California science grade 5 (12)

CHAPTER Earth’s Resources wind turbines, California Where the energy and the materials people use come from? 410 Lesson Sources of Energy PAGE 414 Lesson Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources PAGE 428 Lesson Uses of Resources PAGE 444 ES Sources of energy and materials differ in amounts, distribution, usefulness, and the time required for their formation 411 Literature MAGAZINE ARTICLE ELA R 6.2.4 Clarify an understanding of texts by creating outlines, logical notes, summaries, or reports • ELA W 6.2.2 Write expository compositions (e.g., description, explanation, comparison and contrast, problem and solution) 412 from ODYSSEY MAGAZINE by Leonard David David Criswell, director of the Institute for Space Systems Operation at the University of Houston, has a bright idea to solve world energy woes The scientist believes that the solution lies within our nearest celestial neighbor—the Moon The Criswell plan is to transform Luna into a kind of giant orbiting wall plug He advocates building solar power stations on the lunar surface as a way to provide sustainable and affordable electric power back here on Earth First of all, the airless Moon is already on the receiving end of huge amounts of solar power in the form of sunlight Harnessing just one percent of that sunlight could satisfy Earth’s power needs, Criswell suggests But how? The concept is called the Lunar Solar Power (LSP) system Huge “farms” of solar cells would collect sunlight that shines on the Moon Pairs of solar farms would be planted in the lunar highlands, on the east and west limbs of the Moon, near the equator That sunlight would be converted to microwave energy and beamed across space to an energy-needy Earth Once here on terra firma, the microwave energy would be transformed into electricity and fed into local energy grids Write About It Response to Literature This article describes a plan for a solar-energy system What problem is the system designed to address? What is the proposed solution? Write a summary describing the problem and the author’s idea for solving it Include the steps involved in transforming solar energy into a usable form -Journal Write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com 413 Lesson Sources of Energy Solar Two Power Station, Daggit, California Solar panels harness the Sun’s energy to heat homes and other buildings How else could solar energy be used? 414 ENGAGE ES 6.a Students know the utility of energy sources is determined by factors that are involved in converting these sources to useful forms and the consequences of the conversion process Materials What factors affect the efficiency of a solar oven? Make a Prediction What will happen to water in a solar oven? Write your answer as a prediction in the form “If water is placed inside a solar oven, then ” • pizza box Test Your Prediction • black construction paper Measure Draw a 2.5-centimeter border around the top of a pizza box Be Careful Cut the three outer sides Fold the flap up along the back edge • aluminum foil • clear plastic wrap • newspapers Glue foil under the flap, shiny side out Glue another piece of foil inside the box, shiny side up Tape black construction paper over the foil • glue • tape Roll up the newspapers, and place them inside the edges of the box Tape them in place Tape plastic wrap under the box lid over the first piece of foil Add plastic wrap to the top of the lid • safety scissors • marker • ruler or wooden dowel Put the bowl of water in the center of the box Record the temperature of the water • small bowl containing 100 milliliters of water Position the oven with the flap facing the Sun Prop the flap open with a dowel or ruler After 10 minutes measure the temperature of the water Draw Conclusions • thermometer Step Analyze How would you explain what happened? Did your observations support your prediction? Infer Did the temperature in the box change? Explore More What other factors might affect the efficiency of the oven? What would happen if you used white paper instead of black paper? Form a hypothesis and test it IE 7.b Select and use appropriate tools and technology (including calculators, computers, balances, spring scales, microscopes, and binoculars) to perform tests, collect data, and display data 415 EXPLORE Why is energy important? ▶ Main Idea ES 6.a Converting energy to a useful form has costs and consequences, which differ depending on the energy source ▶ Vocabulary energy source, p 416 coal, p 417 oil, p 417 natural gas, p 417 geothermal energy, p 417 solar energy, p 417 energy conversion, p 418 cost-effectiveness, p 420 efficiency, p 421 pollution, p 422 dam, p 423 nuclear power plant, p 423 nonmonetary cost, p 424 -Glossary @ www.macmillanmh.com ▶ Reading Skill Summarize Ac[[O`g Explore solar energy with an engineer 416 EXPLAIN Think about all the things you that require energy You might turn on lights, listen to music, work at a computer, ride in a car or a bus, or use a home appliance Where does the energy you use come from? An energy source is where the light, heat, or electrical energy people use comes from Most forms of energy originate with the Sun For example, power plants produce electricity, but they burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, or natural gas to make the electricity These fossil fuels developed from living creatures that originally used the Sun’s energy to survive Most of the energy people use can be