protection Handbook, 18th edition, 1997 Inspection Manual, 7th edition, 1997 National Fire Codes®, 1999 E-1.2 ANSI Publications American National Standards Institute, Inc., 11 West 42nd Street, 13th floor, New York, NY 10036 ANSI Z535.1, Safety Color Code, 1998 ANSI Z535.4, Production Safety Signs and Labels, 1998 1999 Edition E-1.5 IRI Information Publication Industrial Risk Insurers, 85 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT 06102 E-1.6 ISO Publications International Organization for Standardization, rue de Varembé, Case Postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland ISO 3461-1976(E), General Principles for the Creation of Graphical Symbols, 1998 ISO/TC21/SC1/N18, Working Draft — Graphical Symbols for Fire Protection Plans ISO/TC21/SC1 30E, Proposal for Graphic Symbols ISO/TC21/SC1/WG1-N27, Graphical Symbols for Components of Automatic Fire Detection Systems E-1.7 NEMA Publication National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 N 17th Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209 NEMA Standard Pub No SB 1.1, Symbols for Signaling, Protection and Communications Equipment, 1969 E-1.8 Additional Publications Aetna Casualty and Life Company, Plan Symbols, Hartford, CT, 1969 American Institute of Architects, “A J Working Drawings Handbook — Technical Study 9,” The Architects’ Journal, May, 1977 American National Standards Institute (ANSI Y32.2-1975), Canadian Standards Association (CSA Z99-1975), Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE 315-1975), Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (adopted for mandatory use October 31, 1975 by Department of Defense, United States of America) American Telephone and Telegraph Company, “Firesafety Symbols,” Basking Ridge, NJ American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Proposed Bell System Practice 760-220-152, “Building Planning,” Basking Ridge, NJ, 1977 Atwell, Vogel & Sterling, Inc., “NFPA Diagram Symbols” (Template), 1976 Baltimore Fire Department Manual of Procedure, “Prefire Planning Sketches,” Baltimore, MD, 1974 Brand-Verhutungs-Dienst, “Symbols for Fire Protection Plans,” Zurich, Switzerland, 1976 British Standards Institute, “Graphic Symbols and Abbreviations for Fire Protection Drawings,” B S 1635, London, England, 1970 Brown & Root, Inc., “Firesafety Symbols,” Houston, TX, 1978 Canadian Standards Association, Building Drawings, First Draft C.S.A B78.3-M, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada, 1977 Collins, B L., The Development and Evaluation of Effective Symbol Signs, National Bureau of Standards, Building Science Series, BSS 141, May 1982 170.book Page 31 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM APPENDIX E Collins, B L., Use of Hazard Pictorials/Symbols in the Minerals Industry, National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 83-2732, March 1983 Collins, B L and Lerner, N D., An Evaluation of Exit Symbol Visibility, National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 83-2675, March 1983 Collins, B L and Lerner, N D., “Assessment of Fire Safety Symbols,” Human Factors, 1982, Vol 24, pp 75-84 Collins, B L and Pierman, P C., Evaluation of Safety Symbols, NBSIR 79-1760, U.S Department of Commerce, 1979 Collins, B L., Lerner, N D., and Pierman, B C., Symbols for Industrial Safety, National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 822485, April 1982 Construction Publishing Co., Inc., “Electrical