ENTREPRENEURSHIP narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship a second movements in

Narrative and Discursive Approaches in Entrepreneurship Narrative and Discursive Approaches in Entrepreneurship A Second Movements in Entrepreneurship Book Edited by Daniel Hjorth Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute (ESBRI), and Malmö University, Sweden and Chris Steyaert University of St Gallen, Switzerland and ESBRI, Sweden In association with ESBRI Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA © Daniel Hjorth, Chris Steyaert 2004 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Glensanda House Montpellier Parade Cheltenham Glos GL50 lUA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc 136 West Street Suite 202 Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 84376 589 (cased) Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents List of contributors Foreword and acknowledgements vii viii Introduction Daniel Hjorth and Chris Steyaert 1 The prosaics of entrepreneurship Chris Steyaert A moment in time Sami Boutaiba 22 Driven entrepreneurs: a case study of taxi owners in Caracas Monica Lindh de Montoya 57 ‘Going against the grain ’ Construction of entrepreneurial identity through narratives Lene Foss 80 Storytelling to be real: narrative, legitimacy building and venturing Ellen O’Connor 105 The devil is in the e-tale: forms and structures in the entrepreneurial narratives Robert Smith and Alistair R Anderson 125 Crime and assumptions in entrepreneurship Alf Rehn and Saara Taalas 144 The dramas of consulting and counselling the entrepreneur Torben Damgaard, Jesper Piihl and Kim Klyver 160 Masculine entrepreneurship – the Gnosjö discourse in a feminist perspective Katarina Pettersson v 177 vi 10 11 Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship Quilting a feminist map to guide the study of women entrepreneurs Kathryn Campbell Towards genealogic storytelling in entrepreneurship Daniel Hjorth 194 210 READINGS 12 Reading the storybook of life: telling the right story versus telling the story rightly Jerome Katz 13 14 233 The edge defines the (w)hole: saying what entrepreneurship is (not) William B Gartner 245 Relational constructionism and entrepreneurship: some key notes Dian-Marie Hosking in dialogue with Daniel Hjorth 255 Notes References Index 269 274 305 Contributors Alistair R Anderson, Robert Gordon University, a.r.anderson@rgu.ac.uk Sami Boutaiba, Copenhagen Business School, sb.ioa@cbs.dk Kathryn Campbell, Trent University, kcampbell@trentu.ca Torben Damgaard, University of Southern Denmark, torben@sam.sdu.dk Lene Foss, University of Tromsø, lenef@nfh.uit.no William B Gartner, Clemson University, South Carolina, gartner@clemson.edu Daniel Hjorth, ESBRI and Malmö University, Daniel.hjorth@esbri.se Dian-Marie Hosking, University of Utrecht, d.hosking@usg.uu.nl Jerome Katz, Saint Louis University, katzja@slu.edu Kim Klyver, University of Southern Denmark, kkl@sam.sdu.dk Monica Lindh de Montoya, Stockholm University, Sweden, monica.montoya@rocketmail.com Ellen O’Connor, Los Altos, California, o_connor_ellen@hotmail.com Katarina Pettersson, Uppsala University, Katarina.Pettersson@kultgeog uu.se Jesper Piihl, University of Southern Denmark, jpi@sam.sdu.dk Alf Rehn, KTH, Sweden, alf@kth.se Robert Smith, Robert Gordon University, robertnval@aol.com Chris Steyaert, St Gallen University, Chris.Steyaert@unisg.ch Saara Taalas, Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, Saara.Taalas@tukkk.fi vii Foreword and acknowledgements Narrative and Discursive Approaches in Entrepreneurship is a second book in a miniseries of four publications called Movements in Entrepreneurship which originate from so-called writers’ workshops where authors first meet to discuss their possible contributions based on first drafts responding to a thematic call for chapters The aim of this series is to move the field of entrepreneurship by stimulating and exploring new ideas and research practices in entrepreneurship in relation to new themes, theories, methods, paradigmatic stances and contexts While the first book, entitled New Movements in Entrepreneurship and symbolized by the element of water, follows the streams of research we as scholars take part in, focuses on the ebb and flow of entrepreneurial life and was carried through following actual emerging movements in entrepreneurship research, this second book is edited with the symbol of ‘air’ in mind, taking in fresh air from and following new winds from neighbouring disciplines such as anthropology and literary studies, from new paradigmatic stances