traced back to fossil fuels Los Angeles, California How Geothermal Systems Work Winter Summer Liquid from geothermal system in house is piped below ground Ground absorbs heat and cools liquid Cooled liquid returns to house Liquid from house is piped below ground, which is warmer than air Liquid becomes warmer Warmed liquid returns to house Inside house liquid absorbs heat from rooms and cools the air Types of Energy Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are burned to release energy Coal is a hard, black substance formed from plants that lived about 300 million years ago Oil , or petroleum, is a thick, black liquid that forms underground, over millions of years, from decaying sea creatures and plants Oil can be made into gasoline and other fuels as well as plastics Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons formed from marine organisms Alternative energy sources include moving water, wind, and sunlight Running or falling water can turn the wheel of a water mill The wheel spins an axle attached to generators that produce energy In a hydroelectric (HIGH•droh•ee•LEK•trik) plant, moving water spins a turbine (similar to a waterwheel) that powers an electric generator Wind can also spin a wheel to generate electricity Inside house warm liquid gives off heat and warms the air in rooms Reading Diagrams What role does the temperature below ground play in a geothermal system? Clue: Look at the path the water takes Geothermal energy is heat energy produced inside Earth This heat can be used to heat homes and produce electricity One example of this type of energy is a geyser, a fountain of steam and boiling water that bursts from the ground Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun Solar energy is any form of energy radiated by the Sun Solar collectors trap sunlight that can be used to heat water and homes Solar cells convert sunlight into electrical energy Such cells are used in electric cars Quick Check Summarize What types of energy people use today? Critical Thinking How fossil fuels and other energy sources differ? 417 EXPLAIN How is energy converted into usable forms? Wind Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed It changes from one form into another in a process called energy conversion Some energy conversions are very simple The stored chemical energy in a flashlight’s batteries is converted into light energy and heat energy when the flashlight is turned on In your body, chemical energy from food is converted into heat as well as mechanical energy that you use to move In an electric fan, electric energy is converted mostly into mechanical energy to turn the blades In the solar-powered car shown below, a solar cell converts sunlight to electricity The electricity is used to run the car’s motor The motor converts electricity to mechanical energy, which provides the motion to propel the car How a Solar-Powered Car Works solar energy energy flow 418 EXPLAIN wind farm, Tehachapi Pass, California Reading Photos How are the windmills shown in these two photos similar? How are they different? Clue: Note the designs of the two types of windmills and the ways in which they capture the energy of the wind Other energy conversions consist of more steps and are more complex A steam engine converts chemical energy in fuel into heat energy and then into mechanical energy A car engine converts chemical energy in gasoline into heat energy as it is burned and then into mechanical energy to turn the car’s wheels In a hydroelectric plant, falling water spins turbines, creating mechanical energy The turbines power the generators, changing mechanical energy into electricity When coal is burned, it gives off heat that creates steam, which is then turned into electricity usable forms All sources of energy have advantages and disadvantages Costs are also involved The monetary cost of the energy conversion is one factor to consider when deciding which energy source is best for a particular purpose Another cost is the possible harm to Earth associated with using a particular energy source Scientists continually develop ways to capture and convert energy into of energy conversion is involved when you use an electric stove? Quick Check Summarize What is the purpose of energy conversion? Critical Thinking What type 419 EXPLAIN How are textiles produced? A textile is any type of fabric, especially one made by weaving or knitting fibers together Besides clothing, textiles are used for furniture upholstery, parachutes, sails, flags, rugs, tents, towels, and other things The art of making textiles can be traced far back into history Fibers dating back to about 15,000 b.c have been found in caves in France Textiles can be made from a variety of materials, many of which are natural resources Some textiles are made from animal products For example, wool comes from sheep’s coats, and cashmere and mohair come from goat hair Angora comes from angora rabbits Silk is actually the fiber that silkworms weave to make cocoons Plants such as flax, cotton, grass, and jute provide the raw materials for other textiles Even some minerals are used to make metallic fibers and threads Synthetic textile fibers are made from crude oil and natural gas, two fossil fuels These fibers include nylon, polyester, acrylic, and olefin which is used to make clothing, carpets, and furniture Nylon is very strong and easy to care for Its uses include hosiery, clothing, and fire hoses ◀ A cotton plant goes through