Estimating Handbook,” 1975 Dreyfuss, H., “Case Study: Symbols for Industrial Use” in G Kepes (ed.) Sign, Image and Symbol, New York: George Braziller, 1966, pp 126-133 Dreyfuss, H., Symbol Sourcebook, An Authoritative Guide to International Graphic Symbols, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972 Dutch Standard N.E.N 1413, the Netherlands, “Symbols for Protection Against Fire on Building Drawings,” Antwerp, Belgium, 1974 Easterby, R S and Swaga, H I G., Evaluation of Public Information Symbols, ISO Tests: 1975 Series, AP Report 60, March 1976 Fred S James & Co., “Map Symbols,” Chicago, IL Freedman, M and Berkowitz, M S., Preliminary Report on Laboratory and Pilot Field Testing: Testing Criteria and Techniques of Evaluation for Passenger/Pedestrian Oriented Symbols for Use in Transportation Related Facilities, DOT-OS-60071, FIRL No C4448, January 1977 Fremont, California Fire Department, “Fire Marshal’s Office Standard Plan Symbols,” Fremont, California Grinnell Fire Protection Systems Company, Inc., “Graphical Standards.” Illinois Bell Telephone, “Fire Safety Symbols,” Chicago, IL Improved Risk Mutuals, “Firemen’s Manual,” White Plains, NY Improved Risk Mutuals, “Protection Symbols.” Improved Risk Mutuals, “Standard Abbreviations, Symbols, and Colors for Use on Insurance Plans,” White Plains, NY Insurance Services Office, “Standard Plan Symbols,” Chicago, IL, 1956 Insurers’ Advisory Organization of Canada, “Standard Key of Signs,” Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1977 170–31 International Fire Service Training Association, “Fire Prevention and Inspection Practices,” No 110, 4th edition, Tulsa, OK International Fire Service Training Association, “Fire Problems in High Rise Buildings,” Tulsa, OK Johnson Controls, Inc., “Abbreviations and Symbols,” Milwaukee, WI Kolers, P A., “Some Formal Characteristics of Pictograms,” American Scientist, Vol 57, No 3, 1969, pp 348-363 Massachusetts Fire Alarms,“Fire Safety Symbols,” Lowell, MA Mead, M and Modley, R., “Communication Among All People, Everywhere,” Natural History, Vol 77, No 7, 1968, pp 56-63 Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, “Building Symbols,” 1978 Modley, R., “Graphic Symbols for World-Wide Communication,” in G Krepes (ed.) Sign, Image and Symbol, New York: George Braziller, 1966, pp 108-125 Modley, R and Myers, W R., Handbook of Pictorial Symbols, New York: Dover Publications, 1976 Nashville, Tennessee Metropolitan Fire Dept., “Building Symbols,” Nashville, TN National Automatic Sprinkler and Fire Control Association, Inc., “Symbol Standards.” New Zealand Standard Association, “Building Drawing Practice—Engineering Services Maintenance and Fire Control Drawings” (proposed Part V of N.Z.S 5902), Wellington, New Zealand Oklahoma State University, “OSU Safety Department Fire Alarm Symbols,” OK Phenix Technology, Inc., “Fire Pre-Planning Symbols.” Pyrotronics, Inc., “Fire Alarm Symbols,” Cedar Knolls, NJ Salem, Massachusetts Fire Department, “Fire Alarm Symbols,” Salem, MA Santa Clara County, Procedures Manual, “F.M.O Standard Plan Symbols,” Santa Clara County, CA, 1973 Signal Communications, Inc., “Fire Alarm Symbols.” Swiss Standard, “Symbols for Fire Protection Plans,” November, 1977 Taft Fire Control District, “Standard Prefire Plan Symbols,” Taft, FL Texas Eastman Company, “Symbols for Fire Protection Drawings,” Longview, TX University of Maryland, “Firemen’s Training Course,” Section II — Advanced, College