AS 1940 1993 the storage and handling of flammable and combu

Title AS 1940-1993 The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids Licensee Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Conditions of use This is a licensed electronic copy of a document where copyright is owned or managed by Standards Australia International Your licence is a single user licence and the document may not be stored, transferred or otherwise distributed on a network You may also make one paper copy of this document if required Web Check-up Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited AS 1940—1993 Australian StandardR The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/17, Flammable Combustible Liquids It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 18 August 1993 and published on 11 October 1993 The following interests are represented on Committee ME/17: Association of Australian Port and Marine Authorities Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Fire Authorities Council Australian Institute of Petroleum Australian Paint Manufacturers Federation Australian Steel Underground Tank Technical Association Department of Defence, Australia Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited Department of Housing and Local Government, Qld Department of Labour, S.A Occupational Health and Safety Authority, Vic Department of Mines, Western Australia Department of Mines, Tas Department of Urban Services, A.C.T Insurance Council of Australia Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia Railways of Australia Committee The WorkCover Authority, N.S.W United Trades and Labor Council of South Australia Review of Australian Standards To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are welcomed Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 91129 AS 1940—1993 Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited Australian StandardR The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids First published as part of AS CB5—1942 Second edition 1957 Third edition 1969 Rivised and redesignated in part as AS 1940—1976 Second edition 1982 Third edition 1988 Fourth edition 1993 PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 ISBN 7262 8545 PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Flammable and Combustible Liquids to supersede AS 1940—1988 This new edition is the result of a comprehensive review of the Standard from cover to cover Aside from minor editorial changes and clarifications of intent, the principal areas of change from the previous edition are as follows: (a) The overall structure of the Standard has been changed slightly by the rearrangement of the Sections Certain requirements are common to various types of installation, i.e package stores, tank depots, service stations and the like Some of these had been grouped in Section where they often went unnoticed, while others were scattered repetitively through the various Sections To rationalize, a new Section has been introduced Substantial rearrangements and the consolidation of the general requirements of Sections 7, 8, and are described later in this Preface Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (b) The scope, and particularly the exclusions, have been adjusted in detail The exclusion of processing plant remains under debate Obviously major refining process plant has no place in this Standard, being designed under specific controls Industrial processes that consume or use flammables under less expert control, while technically subject to analysis of hazardous zones, are to be a subject for future consideration (c) The definitions of classes of flammable or combustible liquids have been reviewed in detail The decimal numerical system of subdividing Class liquids could not be retained, because of difficulties in achieving alignment with national and international classification systems Some thought was given to returning to the original A, B, C and D system on the grounds of simplicity and independence, but the ultimate decision was to align the flammable classes with the packaging–group system of the Australian Dangerous Goods Code Since combustible liquids are not part of that system, they have an independent class identification, but this has advantages in that it becomes easier to highlight the lower level of hazards and to make special provisions for them (d) The definitions of liquids and of manufactured products have been altered to cater more clearly for viscous liquids and pastes (e) All previous editions have made a distinction between protected works, which are mainly off–site uninvolved buildings, and those on–site facilities which include offices, workshops and the like associated with the activity To minimize misunderstanding, the distinction has been clarified by the use of two specifically–defined terms, i.e ‘protected works’, and ‘on–site facilities’ (f) Minor storage has been thoroughly reviewed, and the quantities in Table 2.1 have been adjusted substantially In addition, manufactured products are treated as a separate class of goods (g) Section has been totally rewritten Much of this exercise has been editorial, i.e an attempt to express more clearly the principles already established However, there are a number of changes to detail, and illustrations have been introduced to clarify the intent of separation distances (h) The control of access, general site security and the provision of warning and exclusion notices, have been refined, with some attention being given to the distinction between the restriction of the public on one hand and the control of one’s own staff activities on the other As a consequence, security fences feature prominently in separation distance considerations (i) A very large