many processing stages before it becomes a useful fabric 450 EXPLAIN The concept “reduce, reuse, and recycle” also applies to the textile industry People often donate clothing items to community organizations for use by others Clothing can be recycled, too Rubber from the soles of sneakers can be ground up and used for rubber matting on gym floors Other parts of the shoe, such as the foam padding and fabric, can also be recycled Choosing textiles made from natural resources helps the environment as well Organiccotton growers, for example, use significantly fewer chemical fertilizers than traditional growers Some clothing can be made from recycled plastic, which reduces the use of raw materials Fleece pullovers, for example, can be made from old plastic bottles Synthetic fleece is made from polyester, and polyester is spun plastic Plastics also become fibers for carpets and other textiles Sources of Clothes Collect Data Prepare an inventory of the different types of clothing, including shoes, in your classroom Communicate Make a chart that includes each item of clothing Identify the type of material each item is made of, and add the type of material to the chart Look at the labels if you need help Use the information you have to trace the textiles back to their original sources Infer Read the care instructions for each type of material used, or look on the Internet Which are easiest to care for? Why you think this is so? ▶ About 100 21 -liter bottles could be used to make one fleece pullover Quick Check Summarize Discuss the two basic ways that textiles are made Critical Thinking Other than clothing what could plastic soda bottles be used for? 451 EXPLAIN How are natural resources used for shelter? Shelter is one of the basic needs of every living thing People use many resources to build homes In some areas of the world, these resources may include sod, animal skins, adobe, wood, rock, and bricks made of mud Most houses built today use a wide variety of natural resources Where would you begin if you were to build a shelter? Ideally houses should have a strong foundation to support the weight of the entire structure Concrete is often used for this purpose Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, and pebbles in a binding material such as mortar Sometimes steel rods are put into the foundation to reinforce it Stone is another good choice for a foundation After the foundation is set, the next step is to frame the house Woodframe construction is commonly used for residential buildings in suburban and rural areas The wood beams are put together with nails made of a hard metal such as steel Taller buildings must be framed with materials such as steel To ensure that the house remains waterproof, shingles are attached to the roof Roof shingles are made of different materials, but a common type is made from asphalt Asphalt is made from petroleum sod house stone house 452 EXPLAIN adobe house Building Materials ;ObS`WOZa9Sg ObS`WOZa9Sg E]]R E]]R 0`WQY 0`WQY 1S[S\b 1S[S\b 5ZOaa 5ZOaa BWZS BWZS ;SbOZ ;SbOZ Reading Diagrams DW\gZ What parts of the house are made from wood? Covering the Exterior Next, exterior windows and doors are installed Windows are made of glass The main ingredient in glass is silicate sand, which is made of fine particles of weathered rock Doors are often a combination of glass, steel, and wood Houses today are usually wrapped in moisture- and air-resistant materials Synthetic fibers, such as polyethylene (pah•lee•ETH•uh•leen), are used to make these protective coverings Polyethylene is derived from natural gas or oil The next step is to cover the exterior of the house with a material commonly known as siding Materials such as wood, stone, brick, and vinyl are options for siding Wiring and plumbing are installed inside the house Electric wires must be insulated Clue: Note the materials each part of the house is made from with plastic or rubber materials for safety Pipes made from very strong plastics as well as copper are used for plumbing Walls are often covered with drywall, which is made from the mineral gypsum Finally, the house is painted Many paints are made from petroleum products Quick Check Summarize What natural resources are used to construct a house? Critical Thinking Why you think tall buildings must be framed with steel? 453 EXPLAIN How are fuel resources used for transportation? Fossil fuels are used for many purposes Oil can be made into textiles and plastics Oil is also used for heating homes and producing electricity Most oil, however, is used for transportation Oil is refined into gasoline, which powers many cars, trucks, and buses Californians pump about 153 million liters (40 million gallons) of gasoline into their vehicles each day California ranks first in gasoline consumption in the United States Burning fossil fuels releases smoke, gases, and other by-products These substances pollute the environment and can cause serious health problems Possible solutions to this problem are to conserve energy so that it will last longer and to search for other sources of energy Scientists and engineers are working on both options Alternative fuels are not made from oil, and they burn more Public transportation is a more fuel-efficient way to move large numbers of people 454 EXPLAIN cleanly than oil does Today such alternatives include ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity Currently, however, many of these products are not efficient enough to