such as poststructuralism and feminism and their recent explorations of the linguistic turn through narrative, dramaturgical, fictive, conversational and discursive projects Also this book has found its momentum as a text through the ideas and efforts of many We thank Leif Lundblad, as founder of ESBRI (Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute), for his generous support and Magnus Aronsson for his visionary, warm and practical support in organizing the writers’ workshop in Sandhamn and bringing together the virtual community of writers this book forms Tobias Dalhammar has been invaluable in the arrangement of the workshop and in the editorial support of this book Ellen O’Connor, Dian-M Hosking and Bengt Johannisson through their inspirational ‘keynotes’ were excellent in warming up the authors for more intensive and critical discussions of the drafts This was complemented by Jerry Katz and Howard Aldrich who shared their enormous experience with the authors coming to terms with their writing attempts We thank the many anonymous reviewers who helped the authors to revise their chapters substantially after the workshop Our publisher, Edward Elgar – especially Francine O’Sullivan – shared their trust and their fullest professionalism to accomplish this second book in the series they host Keep looking at the ‘Movements’, Daniel and Chris viii Introduction Daniel Hjorth and Chris Steyaert Following our first publication workshop challenging contributors to think and write the New Movements in Entrepreneurship (see Steyaert and Hjorth, 2003), this second workshop took on the challenge of gathering around the theme of ‘Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship’ This is now a book that you hold in your hands It is again a result of a collective and international work and represents, as such, a much suggested effort in entrepreneurship research to establish new dialogues between cultures If the first workshop invitation was more broad and general, this second one specified a more narrow focus at the same time as it opened towards neighbouring disciplines where narrative and discursive approaches have been explored for some time now The idea is that a simultaneous combination of a stringent focus and new stimulations can create an intensification in how we study entrepreneurship, resulting in new movements As we start to introduce you to this book, we prefer to skip the usual rhetoric of why these approaches are important, much needed, etc and point immediately to a central tension in this book, that one can ‘read’ in the title Narrative and Discursive Approaches All chapters in this book, whether they start with a narrative emphasis or a discursive persuasion, have sooner or later to address the connection between narration and discourse There are no clear cut narrative or discursive approaches, and the 14 chapters move between these possibilities to enact their own specific and sometimes creative response to that tension To address this tension in this introduction, we would like to formulate three immediate, and for the reader pertinent and pragmatic, questions The first question – ‘(how) narrative and discursive approaches work within entrepreneurship studies?’ – can only be responded to by inviting readers to read and work with Chapters to 10, and to see whether they work for them These nine chapters can be seen as experimenting with narrative and discursive approaches, and for the authors it has been an exciting and difficult trajectory, not in the least because all of them have come with embodied experiences rather than with armchair observations The second question is ‘what are the larger stakes for entrepreneurship when turning to languagebased approaches?’ In replying to that question, we can refer to the new 304 Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship Woodiwiss, M (2001), Organized Crime and American Power, Toronto: University of Toronto Press Yang, M (2000), ‘Putting global capitalism in its place: economic hybridity, Bataille and ritual expenditure’, Current Anthropology, 41 (4), 477–509 www.gnosjo.se, 12 February 2001 www.gnosjo.se, December 2001 Index Aboriginal peoples spirituality and 205 see also ethnicity Ackoff, R.L 169 addressivity becoming process and 24 surplus and 12 adventure time Bakhtin on 270 YalaYala and 53–6 see also time advising types of 168 see also consulting aesthetic entrepreneurship studies and 20–21 Agamben, G 213 agency free, YalaYala and 29–34 identity and 98–9, 102 life course search and 82 masculine principle, as 272 Agnew, John A 83 Agostino, J 128 