Park, MD 1999 Edition 170.book Page 32 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–32 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS Index 1999 National Fire Protection Association All Rights Reserved The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document that it indexes The licensing provisions set forth for the document are not applicable to this index This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written permission of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc -AAboveground tanks 5-3.6.4 Access, fire department Drawing and diagram symbols 5-2.7 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-2.1 Air-conditioning equipment rooms 6-5.1 Alarms, fire Drawing and diagram symbols 5-7 Manual see Manual alarms Pre-incident planning sketch symbols .6-2.2.1 to 6-2.2.3 Approved (definition) 2-1, A-2-1 Architectural drawings, symbols for see Drawings and diagrams, symbols for Arrows, directional 4-2.11 to 4-2.12, A-5-1.4(2) Authority having jurisdiction (definition) 2-1, A-2-1 -BBoiler rooms 6-5.6 Boilers 5-3.6.1 Building construction, symbols for 5-3, A-5-3 Buildings, symbols for 5-2.1, A-5-2.1.2 -CCampfires prohibition 3-2.10 Child care center 4-2.13 Chimneys 5-3.6.2 Compressed natural gas shutoff 6-2.4.3.1.3 Connections, fire department see Fire department connections Construction, building, symbols for 5-3, A-5-3 Control devices, sprinkler system 5-8.3 Control panels 5-5, Table B-5.2.5 Cooking prohibition 3-2.12 Cross-sections 5-3.5, A-5-3.3.1 to A-5-3.5 -DDefinitions Chap 2, A-2 Detection equipment and systems Drawing and diagram symbols 5-7, Table B-5.2.5 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-3 Diagrams see also Drawings and diagrams, symbols for Preparation and contents A-5-1.4 Directional arrows 4-2.11 to 4-2.12, A-5-1.4(2) Door holders 5-7.3.1 Doors, fire 5-3.4.2 to 5-3.4.3, C-1.6 Drawings and diagrams, symbols for Chap 5, A-5 Alarms, fire 5-7 Application 5-1.3, A-5-1.3 Building construction 5-3, A-5-3 Color coding, use of B-5.3 Control panels 5-5 Descriptions of symbols 5-2 to 5-12 Detection equipment 5-7 Development B-5.2 Extinguishers, portable fire 5-9 Extinguishing systems 5-8 Fire-fighting equipment 5-10 Means of egress 5-6 Miscellaneous 5-12 Orientation 5-1.4.4, A-5-1.4.4 Presentation 5-1.4, A-5-1.4 1999 Edition Scale 5-1.4.3, A-5-1.4(3) Screened lines 5-1.4.2 Selection procedure B-5.1 Shapes 5-1.4.1, A-5-1.4.1, B-5-2.4 to B-5.2.6 Site features 5-2, A-5-2.1.2 to A-5-2.5.2 Sizes, relative Table B-5.2.5 Smoke/pressurization control 5-11 Sprinkler 5-8.2 Testing B-5.2.1 Uniformity in use of 5-1.2, A-5-1.2 Water supply and distribution 5-4 Dry chemical extinguishing systems 5-8.1.2, 6-3.8 Dry chemical portable fire extinguishers 5-9.4 -EEgress, means of see Means of egress Electric panel or electric shutoff 4-2.7, 6-2.4.1 Electrical/transformer rooms 6-5.7 Elevators Building construction symbols 5-3.4.4 to 5-3.4.5 Equipment rooms 6-5.2 Prohibition of use 3-2.8 Engineering drawings, symbols for see Drawings and diagrams, symbols for Equipment rooms 6-5 Escalators 5-3.4.7 Exits Drawing and diagram symbols 5-3.6.3, 5-6 General use symbols 3-2.1 to 3-2.8 Symbols for C-1.7 to C-1.9 Extinguishers, portable fire Drawing and diagram symbols 5-9, Table B-5.2.5 Fire service symbols 4-2.10 Extinguishing agents Table B-5.2.5 Storage containers 5-12.1 Extinguishing systems Drawing and diagram symbols 5-8, A-5-8, Table B-5.2.5 