number of adjustments have been made throughout the Section on tank installations to such things as height of firewalls, capacity of compounds, sub–divisions within compounds, drainage, and the use of tank chambers Of particular note, previous editions had permitted a reduction of the catchment volume of a compound where only combustible liquids were stored This concession has been withdrawn, so that all liquids, even those of low combustibility, require full bunding (j) Section 7, Systems for Piping, Valves, Pumps and Tank Heating has been modernized and now incorporates a former separate Section that dealt with the heating of liquids, and which has been substantially trimmed of redundancies (k) Section now deals with the loading of flammable liquids into tankers, a subject which was not treated in sufficient detail in previous editions (l) Section 9, Operations, has been totally restructured following a review of basic philosophy which has led to a fresh approach Procedures are seen as the key to all operations; it is essential to formulate them, to promulgate them, to train to them, to enforce and police them, and finally to ensure that they are kept up–to–date (m) The Fire Protection Section has been significantly revised It is foreshadowed that the next revision of this Standard will— (i) broaden the coverage to include potable liquids in containers over 20 L and with a strength exceeding 24% V/V ethanol Organizations planning construction or expansion activities should take due cognizance of this proposal; (ii) increase the water supply duration of Clause 10.11.7 for cooling and hydrant water from 1.5 to h; and Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (iii) consider limitations on tank farm layouts, including cluster tanks, to two rows from an access road This Standard, as amended from time to time, reflects changes in technology, and incorporates improvements which are derived from operational experience and the lessons of accidents and near misses It also reflects control philosophies which have evolved and been proven in the intervening period since the last edition Users of this Standard should recognize that it represents a significant improvement in loss control over past editions and is intended to be applied in its entirety to new facilities built after the Standard’s publication date The Committee encourages users of this Standard to critically reassess their sites, equipment and procedures whenever a new edition is published and supports initiatives by users to adopt and implement those parts which are practicable and which can improve overall site safety The Committee does not suggest that any of the provisions of this Standard are retrospective; however, users should check with the relevant statutory authority where this Standard has been adopted through legislation The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which they apply A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance E Copyright — STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively in–house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment provided such programs are used exclusively in–house by the creators of the programs Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or revised The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time CONTENTS Page SECTION SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE 1.2 APPLICATION 1.3 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS 1.4 INTERPRETATIONS 1.5 CLASSIFICATION 1.6 EXCLUSIONS 1.7 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 1.8 DEFINITIONS 7 Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited SECTION MINOR STORAGE 2.1 APPLICATION 14 2.2 PRECAUTIONS 14 2.3 STORAGE ON OPEN LAND 15 2.4 TANKS 15 SECTION GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION 18 3.2 GENERAL DESIGN 18 3.3 FIREWALLS AND VAPOUR BARRIERS 21 3.4 SECURITY, SIGNS AND NOTICES 21 SECTION PACKAGE STORAGE AND HANDLING AREAS 4.1 APPLICATION 23 4.2 LOCATION AND SEPARATION DISTANCES 23 4.3 CONSTRUCTION 24 4.4 VENTILATION 29 4.5 STORAGE CABINETS 31 SECTION STORAGE IN TANKS 5.1 APPLICATION 32 5.2 GENERAL 33 5.3 STORAGE TANK FILL POINTS 33 5.4 TANK VEHICLE LOADING AREA 34 5.5 VENTING 34 5.6 EMERGENCY VENTING 37 5.7 LOCATION AND CAPACITY OF INDOOR TANKS 38 5.8 SEPARATION OF ABOVE–GROUND TANKS 39 5.9 BUNDS AND COMPOUNDS 41 5.10 INSTALLATION METHODS FOR ABOVE–GROUND TANKS 44 5.11 INSTALLATION METHODS FOR UNDERGROUND TANKS 44 5.12 INSTALLATION METHODS IN TANK CHAMBERS 45 5.13 SERVICE TANKS 46 Page SECTION FUEL DISPENSING 6.1 SCOPE OF SECTION 48 6.2 GENERAL 48 6.3 DISPENSERS 48 6.4 DELIVERY HOSE AND NOZZLE 50 6.5 MARINE DISPENSERS 50 6.6 OPERATIONS 51 SECTION SYSTEMS FOR PIPING, VALVES, PUMPS AND TANK HEATING 7.1 GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 53 7.2 PIPING 53 7.3 VALVES 54 7.4 PUMPS 55 7.5 HEATING OF LIQUIDS 55 Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited SECTION TANK VEHICLE LOADING FACILITIES 8.1 APPLICATION 57 8.2 GENERAL 57 8.3 TOP–FILLING INSTALLATIONS 59 8.4 BOTTOM LOADING 59 SECTION OPERATIONS 9.1 SCOPE OF SECTION 61 9.