Ahl, Helene 177, 178, 186, 191 Aldrich, Howard 105, 106, 107, 108, 228 alibi for being YalaYala and 37–9, 42, 45, 47, 52 Ana (Caracas taxi owner) 67–9, 75, 78 analogy kaleidoscope, feminist writing and 272 see also metaphors Anderson, Alistair R 5, 239 Anderson, B 83 Andy (high-tech venturer) 120 anthropology entrepreneurship studies and 4–5, 57–8 linguistic turn effect in narrative in, taxi owners and 74–8 Anzaldua, Gloria 196, 201 archeological approach see genealogic storytelling Armando (Caracas taxi owner) 69, 78–9 Arnett, Bill 198 assumptions current, entrepreneurship studies beyond entrepreneurship theory and law 144–50 assymetry drama of consulting and 171–2 Attwood, Lynne 186 authentic voice feminist transformative rhetorical strategies and 205–6 autobiographies identity and 83–5 personal e-tales 139–40 see also biographies Bacon, Francis 218 Baker, Ted 105, 107, 186 Bakhtin, Mikhail adventure time and 54, 270 aesthetic/literary and 20–21 alibi for being 37, 42, 45, 52 centripetality 48 chronotope of 22–4, 26, 37, 39, 49 dialogic other and 46, 47, 48 ‘double-voicedness’ 16 familiar contact zone 41 friction and 51, 52 genealogic storytelling and 213 language theory of 11–12 ‘live entering’ 50 narrative and 15 philosophy and entrepreneurship studies and 19 pretending and 36 prosaics and 9–10 305 306 Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship prosaics of 13–14 public exteriority 33 space of free agency and 30, 31, 32 threshold moment 28, 44 Bamberg, M 128, 141 Bandura, A 82 Barry, D 128 Bart (high-tech venturer) 112 Barth, Fredrik 57, 157 Bastardo, Thailiana 60 Baudrillard, Jean 50 Bauman, Zygmunt 33, 43, 54 Baumol, William 145, 155, 157 becoming process concept 22–6 time and 36 Bell, Michael M 25, 42, 52 Bente (theatre developer) narrative process and 236–7 story of 89–97 context 86–8 Berg, Nina Gunnerud 83, 177, 178, 186 Berking, H 156 Bernard, Jesse 198 Berner, Boel 188 Bertaux, D 82, 85 Bev (high-tech venturer) 117–18 Beyer, J 46 bias sociologists and 271 Biddulph, S 137 ‘binary oppositions’ women and 272 biographies e-tales, as 134–7 see also autobiographies Blanchot, Maurice 224 blat entrepreneurship theory and law and 150–52, 155–6 Boserup, Ester 194, 204 boundaries Bakhtin on 22 dialogue and 25 Boutaiba, Sami 4, 211, 240 Bouwen, R 128 Bradley, H 82 Brandist, C 19 bricoleur Lévi-Strauss as, structural-linguistic anthropology and researcher as, commonalities with quilter 272 Bruner, J autobiography and 80, 83, 84 complexity and consulting and 170 narrative and 20 understanding in 128, 129 Brush, Candida 194 Buckler, S.A 127, 128 Burke, Kenneth 108 Burrell, G 16 Calás, Marta 192–3, 202 Callahan, C 127, 128 Campbell, J 129 Campbell, Kathryn 6–7, 194, 206, 237 Caputi, Jane 206 Carland, J.W 245–6, 247, 249–51 Carr, David 23, 36, 40, 44 Carswell, M 127 Castells, M 152 centrifugal forces centripetal forces compared 269 space of free agency and 30, 32–3 centripetal forces dialogic other and 48 centrifugal forces compared 269 space of free agency and 31–2 Cerulo, K.A 81 Chia, R 17 Chittipeddi, K 127 chronotope (Bakhtin) becoming process and 22–4, 26 YalaYala and 37, 39, 49 Clark, K 51 Classical Age language becoming discourse and 215–16 Clausen, J.A 82 Clifford, James 77 coffee industry legitimacy-building and 108 Cohen, Laurie 130, 186 Cohler, B.J 82 Cole, A.H 251, 252 Index Colebrook, C archeological and genealogical approaches compared 213 discourse and event and 220 genealogic storytelling and 226, 227, 228, 229 knowledge/power and stories and 219 language becoming discourse and 214, 216, 217 narrative and 222 Coles, R 254 Collinson, C 109 Collinson, David 187 complexity drama of consulting and 169–71 Connell, Robert W 187 constructionism constructivism compared 255–7 relational see relational constructionism consulting drama of 160–63, 174–6 assymetry 171–2 complexity 169–71 consultant/entrepreneur relationship 167–72 traditional research procedures compared 163–4 control taxi owner strategies and 65–7 conversational studies see dialogue Coulter, Wendy Lewington see Lewington Coulter, Wendy counselling drama of 160–61, 164–5 play 165–7 rethinking 172–4 creativity entrepreneurship and 24 surplus and 13 crime entrepreneurship and 149 blat 150–52, 155–6 drug-trafficking 152–5 stories worth retelling 240–41 Czarniawska, B 21, 77, 83 Dagens Nyheter 185 Daly, Mary 206–7 307 Damgaard, Torben 6, 128, 238, 253 Davies, B 80 de Certeau, Michel 224–5, 227 de Montoya, Monica Lindh see Lindh de Montoya, Monica de Saussure, Ferdinand 2, 210 de Soto, Hernando 58 Deacy, C 131 Dean, M 224 deconstruction ‘normal science’ and 197–8 