warrant everyday use Hybrid vehicles combine two or more sources of power, usually gasoline and electricity Because they use less fuel than traditional vehicles and emit less pollution, these vehicles are becoming increasingly popular Some hybrid models can travel about 1,060 kilometers (660 miles) on a 45-liter (12-gallon) tank of gas Quick Check Summarize What are the problems with using fossil fuels for transportation? Critical Thinking Why should people carefully consider the use of natural resources for transportation? Summarize the Main Idea Plastics are synthetic substances made from petroleum (pp 448–449) Think, Talk, and Write Main Idea Where people get the materials they need for many things they use each day? Vocabulary A product made by people in a laboratory is Summarize What is a hybrid vehicle, and Many materials that people use every day come from natural resources, both renewable and nonrenewable (pp 450–451) what are the advantages of driving one? Fossil fuels are currently the primary source of power for transportation (p 454) Critical Thinking Why is it beneficial to Make a Study Guide Make a three-tab book (see pp 487–490) Use the titles shown On the inside of each tab, summarize the main idea of each topic Writing Link Ac[[O`g use textiles made from synthetic fibers? Test Practice Which of the following can be used to make clothes? A plastic B marble C sand D stone Test Practice What is a term for any type of fabric, especially one made by weaving or knitting fibers together? A synthetic B textile C polymer D adobe Math Link Explanatory Writing Plastic Pullovers Go to a supermarket with a parent or other adult Select five items Study the labels, and determine the resources used to produce each item Write a report on your research, including drawings and descriptions of the items About 25 plastic 2-liter soda bottles can be used to make fleece pullover About how many plastic 2-liter soda bottles would you need to make a dozen fleece pullovers? -Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 455 EVALUATE A good story, or fictional narrative, ▶ describes a setting, telling when and where the story takes place ▶ has characters that move the action along ▶ has a plot with a problem that is solved at the end ▶ uses dialogue to make the story seem more real Plastic is usually made from petroleum, a fossil fuel Someday our supply of petroleum will run low Then perhaps we will not have plastic in our lives anymore What would life be like without plastic? With no plastic, all bottles for food and medicine might have to be made of glass The clothes that you wear would be made from cotton, wool, or other natural fibers Having no synthetic fibers made from plastic would mean more expensive clothes that would be harder to care for Paper and cloth bags would replace plastic bags Our world would be very different—and perhaps more dangerous—without plastic We need to conserve petroleum and other fossil fuels These fuels are nonrenewable resources When they are gone, they cannot be replaced Write About It Narrative Writing Write a science-fiction story about a future time when a substance we use now, such as plastic, is scarce Describe the setting and how the main character in your story tries to solve the problem You can use the information from “A World Without Plastic” and find other information online Use an appropriate point of view, and use dialogue to make your story come alive -Journal Write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com 456 EXTEND ELA W 6.1.1 Choose the form of writing (e.g., personal letter, letter to the editor, review, poem, report, narrative) that best suits the intended purpose • ELA W 6.2.1 Write narratives: a Establish and develop a plot and setting and present a point of view that is appropriate to the stories b Include sensory details and concrete language to develop plot and character c Use a range of narrative devices (e.g., dialogue, suspense) How Much Water Do People Use Each Day? In California’s Central Valley, billions of liters of water are used for irrigation The fruits and vegetables grown there supply consumers across the United States In 2000 Fresno County, California, used 14 billion liters of water every day Household use of water makes up less than 1% of total water use nationwide The average household uses about 285 liters of water per person per day Look at the table, which shows average household water use indoors Use this information to find how many liters of water are used daily per person for showering In your view is this a reasonable amount of water for showering? Average Water Use Bath 1.7% Shower 16.8% Faucet 15.7% Clothes washer 21.7% Dishwasher 1.4% Toilet 26.7% Leaks 13.7% Other 2.2% Calculate percent To find the percent of a whole number, • change the percent to a decimal 16.8% = 0.168 • then multiply the decimal by the whole number Remember to keep the same number of digits to the right of the decimal point Solve It About how much water does one person use each day for flushing toilets? Do you think this is a reasonable amount? What percent of a person’s daily water use goes toward washing clothes and dishes? Clue: Adding or subtracting percents is the same as adding or subtracting decimals Remember to align the decimal points vertically Compare the new low-flow toilets that use about liters of water per flush with standard toilets that use 23 liters How much water can consumers save over 25 flushes with a