The application of islanded photovoltaic cells and battery storage on the reliability of distribution networks

The Application of Islanded Photovoltaic Cells and Battery Storage on the Reliability of Distribution Networks Patrick McGrann Principal Supervisor: Dr Ghavameddin Nourbakhsh Associate Supervisor: Gerrard Ledwhich Submitted in fulfilment for the degree of completion of Master of Engineering (Research) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane, Australia 2016 This page is intentionally left blank Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Ghavameddin Nourbakhsh, who was my Principal Supervisor for the duration of my thesis Without Dr Nourbakhsh’s enthusiasm for the research and knowledge of the area of study, this thesis would not have been possible Dr Nourbakhsh not only supported my research, but also introduced me to the research area during my undergraduate studies I would also like to acknowledge my Associate Supervisor, Professor Gerrard Ledwhich, whose insights guided the direction of my research to provide an improved outcome Furthermore I would like to thank Associate Professor Geoff Walker for expanding my knowledge of Photovoltaic generation and Islanding that was critical to my research This page is intentionally left blank Keywords Monte Carlo, Direct Load Flow, Reliability, Distribution Network, Smart Grid, Micro-Grid, Distributed Generation, Photovoltaic, Battery Storage, Islanding, Rural, Urban, Renewable Generation, Load Flow, Intentional Islanding, Load Shedding, Load Curtailment i This page is intentionally left blank Table of Contents Keywords i Table of Contents iii List of Figures v List of Tables .vi List of Abbreviations vii Statement of Original Authorship viii Abstract ix Chapter Introduction 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Reliability Simulation 1.1.2 Network Outage Process 1.1.3 Distributed Generation 1.1.4 Battery Storage 1.1.5 Islanding 1.2 Research Justification 1.3 Research Problems and Research Questions 1.4 Research Methodology 1.5 Organization of the Thesis Chapter Literature Review 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Distributed Generation 10 2.2.1 Photovoltaic Panels 10 2.2.2 Wind Turbine 13 2.2.3 Battery Storage 14 2.3 Distribution Network 15 2.3.1 PV Penetration 15 2.3.2 Load Shedding 17 2.3.3 Reactive Power 17 2.3.4 Unbalanced Voltage 19 2.3.5 Low Voltage Network Modelling 20 2.3.6 Intentional Islanding 21 2.4 2.4.1 2.5 Reliability of Distribution Networks 22 Distributed Generation Effect on Reliability 22 Literature Review Conclusion 25 Chapter Monte Carlo Development 26 iii This page is intentionally left blank 3.1 Monte Carlo Overview 26 3.2 Time Distribution 29 3.3 Modelling of a Component State 32 3.4 Modelling of Network State Events 33 3.5 Network Configuration 34 3.6 Outage Results 37 3.6.1 Circuit Breaker 38 3.6.2 Isolators 38 3.6.3 Emergency Ties 40 3.7 Direct Load Flow 44 3.8 Load Shedding 51 3.9 Variable Load 55 3.10 Photovoltaic Generation 58 3.11 Battery Storage 62 3.12 Islanding 67 Chapter Case Studies 70 4.1 Urban Network 70 4.1.1 Default Configuration 75 4.1.2 Distributed Generation 77 4.1.3 Battery Storage 79 4.2 Rural Network 86 4.2.1 Default Configuration 91 4.2.2 Distributed Generation 93 4.2.3 Battery Storage 94 4.3 Discussion 102 4.3.1 Urban 102 4.3.2 Rural 105 Chapter Conclusion 110 5.1 Summary 110 5.2 Future Prospects 112 Appendix A: Yearly Variable Load Data (kW) 113 Appendix B: Yearly Brisbane Photovoltaic Load Data (kW) 114 References 115 This page is intentionally left blank ... 2.3.6 Intentional Islanding 21 2.4 2.4.1 2.5 Reliability of Distribution Networks 22 Distributed Generation Effect on Reliability 22 Literature Review Conclusion ... knowledge of Photovoltaic generation and Islanding that was critical to my research This page is intentionally left blank Keywords Monte Carlo, Direct Load Flow, Reliability, Distribution Network,... Distributed Generation, Photovoltaic, Battery Storage, Islanding, Rural, Urban, Renewable Generation, Load Flow, Intentional Islanding, Load Shedding, Load Curtailment i This page is intentionally left