prosaics and 17 Dees, Gregory 108 definitions discourse (Gregory) 181 entrepreneur (Cantillon) 191 entrepreneurship (Gartner) 144–5, 146, 158, 243 feminism 196–7 legitimacy (Suchman) 107, 108 morality 131 paralogy 269 Deleuze, G 10–11, 224 Delphi process, Gartner and 251–2 Dennehey, R.F 127 Denzin, Norman K 202 Deppermann, A 83, 84 Derrida, J 17, 217, 265 Desai, M 146 Descartes, René 215, 216 dialogic other YalaYala and 44–8 dialogue boundaries and 25 direct 13–14 entrepreneurship studies, extension of 252–4 Hosking and Hjorth 255–68 polyphonic 45 prosaics and 8–9 surplus and 11 Diamond, Irene 207 Dictionary of Canadian English (Gage) 207 discourse approach 233–5 defined (Gregory) 181 economic and entrepreneurship compared 191 308 Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship entitative, relational constructionism and 256, 266–7 e-tales and 126 language becoming 213–18 mode of action, as 130 narrative and first responses questions to be addressed 1–2 polyphony and 13 see also genealogic storytelling; Gnosjö discourse disequilibria entrepreneurship theory and law 155–9 distance taxi owner strategies and 64–5 Dobard, Raymond G 198 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich 13, 34 Downing, Stephen 31 drama consulting 160–63, 174–6 assymetry 171–2 complexity 169–71 consultant/entrepreneur relationship 167–72 traditional research procedures compared 163–4 counselling 160–61, 164–5 play 165–7 rethinking 172–4 entrepreneurship studies and 6, 174–6 narrative, in 238–9 see also fiction; theatre Dreyfus, H.L archeological and genealogical approaches compared 211, 212–13 discourse and event and 221 genealogy and prosaics and 16 knowledge/power and stories and 220 language becoming discourse and 215, 216–17 drug-trafficking entrepreneurship and 152–5 Du Gay, Paul 191 Duncan, James S 83 Dunford, R 265 Eagleton, T 17 ecofeminism as feminist research methodology 203–4 economy masculinist discourses on entrepreneurship and 189–91 Edwards, D 264 Elder, G.H 82, 102 Elkjær, B 165 Elliott, C.S 127, 128 Elmes, M 128 Emerson, C becoming process and 22, 25 creativity and surplus and 13 mess and 11 polyphonic dialogue and 45 prosaics and 9–10, 28 space of free agency and 30 emotion and spirituality feminist transformative rhetorical strategies and 204–5 empiricism feminist research methodology, as 202 Eneström, Frans Johan 185 entrepreneurial identity see identity entrepreneurial team see team entrepreneurs defined (Cantillon) 191 men as 184–5 small-scale, taxi owners as, nature of 58–9 women as 194–6 invisibility of 182 see also consulting; counselling entrepreneurship creativity and 24 defining what it is not Carland et al 245, 247–8 entrepreneurial experience as fiction 253–4 Gartner 245–7, 248–52 definition of (Gartner) 144–5, 146, 158, 243 definitional problems 241–3 genealogic storytelling and 227–9 Hosking’s relation to 255 masculinist discourses on economy and 189–91 Index process of, as tactical 228–9 prosaics of see prosaics relational constructionism and see relational constructionism theory, law and see law entrepreneurship studies aesthetic/literary 20–21 anthropology and 4–5, 57–8 beyond current assumptions development of 18–19 drama in 6, 174–6 e-tales and 137–9 extension of 252–4 feminist methodologies 201–2 ecofeminism 203–4 feminist empiricism 202 feminist standpoint 202–3 foundations of 234 Gartner’s initiation into 245, 246–7 legitimacy and linguistic turn and 3–4, masculine nature of narrative in see narrative philosphical/vitalist 19 relational constructionism consequences for 259 social/performative 19–20 traditional procedures, drama compared 163–4 e-tales entrepreneurship studies and 137–9 form and structure in 125–6, 142–3 forms of 131–2 entrepreneurial biographies and novels 134–7 familial fables 140–41 hagiographies and historical antecedents 132–4 mentorial 141 personal 139–40 narrative approach in entrepreneurial studies, examples 138–9 storylines in 135–6 understanding, value of 126–7, 129–30 narrative generally 127–9 values in 130–31 see also narrative ethics 309 entrepreneurship theory and law 155–9 see also morality ethnicity Aboriginal peoples, spirituality and 205 identity and 82, 98 kven history 271 saami culture 271 see also minority Etzioni, A 128 event discourse and 220–21 Fadahunsi, A 157 familial fables e-tales, as 140–41 feminism defined 196–7 ‘paradigm pluralism’ and writings, kaleidoscope analogy and 272 see also Gnosjö discourse; quilts and quilting; women feminist standpoint feminist research methodologies and 202–3 fiction entrepreneurial experience as 253–4 novels as e-tales 134–7 