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF PROCEDURES 61 9.3 TRAINING OF PERSONNEL 63 9.4 WORK ACTIVITIES AND SUPERVISION 64 9.5 COMPLIANCE WITH PROCEDURES 64 9.6 RECORDS 64 9.7 SPECIFIC OPERATING PROCEDURES 64 9.8 SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES 69 SECTION 10 FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES 10.1 APPLICATION 76 10.2 GENERAL 76 10.3 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 78 10.4 HOSE REELS 79 10.5 PRODUCT PUMPS, MANIFOLDS AND HOSE CONNECTION POINTS 79 10.6 PACKAGE STORAGE AND HANDLING AREAS 79 10.7 FUEL–DISPENSING INSTALLATIONS 81 10.8 TANKS UNDERGROUND OR IN CHAMBERS 81 10.9 ABOVE–GROUND TANK STORAGE—AGGREGATE CAPACITY LESS THAN 60 m3 81 10.10 ABOVE–GROUND TANK STORAGE—AGGREGATE CAPACITY 60 m3 TO 2000 m3 82 10.11 ABOVE–GROUND TANK STORAGE—AGGREGATE CAPACITY 2000 m3 AND OVER 83 Page 10.12 PIPING AND PUMPING SYSTEMS 86 10.13 FIXED FOAM SYSTEMS FOR TANKS 87 10.14 COOLING WATER 90 10.15 TANK VEHICLE TRANSFER LOCATIONS 90 Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited APPENDICES A ADG CODE INFORMATION 92 B LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 94 C POWER STATION AND GRID TRANSFORMERS 97 D TANK VENTING 98 E FIRE EXPOSURE PROTECTION 102 F COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS 106 G GAS–FREEING PRECAUTIONS AND PRINCIPLES 108 AS 1940—1993 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids S E C T I O N S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited 1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements for the design, construction and operation of installations for the storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids in locations that are generally industrial, commercial or rural in nature It includes matters relating to operations and management of emergencies 1.2 APPLICATION This Standard applies to the storage and handling of liquids which are listed as Dangerous Goods Class 3, Flammable Liquids, in the Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail (ADG Code) It applies equally to Class liquids which have a subsidiary risk assigned and it also applies to substances of other classes which possess a subsidiary flammable liquid risk Flammable liquids are defined in Clause 1.8.29.1 NOTE: Further details based on the 5th Edition of the ADG Code are provided in Appendix A It also applies to combustible liquids which are liquids at the temperature at which they are stored (see Clause 1.8.29) and meet the criteria given in Clause 1.8.29.2 It also applies to a combustible liquid which is a dangerous good of another class as given in the ADG Code In the event of contradictory requirements existing between the Standard, the Code or any other Standard the more onerous requirements shall apply A combustible liquid that is heated and kept above its flashpoint shall be treated as being a PG liquid This Standard is written from a viewpoint of commonly used flammable and combustible liquids of the hydrocarbon or industrial solvent range For storage and handling facilities for dangerous goods of another class that are flammable (have a subsidiary flammable liquid risk), this Standard is relevant to the flammability aspects It is necessary to keep in mind that some flammable or combustible liquids may have other physical or chemical attributes that may need additional precautions and design considerations, such as, but not limited to — (a) being polymerizable liquids; (b) needing inert gas blankets; or (c) being heated liquids 1.2.1 Relationship with regulations This Standard is intended to provide technical requirements for implementation by reference in statutory regulations NOTE: It should be noted that an installation may come under the jurisdiction of several authorities with differing areas of responsibility, and that an approval from one does not necessarily constitute an approval from others Thus the construction and operation of any plant may require separate approvals from authorities interested in flammable and combustible liquids, factory or machinery safety, fire safety, electricity, gas, health, environment, water supply, sewerage and drainage, or the training and licensing of personnel COPYRIGHT Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited 95 AS 1940—1993 AS 1905 1905.1 Components for the protection of openings in fire-resistant walls Part 1: Fire-resistant doorsets 1915 Electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres—Battery-operated vehicles 2106 Methods for the determination of the flashpoint of flammable liquids (closed cup) 2118 SAA Code of Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems 2129 Flanges for pipes, valves and fittings 2275 Combustible gas detection instruments for use in explosive atmospheres 2359 SAA Industrial Trucks Code 2419 2419.1 Fire hydrant installations Part 1: System design, installation and commissioning 2430 2430.3 Classification of hazardous areas Part 3: Specific occupancies 2441 Installation of fire hose reels 2444 Portable fire extinguishers—Selection and location 2452 2452.3 Non-destructive testing—Determination of thickness Part 3: Use of ultrasonic testing 2634 Chemical plant equipment made from glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) based on thermosetting resins 2683 Hose and hose assemblies for distribution of petroleum and petroleum products (excepting LPG) 2700 Colour standards for general purposes 2809 2809.2 Road tank vehicles for dangerous goods Part 2: Tankers for flammable liquids 2832 2832.1 2832.2 Guide to the cathodic protection of metals Part 1: Pipes cables and ducts Part 2: Compact buried structures 2865 Safe working in a confined space 2906 Fuel containers—Portable—Plastics and metal 2941 Fixed fire protection installations—Pumpset systems 3000 SAA Wiring Rules 3584 Diesel engine systems for underground coal mines 3600 Concrete structures 3664 Road/rail tankers—Transfer connectors for flammable and combustible liquids 3689 3689.1 Automatic fire extinguishing systems using halogenated hydrocarbons Part 1: Halon 1301 total flooding systems 3900 3900.1 Quality management and quality assurance standards Part 1: Guidelines for selection and use 3961 Liquefied natural gas — Storage and handling 4100 Steel structures AAPMA (Association of Australian Port and Marine Authorities) Tanker Terminal Fire Fighting Resource