low-flow toilet? MA NS 6.1.4 Calculate given percentages of quantities and solve problems involving discounts at sales, interest earned, and tips • MA MR 6.2.1 Use estimation to verify the reasonableness of calculated results • MA MR 6.3.1 Evaluate the reasonableness of the solution in the context of the original situation 457 EXTEND CHAPTER Review Summarize the Main Ideas Most forms of energy originate with the Sun (pp 414–425) All of Earth’s resources can be classified as renewable or nonrenewable (pp 428–439) All of the materials used to make everyday items can be traced back to a natural resource (pp 444–455) Fill each blank with the best term from the list efficiency, p 421 energy conversion, p 418 natural resources, p 430 oil, p 417 fusion, p 434 plastics, p 448 geothermal energy, p 434 textiles, p 450 The process by which energy changes from one form to another is ES 6.a If a house is heated using the energy produced from the heat below Earth’s surface, then it uses ES 6.b Synthetic materials called are made in the process of polymerization ES 6.c Make a Study Guide Take a sheet of paper and tape your lesson study guides as shown Use the study guides to answer the questions on these pages A thick, black liquid that can be made into plastic is ES 6.b Nuclei with smaller masses can be combined into a nucleus with a larger mass, giving off energy, in the process of ES 6.a Polyester, acrylic, cotton, and burlap are examples of ES 6.c The amount of useful energy given off by an energy conversion relative to the total amount of energy used is known as ES 6.a Materials that are taken from Earth and used by people are ES 6.b 458 -Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com Answer each of the following in complete sentences Critical Thinking Provide supporting evidence to defend the argument that alternative energy sources such as wind and water are forms of solar energy ES 6.b 10 Infer Explain how human-made products such as synthetic textiles and plastic products are made from natural resources ES 6.c 11 Cause and Effect Choose one example of how people have altered the environment to create a source of energy, and discuss the nonmonetary costs involved in this project ES 6.a 12 Sequence Explain the steps involved in making plastics and the advantages of using plastics ES 6.c 13 Explanatory Writing Nuclear energy produces a tremendous amount of power Explain the differences between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? ES 6.a To Buy or Not to Buy As a product specialist in a major appliance store, your job is to advise customers on the best value for their money Your goal is to present a product that is the most cost-effective for the customers’ budget What to Do Select a type of product that you would like to work with, such as refrigerators, air conditioners, or light bulbs Research the item’s or appliance’s annual energy use and the cost of using the item or appliance for one year Prepare a sales presentation that compares an energy-efficient model of this product to a much cheaper, but much less energy-efficient, model How can you convince your customer that the more expensive, yet more costeffective, model is the best choice? Analyze Your Results ▶ Was a product’s Energy Guide helpful in supporting your sales presentation? How? ▶ Should nonmonetary costs be a factor in a consumer’s decision making? Where the energy and the materials people use come from? 16/>B3@% 459 Most forms of energy originate from ES 6.a A B C D electric currents Earth’s core the Sun power plants How are hydroelectric plants and nuclear power plants similar? ES 6.a A They both can have negative effects on local rivers and streams B They both release poisonous gases into Earth’s atmosphere C They both require dams on rivers to operate efficiently D Neither hydroelectric plants nor nuclear power plants are very energy efficient An Energy Guide label helps consumers compare the costs of operating appliances Which of these statements best describes energy efficiency? ES 6.a A Energy conversion from one form According to this Energy Guide label, how much money would a consumer save over years if he or she bought a washer that used a natural-gas heater? ES 6.a A B C D Which of the following is a renewable resource? ES 6.b A B C D 460 $140 $160 $180 $200 trees coal copper oil to another can sometimes be 100% efficient B In energy conversions some energy is lost to the atmosphere as heat C Energy efficiency is found by comparing the energy you need with the energy that you get from the fuel D Automobiles are less energy efficient today than they were 20 years ago Which of the following statements best describes why sustainability is important? ES 6.b A The burning of fossil fuels produces a great deal of smog, and people must use these fuels up B Scientists have told people that they not need to be concerned with the needs of the future C People should take care of today’s needs without endangering the needs of future generations D Nonrenewable resources have been shown to be a great help to the environment Trees are an important renewable resource Almost 40% of California is covered by forests 10 Why is wood considered a raw material? ES 6.c A As a renewable resource, it will never be used up >S`QS\b]TB]bOZ4]`Sab:O\R B It is a nonrenewable resource that is processed at a mill C It is a nonrenewable resource that needs to be conserved D It is a natural resource that is used in its original form