see also drama Fiet, J.O 127 Findlen, P 220 Fine, Michelle 195 Fiol, Marlene 105, 107, 108, 228 Fisher, Michael J 77 Fleming, D 129 Flores, Fernando 106 Fombrun, Charles 105, 107, 108 Forsberg, Gunnel 181–2, 192 Forum Theatre nature of performance by 271 Foss, Karen A 196, 199, 201, 203, 208 Foss, Lene 5, 128, 236 Foucault, Michel archeological and genealogical approaches compared 210, 211–12, 213 discourse and event and 221, 222 genealogic storytelling and 226, 229 310 Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship genealogy and prosaics and 16–17 genealogy of 212–13, 272–3 language becoming discourse and 214–15, 216, 217, 218 power and knowledge and 177, 181, 220 relational constructionism and 257–8 freedom see space Freire, Paulo 195 friction YalaYala, in 48–53 Frye, Northrop 194, 204, 207 gambling speed and 34 Gartner, William B becoming process and 24, 25 ‘being different’ 253–4 Carland et al 247–8 reply to 249–51 Delphi process and 251–2 entrepreneurship definition 144–5, 146, 158, 243 first responses initiation into entrepreneurship scholarship 245, 246–7 legitimacy-building and 105, 106 linguistic turn and Gatewood, Elizabeth 178 genealogic storytelling 223–7 archeological and genealogical approaches compared 210–13 discursive approach discourse and event 220–21 formations and practices 221–3 knowledge/power and stories 218–20 entrepreneurship and 227–9 language becoming discourse 213–18 see also discourse; narrative genealogy Foucault, of 212–13, 272–3 prosaics and 16–17 gender construction, Gnosjö discourse and 192 social constructions of 183 see also feminism; masculinity; men; women Gergen, K.J relational constructionism and 265, 267 understanding in narrative and 127, 128, 129 values within e-tales and 131 giant ‘small steps’ feminist transformative rhetorical strategies and 207–8 Gibson-Graham, J.K 152 Gioia, G.A 127 Glynn, M.A 80 Gnosjö discourse background 179–80 entrepreneur, as masculine label 185–6 entrepreneurship, masculinist discourses on economy and 189–91 feminism and 6, 177–9, 192–3 gender, social constructions of 183 men entrepreneurs, as 184–5 self-made 186–8 stories worth retelling 240 texts constituting 180–83 women, as wives or ‘helpmates’ 188–9 see also feminism; masculinity; women Goffman, Erving 35 Gold, J 129 Graeber, D 152 Grauers, Eva Javefors see Javefors Grauers, Eva Green, Eileen 186 Gregory, Derek 181, 182 Guattari, F 10–11, 224 Guba, Egon 202 Gudeman, Stephen 58, 74 Guillermo (Caracas taxi driver) 70–71 Gummesson, Ola 185 Gustafsson, Bengt-Åke 188 Hagestad, G.O 82 hagiographies e-tales, as 132–4 Hamilton, J.A 98 Haraway, Donna 183 Harding, Sandra 259 Index Harré, R 80 Harry (high-tech venturer) 111, 115–16, 117, 120, 121–2 Hattie, J 81, 100 Hawken, Paul 207 Hawley, J.M 98 Hawpe, L 128 healing feminism and 196 Hearn, Jeff 187 Hedlund, Gun 182, 192 Heidegger, Martin 217 Henry (Caracas taxi owner) 63–4, 78 Heraclitus 19 Hernán (Caracas taxi driver) 73 heteroglossia surplus and 12 Hill, R.C 130 Hirdman, Yvonne 183 Hjorth, Daniel aesthetic/literary and 21 dialogue with Hosking 255–68 first responses genealogic storytelling and 227, 228 identity and 80, 100–101 masculinity and 188, 191 Holgersson, Charlotte 183 Hollway, W 81 Holmquist, Carin individuality and 191 invisibility of women and 178, 189 masculinity of entrepreneurship studies and 177, 184–5, 188 masculinity of language and, 186 men and masculinities distinguished 187 Holquist, M 9, 51 hooks, bell 195, 199, 201 Horatio Alger myth e-tales and 133–4 Hosking, Dian-Marie 7, 256, 257, 261, 267 Howard (high-tech venturer) 114, 115, 116, 117 Howarth, C 101 Hujanen, J 83 humanities linguistic turn effect in 2–3 Hunt, Gail P 195, 199 311 identity autobiography and 83–5 Bente’s story 89–97 context 86–8 change in 97–102 construction of, ‘self’ and 81, 82, 102–4 narrative and 5, 80–81, 99–102 space and time and 82–3, 97–8, 101 transitions 81–2, 97, 99, 102 imagination language of, feminist transformative rhetorical strategies and 207 individual constructivism and 256–7 disappearance of, rationalising 42–3 leadership contingency model and 255–6 life course search and 82 removal of, YalaYala 43–4 Jackson, C 81, 100 Jaggar, Alison 196, 203 Jameson, Daphne 109 Janeway, Elizabeth 208 Javefors Grauers, Eva 186 Jepperson, R 108 Johannisson, Bengt complexity and consulting and 170 genealogic storytelling and 228 identity and 80, 98–9, 100–101 masculinity and 188 Johansson, A.W 165, 167–9, 171, 172, 173 Johansson, Malcolm 185 Johansson, Susanne 182, 192 Johnson, Mark 109 Jones, D 265 kaleidoscope analogy of, feminist writing and 272 Kanfer, S 133 