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-3 -FFences 5-2.5, A-5-2.5.2 Fire department access .see Access, fire department Fire department connections Drawing diagram symbols 5-4.5 Fire service use symbols 4-2.1 to 4-2.4 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-4.9 Fire doors 5-3.4.2 to 5-3.4.3, C-1.6 Fire escapes 5-3.6.3 Fire-fighting equipment .5-10, Table B-5.2.5 Fire-fighting hoses 4-2.9 Fire hydrants see Hydrants Fire pumps 5-4.6, 6-4.6 Fire risk diagrams see Risk analysis drawings Fire service use, symbols for .Chap 4, A-4 Background 4-1.3.2 Color 4-1.2.3, 4-1.3.2.2, 4-1.3.3 Descriptions of symbols 4-2 Fundamental imagery 4-1.2.3, A-4-1.2.3 Orientation 4-1.3.4 Presentation 4-1.3, A-4-1.3 Shapes 4-1.2.3, 4-1.3.1, 4-1.3.2.1, A-4-1.3.1, B-4.2 Testing B-4.1 170.book Page 33 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–33 INDEX Uniformity in use of 4-1.2 Use of A-4-2 Flame detectors 5-7.1.2.5 Floor assemblies 5-3.5.1 Floor openings 5-3.4 Fusible links 5-12.3, A-5-12.3.1 Measurement, units of 1-3 Meters 5-4.3 -G- -O- Gas detectors 5-7.1.2.4, A-5-7.1.2.4 Gas shutoff 6-2.4.3 Gas shutoff valves 4-2.8 Gaseous mediums, systems utilizing 5-8.1.3 General use, symbols for Chap 3, A-3 Color 3-1.2.3, 3-1.3.3 Descriptions of symbols 3-2 Fundamental imagery 3-1.2.3, A-3-1.2.3 Presentation 3-1.3, A-3-1.3 Shape 3-1.2.3, 3-1.3.2 Testing B-3.1 Uniformity in use of 3-1.2 Use of A-3-2 Generator rooms, emergency 6-5.3 Openings (floor, wall, roof) 5-3.4 -NNatural gas shutoff 6-2.4.3.1.2 -P- Hangers, sprinkler pipe 5-8.3 Hazardous materials, identification of 6-6 Heat detectors Drawings and diagrams, symbols for 5-7.1.2.1, A-5-7.1.2.1, Table B-5.2.5 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-3.2 Height (building), symbols for 5-3.2, A-5-3.2 Hoistways, open 5-3.4.6 Hose cabinets or connections 6-4.4 Hoses, fire fighting 4-2.9 Hydrants Drawing and diagram symbols 5-4.4, A-5-4.4 Fire service use symbols 4-2.5, A-4-2.5 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-4.5, 6-4.8 Parapets 5-3.3.2, A-5-3.3.2 Piping, sprinkler system 5-8.3 Pre-incident planning (definition) 2-2 Pre-incident planning sketches, symbols for Chap 6, A-6 Access features 6-2.1 Application 6-1.3 Assessment features 6-2.2 Detection/extinguishing equipment 6-3 Equipment rooms 6-5 Hazardous materials, identification of 6-6 Shapes 6-1.4, A-6-1.4 Uniformity in use of 6-1.2 Utility shutoffs 6-2.4 Ventilation features 6-2.3 Water flow control valves and water sources 6-4 Pressurization control 5-11 Pressurization panel 6-2.2.4 Prohibition symbols 3-1.3.2, A-3-1.3.2 Orientation 3-1.3.1 Types 3-2.5, 3-2.8 to 3-2.10, 3-2.12 Property lines 5-2.6 Pump rooms 6-5.4 Pumps, fire Drawing and diagram symbols 5-4.6 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-4.6 Purpose of standard 1-2 -I- -R- Indicating appliances 5-7.2 Informatory publications App E Insurance diagrams, symbols for see Drawings and diagrams, symbols for International System of Units (SI) 1-3 Railroad tracks 5-2.2 Referenced publications Chap 7, App D Referent (definition) 2-2, A-2-2 Refuge, area of 3-2.13 Risk analysis drawings see also Drawings and diagrams, symbols for Symbols used for A-5-3.3.1 to A-5-3.5 Roof assemblies 5-3.5.1 Roof openings 5-3.4 -H- -LLabeled (definition) 2-1 Life safety planning symbols A-5-3.3.1 to A-5-3.3.2, App C Lights Emergency 5-6 Indicating 5-7.2.4 to 5-7.2.5 Listed (definition) 2-1, A-2-1 Loss analysis diagrams see Drawings