Guidelines COPYRIGHT AS 1940—1993 96 AIP (Australian Institute of Petroleum) CP4 Code of Practice for Design, Installation and Operation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems CP5 Pipeline identification CP6 Code of Practice for Vehicle Bottom Loading and Vapour Recovery CP8 Precautions Against Electrostatic Ignition During Tank Vehicle Loading CP16 Inspection and Integrity Monitoring of Large Steel Vertical Petroleum Storage Tanks API (American Petroleum Institute) 607 Fire Test for Soft-seated Quarter-turn Valves 620 Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-pressure Storage Tanks 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks (Non-refrigerated and Refrigerated) 6FA Specification for Fire Test for Valves ASTM D92 D4359 Test method for flash and fire points by Cleveland Open Cup Test method for determining whether a material is a liquid or a solid Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited ACTDG (Advisory Committee on the Transport of Dangerous Goods) ADG Code Australian code for the transport of dangerous goods by road and rail AUBRCC (Australian Uniform Building Regulations Co-ordinating Council) Building code of Australia BS 6755 6755.2 Testing of valves Part 2: Specification for fire type-testing requirements IP 36/84 Standard method of test for flash and fire points by Cleveland open cup ISO 2137 2431 Petroleum products — Lubrication grease and petrolatum — Determination of cone penetration Paints and varnishes — Determination of flow time by use of flow cups NFPA 11 11A 11C 12 12B 17 325M Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems Medium- and High-expansion Foam Systems Mobile Foam Apparatus Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing Systems Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids UN ECE/TRANS/80 (Vol 1) (ADR) International carriage of dangerous goods by road (ADR) COPYRIGHT 97 AS 1940—1993 APPENDIX C POWER STATION AND GRID TRANSFORMERS (Informative) This Standard relates specifically to storage systems and does not apply generally to electrical equipment which in normal operation uses combustible mineral oil as an insulating and cooling medium However, the requirements of the Standard regarding containment of liquid spills apply in principle, since large volumes of oil can be involved Accordingly, electrical equipment filled with combustible oil shall comply generally with the requirements of Clause 5.9, Bunds and Compounds, amended as follows: Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited C1 SPILL CONTAINMENT other storage and shall — Spill containment may be in the form of a tank, pond, or (a) have a net capacity not less than that of the largest single unit draining to it; and (b) be equipped with underflow discharge C2 COMPOUND DRAINAGE (Refer Clause 5.9.6) Bunds may have continuous drainage in which case draining shall be via a flame trap or traps to an oil spill containment facility C3 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT Instrument transformers, circuit-breakers, and similar items in outdoor switchyards are exempted from compliance COPYRIGHT AS 1940—1993 98 APPENDIX D TANK VENTING* (Normative) D1 VENTING ATMOSPHERIC AND LOW-PRESSURE STORAGE TANKS D1.1 Normal venting capacity The total normal venting capacity shall be at least the sum of the venting requirements for liquid movement and thermal effect due to maximum change in atmospheric temperature Vacuum relief (in-breathing) Total venting capacity (m 3/h) = 0.06 (maximum outflow, L/min) + column of Table D1 Pressure relief (out-breathing) For liquid with a flashpoint of 38°C or above: Total venting capacity (m 3/h) = 0.064 (maximum inflow, L/min) + column of Table D1 Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited For liquid with a flashpoint below 38°C: Total venting capacity (m 3/h) = 0.128 (maximum inflow, L/min) + column of Table D1 NOTE: Appendix K of API 620 states that the maximum inflow terms in the above formulas should be multiplied by the ratio of the absolute tank pressure to standard atmospheric pressure This correction would be insignificant, and may be ignored, unless the tank pressure is substantially above atmospheric pressure D1.2 Emergency venting capacity than that given in Table D2 The emergency venting capacity shall be not less The total venting requirements determined from Table D2 or Note thereof are based on the assumption that the stored liquid will have the characteristics of hexane, since this will provide results which are within an acceptable degree of accuracy for almost all petroleum liquids encountered However, if a greater degree of accuracy is desired, the total emergency venting requirement for any specific liquid may be determined by the following equation: where qV = emergency venting capacity from Table D2, in cubic metres per hour u specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid, in kilojoules per kilogram = M = molar mass of the liquid, in grams per mole Full credit may be taken for the vent capacity provided for normal venting, since the normal thermal effect can be disregarded during a fire, and it can also be assumed that there will be no liquid movement into the tank Under certain conditions an environment factor may be applied in the calculation of the rate of emergency venting required; reference should be made to API 2000 which outlines appropriate factors * This Appendix is derived from API 2000 converted to SI units When more detailed information is required, the original document should be consulted COPYRIGHT 99 AS 1940—1993 TABLE D1 THERMAL VENTING REQUIREMENTS Tank capacity Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited m3 Free air venting capacity (Notes and 2) m3/h Flashpoint