Kant, Immanuel 216, 217 Karlsson Stider, Annelie 186 Katz, Jerome 7, 105, 243, 244 Kaufman, Herbert 106 Keen, Ernest 30 Kendall, G 211 Kirzner, I 156 Klyver, Kim 6, 238, 253 312 Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship knowledge lack of, sociology of described 272 power and 177, 181 genealogic storytelling 218–20 relational constructionism and 265–6 scientific and narrative compared 224–7 Kohli, M 82, 85 Kolsgård, Svante 185 Kuhn, Thomas 197, 200–201, 272 Kven peoples history of 271 see also ethnicity Landström, Hans 191 language discourse, becoming 213–18 feminist transformative rhetorical strategies and imagination, of 207 new words and meanings 206–7 masculine 185–6, 189–91 surplus and 13–14 theory (Bakhtin) 11–12 see also metaphors Latour, Bruno 226, 253 Lave, J 37, 263 law entrepreneurship theory and 144–50 blat 150–52, 155–6 drug-trafficking 152–5 ethics and disequilibria 155–9 leadership contingency model, Hosking and 255 Ledeneva, A 150 legitimacy defined (Suchman) 107, 108 entrepreneurship studies and see also morality legitimacy-building pentadic analysis 123–4 venturing and 105–6, 121–3 first transitional story 115–19 founding story 111–15 literature review 107–8 research methods and context 108–11 saleable story 120–21 second transitional story 119–20 Leitch, V 213 Lerner, Gerda 199 Lett, J 98 Levenhaugh, M 130 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 3, 51–2, 54 Lewington Coulter, Wendy 195 life course identity construction and 81–3 life story see autobiographies; biographies; narrative Lincoln, Yvonna S 202 Linde, C 109 Lindgren, Monica economic and entrepreneurship discourses compared 191 identity and 82, 102 masculinity of entrepreneurship studies and 177, 186 men and masculinities distinguished 187 Lindh de Montoya, Monica 4–5, 238–9 linguistic turn effect of 2–4 entrepreneurship studies and social sciences and 214 Lloyd, Genevieve 190 Lodge, D 129 Lounsbury, M 80 Lourdes (Caracas taxi owner) 64–5, 78 Lucius-Hoene, G 83, 84 Lunde, A 86, 87 Lyotard, J.-F 14–15, 218, 219, 226, 227 Lysgaards, A.-G 165 Machan, T 158 MacIntyre, Alasdair 109, 129, 131, 140 Mackenzie, A 127 Mackenzie, Suzanne 184 Magally (Caracas taxi owner) 65–6, 78 Marcus, George E 77 Marks, J 224 Marsh, H.W 81, 100 Martinez, Martha 106 Marx, Karl 146 masculinity agency and 272 entrepreneurship studies and e-tales characteristic 137 Index ‘male-stream’ cosmology, map of 272 see also Gnosjö discourse; men Mauss, M 156 McAdams, D.P 99 McCaskey, M.B 169 McDowell, Linda 189, 190 McKenna, S 127 Mead, G.H 81 Meeks, Michael 194 Mellström, Ulf 188 men economic 190–91 entrepreneurs, as 184–5 self-made 186–8 see also Gnosjö discourse; masculinity mentorial tales e-tales, as 141 mess order and 11 metaphors entrepreneurship studies and 6–7 Gnosjö as 179 morality and, e-tales 137 motive for (Stevens) 194 organizational tools, as quilts and quilting as 6, 195–6, 208–9 suitability of to study of women 194 see also analogy; language methodology consultant/entrepreneur relationship 167–9 asymmetry 171–2 complexity 169–71 counselling the entrepreneur 172–4 feminist 201–2 ecofeminism 203–4 feminist empiricism 202 feminist standpoint 202–3 traditional, drama compared 163–4 venturing and legitimacy-building 108–11 Mies, Maria 200, 201, 203, 204, 205 Millard, Elaine 183 Miller, Brenda 243 Millhaser, S 136 313 minority women as 194, 271 see also ethnicity Mishler, E.G 85 mode of action discourse as 130 modernity language becoming discourse and 214, 216–17 Mønsted, M 165 Montagu, Ashley 200, 209 Montoya, Monica Lindh de see Lindh de Montoya, Monica Moore, Dorothy 194 morality defined 131 e-tales and 132–7, 142 purpose of, narrative fulfilling see also ethics; legitimacy; values Morgan (high-tech venturer) 111–12, 113, 116 Morgan, S 127 Morley, I.E 256, 261 Morson, G adventure time 54 alibi for being 47 becoming process and 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 creativity and surplus and 13 mess and 11 narrative process, researcher in 235–8 polyphonic dialogue and 45 prosaics and 9–10, 28 space of free agency and 30, 31, 32 speed and gambling and 34, 35 time, hypothetical 35 Morton, James 152–3 motivation taxi owner strategies and 67–70 motive metaphors, for (Stevens) 194 Mulholland, Kate 186, 187–8, 189 Musson, G 130 narrative active, YalaYala 40–41 anthropology, in, taxi owners and 74–8 314 Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship approach 233–5 examples 138–9 reflections on 241–3 discourse and first responses questions to be addressed 1–2 entrepreneurial see e-tales entrepreneurial identity and see identity