and diagrams, symbols for LP-Gas shutoff 6-2.4.3.1.1 -MMains, pipe 5-4.1 Manual alarms Drawing and diagram symbols 5-7.1.1, A-5-7.1.1, Table B-5.2.5 General use symbols 3-2.11 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-3.5 Means of egress see also Exits Drawing and diagram symbols 5-6 Life safety planning symbols C-1 -SScope of standard 1-1 Screen/strainer 5-4.7 Self-luminous A-3-1.3, A-4-1.3 Definition 2-2 Shall (definition) 2-1 Should (definition) 2-1 Shutoff valves, gas 4-2.8 Shutoffs, utility 4-2.7 to 4-2.8, 6-2.4 Siamese fire department connections Drawing and diagram symbols 5-4.5.1 to 5-4.5.2 Fire service use symbols 4-2.1 Skylights 5-3.4.11, 6-2.3.1 Smoke control Drawing and diagram symbols 5-11 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-2.2.4 1999 Edition 170.book Page 34 Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:21 AM 170–34 FIRE SAFETY SYMBOLS Smoke detectors Drawing and diagram symbols 5-7.1.2.2 to 5-7.1.2.3, A-5-7.1.2.3 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-3.3, 6-3.13 Smoke vents 6-2.3.2 Smoking prohibition 3-2.9 Spray nozzles, special 5-12.2 Sprinkler systems Drawing and diagram symbols 5-8.1.4, 5-8.2 to 5-8.3 Fire service use symbols 4-2.1 to 4-2.2, 4-2.4, 4-2.6 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-2.2.5, 6-4.1 to 6-4.3 Stairs Building construction symbols 5-3.4.8 to 5-3.4.10 Use in case of fire, symbols for 3-2.6 to 3-2.7 Standpipes Fire department connections 4-2.3 to 4-2.4 Outlets 4-2.9 Streets 5-2.3, A-5-2.3 Supplementary indicators (definition) 2-2, A-2-2 Symbols (definition) 2-2, A-2-2 -TTanks Drawing and diagram symbols 5-3.6.4 to 5-3.6.5 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-4.11 Telephone equipment rooms 6-5.5 Testing Drawing and diagram symbols .B-5.2.1 Fire service use symbols B-4.1 General use symbols B-3.1 Transformer rooms 6-5.7 1999 Edition -UUnderground tanks 5-3.6.5 Utility shutoffs 4-2.7, 6-2.4 -VValves Table B-5.2.5 Drawing and diagram symbols 5-4.2 Gas shutoff 4-2.8 Solenoid 5-12.4 Sprinkler control 4-2.6 Sprinkler system 5-8.3 Water flow control 6-4.1 to 6-4.3 Ventilation features 5-11.5, 6-2.3 Vents, smoke 6-2.3.2 -WWall openings 5-3.4 Walls 5-3.3.1, A-5-3.3.1 Water, bodies of 5-2.4, A-5-2.4 Water flow control valves 6-4.1 to 6-4.3 Water flow detectors/alarms Drawing and diagram symbols 5-7.1.2.6, 5-7.2.3, Table B-5.2.5 Pre-incident planning sketch symbols 6-2.2.5, 6-3.4 Water shutoff 6-2.4.2 Water supply and distribution 5-4, 6-4, Table B-5.2.5 Water tanks 6-4.11 Water-based extinguishing systems 5-8.1.1 Cou/W Symbols for Chapter of NFPA 170, 1999 Edition (See reverse side for Chapter symbols.) * * Emergency Exit Use Stairs in Case of Fire * ** ** Use Stairs in Case of Fire Accessible Emergency Exit Route Emergency Exit Route * * No Smoking Not an Exit Accessible Emergency Exit * Image can be green or black ** Arrow can be green or black Do Not Use Elevator in Case of Fire No Campfires Symbols for Chapter of NFPA 170, 1999 Edition Fire Department Automatic Sprinkler Connection — Siamese Fire Hydrant (All Types) Fire-Fighting Hose or Standpipe Outlet Fire Department Automatic Sprinkler Connection — Single Automatic Sprinkler Control Valve Fire Extinguisher * Fire Department Standpipe Connection Electric Panel or Electric Shutoff Directional Arrow G Fire Department Combined Automatic Sprinkler/Standpipe Connection * Background can be red or blue Gas Shutoff Valve Child Care Center