entrepreneurial team and future directions 243–4 legitimacy-building see legitimacybuilding moral purpose, fulfilling popular and scholarly compared 233–4 process Bente and 236–7 researcher in 235–8 prosaics and 4, 14–16 relational constructionism and 264–6 research and journalistic compared 242 social/performative and 20 stories worth retelling 240–41 taxi owners and 74–8 tools for future use 238–9 YalaYala summarised 25–6 see also e-tales; genealogic storytelling Nationalencyklopedin 180–81 Nelson, Julie 190, 191, 193, 194 Nilsson, Anders 98–9 ‘non-questions’ asking, feminist transformative rhetorical strategies and 206 ‘normal science’ deconstructed, feminism and 197–8 Norman, R 165 novels see fiction O’Brien, Mary 195 O’Connor, Ellen compelling narrative and 239 contextual base importance 109 entrepreneurial experience as fiction 253 legitimacy and legitimacy-building defined 106 pentad and 108 Olesen, Virginia 196, 202 order prosaics and 10–11 Orenstein, Gloria 207 Orr, Julian 109 Pålshaugen, Ÿ 104 Pålsson Syll, Lars 190 paradigm pluralism feminism and in action 201–4 merits of 200–201 paralogy defined 269 Parker, M 146 patronage taxi driver strategies and 71 Peet, Alfred 108 pentadic analysis acts of legitimacy-building narratives 123–4 described 108–9 performance entrepreneurship studies and 19–20 Forum Theatre, nature of 271 Pettersson, Katarina 6, 240 Phillips, N 161 philosophy entrepreneurship studies and 19 linguistic turn effect in 2–3 Pietikainen, S 83 Piihl, Jesper 6, 238, 253 Pitt, M 127 place see space Polkinghorne, Donald autobiography and 83, 84 category to narrative, moving from 28 identity and 99 narrative and, understanding in 129 time as a discordant experience 43 polyphony dialogue and 45 surplus and 13 poststructuralism language becoming discourse and 217–18 Potter, J 264 Index power knowledge and 177, 181 genealogic storytelling 218–20 relational constructionism and 266–8 practices discursive formations and 221–3 Prado, C.G 16 ‘pragmatic quality’ entrepreneurial processes and 228 Pringle, Rosemary 193 process becoming concept 22–6 time and 36 Delphi, Gartner and 251–2 entrepreneurial, as tactical 228–9 narrative Bente and 236–7 researcher in 235–8 social, entrepreneurship as 19–20 Propp, V 129 prosaics Bakhtinian 11–14 concept 9–11 conversational studies and 8–9 deconstruction and 17 escaping, YalaYala business plan and 35–7 genealogy and 16–17 narrative and 4, 14–16 returning to, alibi for being and 37–9 social/performative and 19–20 speed and 34–5 public exteriority space of free agency and 33 quilts and quilting cultural significance 198–200 metaphor, as 6, 195–6, 208–9 researcher-as-bricoleur, commonalities with quilter 272 see also feminism; women Rabinow, P archeological and genealogical approaches compared 211, 212–13 discourse and event and 221 genealogy and prosaics and 16 315 knowledge/power and stories and 220 language becoming discourse and 215, 216–17 Rae, D 127, 129 Raimundo (Caracas taxi owner) 69–70, 78 Randall, William L 50 Rao, H 105, 107, 108 Reed, Rosslyn 187 Rehn, Alf 5–6, 130, 152, 228, 240–41 Reinharz, Shulamit 201, 206, 208 relational constructionism entitative discourse and 256, 266–7 Foucault and 257–8 history of 259–60 key features (Hosking) 257 local-social-historical constructions 261–3 multiple inter-actions and 260–61 narrative and 264–6 power and 266–8 relational realities 263–4 research consequences 259 thought style, as 258–9 Renaissance language becoming discourse and 214–15 research see entrepreneurship studies researcher bricoleur, as, commonalities with quilter 272 narrative process, in 235–8 Reynolds, Paul D 243 Rich (high-tech venturer) 113–14 Richardson, Laurel 15, 25 Ricoeur, Paul 54, 214 Ridderberg, Maria 180 Riesman, Catherine K 83, 84, 85 Riley, M.W 103 Rindova, Violina 105, 107, 108 Rivera, Alberto 74 Robinson, J.A 128 Roddick, A 127 Romanelli, Elaine 105, 107 Rorty, Richard 128, 215, 219, 267 Rosa, P 157 Rose, Damaris 184 Rose, Gillian 183 Rydén, Josef 185, 189 316 Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship Saami peoples culture 271 see also ethnicity Sahlins, Marshall 147 Sahlin-Andersson, K 20 Salisbury, R 146–7 Saracheck, B 133 Sarbin, T.E 129, 141, 264 Schoonhoven, Claudia 105, 107 science ‘binary oppositions’, women and 272 gendered dichotomy and 190 narrative and 224–7 ‘normal’, deconstructed, feminism and 197–8 self identity construction and 81, 82 Sennett, Richard 32, 34, 35, 37, 83 Sévon, G 20 Sexton, Donald L 191 Shananan, M.J 82, 102 Shiva, Vandana 200, 201, 203, 204, 205 shopping mall YalaYala and concept of 41–3 space of free agency and 33 Shotter, John 29, 31, 54 Sim, S 14 Simonsen, P 86, 87 Smircich, Linda 192–3, 202 Smith, Dorothy 202, 203, 205 Smith, Linda Tuhiwai 195 Smith, Robert 5, 134, 239 social construction gender as 183 social process entrepreneurship as 19–20 social sciences linguistic turn effect in 2–3, 214 sociologists bias and 271 sociology of the lack of knowledge described 272 Somers, M 102 space creating, taxi driver strategies and 70–71 free agency 29–34 identity and 82–3, 97–8, 101 naked, time and 27–9 speed prosaics and 34–5 time of naked space and 27–9 wasted time and 41–2 Spilling, O.R 178 Spinosa, C 223, 228 spirituality see emotion and spirituality Starr, Jennifer 108 Stewart, Alex 58 Steyaert, Chris dialogic other and 46 identity and 80, 100–101 philosophy and entrepreneurship studies and 19 prosaics and 8, understanding in narrative and 128 Stider, Annelie Karlsson see Karlsson Stider, Annelie Storey, J.D 165 strategies taxi drivers 70–72 taxi owners 62–4 control 65–7 distance 64–5 motivation 67–70 transformative rhetorical, feminism and authentic voice 205–6 emotion and spirituality 204–5 giant ‘small steps’ 207–8 language of imagination 207 new words and meanings 206–7 ‘non-questions’, asking 206 Suchman, M 105, 107, 108, 131 Sundin, Elisabeth 177, 178, 186, 188, 189 surplus Bakhtinian prosaics and 12–13 order excluding 11 Svenska Dagbladet 184, 188 Swedberg, Richard Syll, Lars Pålsson see Pålsson Syll, Lars Taalas, Saara 5–6, 130, 152, 228, 240–41 taxi drivers strategies of 70–72 taxi owners background 59–62 Index narrative in entrepreneurship studies and anthropology and 74–8 small-scale entrepreneurs, as, nature of 58–9 social and economic flows and 72–4, 78–9 strategies of 62–4 control 65–7 distance 64–5 motivation 67–70 Taylor, P.J 83 team narrative and Thatchenkerry, T.J 265 theatre developer see Bente performance, nature of 271 see also drama Thrift, N 83, 100 time becoming process and 36 identity and 82–3, 97 naked space and 27–9 wasted, speed and 41–2 see also adventure time Tobin, Jacqueline L 198 Tong, Rosemarie Putnam 81, 196, 199, 208 transitions identity and 81–2, 97, 99, 102 Trice, H 46 unconscious legalism entrepreneurship theory and 144, 145 understanding, value of e-tales and 126–7, 129–30 narrative generally 127–9 Usher, R 43 values e-tales, in 130–31 see also morality Van Maanen, J 174 Van Manen, M 15–16 Vattimo, G 224, 225 venturing, legitimacy-building and see legitimacy-building Vickers, Jill McCalla 206 Vorren, Ö 86, 87 317 Wåhlin, N 82, 102 Warin, J 81, 100 Waring, Marilyn 194 Warren, Karen J 207 Watson, S 129 Weber, M 132 Weick, Karl 24, 169–70, 253 Wells, Betty 203 Wendeberg, Birgitta 182, 187, 189, 192 Wenger, E 37, 263 West, Rebecca 196 Wickham, G 211 Williams, Alice Olsen 199 Williams, Mary Rose 207 Williams, William Carlos 254 Wilmer (Caracas taxi driver) 73 Winograd, Terry 106 Wirth, Danielle 203 women ‘binary oppositions’ and 272 entrepreneurs, as, 194–6 invisibility of 182 feminism defined 196–7 metaphors and suitability of to study of women 194 thinking with 208–9 minority, as 194, 271 ‘normal science’ deconstructed 197–8 paradigm pluralism in action 201–4 merits of 200–201 research methodologies 201–2 ecofeminism 203–4 feminist empiricism 202 feminist standpoint 202–3 transformative rhetorical strategies authentic voice 205–6 emotion and spirituality 204–5 giant ‘small steps’ 207–8 language of imagination 207 new words and meanings 206–7 ‘non-questions’, asking 206 see also feminism; Gnosjö discourse; quilts and quilting Woodiwiss, James 154 YalaYala adventure time 53–6 318 Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship alibi for being and 37–9, 42, 45, 47, 52 dialogue and 44–8 free agency space and 29–34 friction in 48–53 individual removed from 43–4 naked space and 27–9 narrative and active 40–41 stories worth retelling 240 summarised 25–6 prosaics and 35–7 shopping mall concept and 41–3 space and free agency 29–34 naked 27–9 speed and 34–5 time and 27–9 Yang, M 152 Zien, K.A 127, 128 ... and Saara Taalas continue in Chapter to explore between the moral and the immoral and what, as a consequence, can be assumed in Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship entrepreneurship... is in the e-tale: forms and structures in the entrepreneurial narratives Robert Smith and Alistair R Anderson 125 Crime and assumptions in entrepreneurship Alf Rehn and Saara Taalas 144 The dramas... Bakhtin’s and Derrida’s thinking to indicate that meaning is always providential and momentous,4 and fixation of meaning is a moment in an unarticulated stream of endless meaning Prosaics and deconstructionism