California science grade 5 (10)

Chapter Chapter Rocks at the bottom of the Grand Canyon are billion years old Chapter CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Structure What geologic forces have shaped Earth’s landscape? 264 Mt Whitney, Sequoia National Park, California Lesson Earth’s Moving Plates PAGE 268 Lesson Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory PAGE 280 Lesson Earthquakes PAGE 296 Lesson Volcanoes PAGE 308 Lesson How Plate Tectonics Affects California PAGE 324 ES Plate tectonics accounts for important features of Earth’s surface and major geologic events 265 Literature MAGAZINE ARTICLE ELA R 6.2.7 Make reasonable assertions about a text through accurate, supporting citations • ELA W 6.2.1 Write narratives 266 from CURRENT SCIENCE by Nicola Jones Take a close look at Hawaii and you’ll notice something interesting The Aloha State is a string of volcanic islands If you follow the islands to the northwest, you’ll find that they get progressively older, smaller, and less active Look under the ocean and you’ll discover that the line continues for thousands of kilometers, with very old, dead volcanoes, called the Emperor Seamounts, lying on the seafloor at its farthest reaches It’s also interesting that the volcanoes of Hawaii pop up right in the middle of the Pacific Ocean Most volcanoes are found at the boundaries between two tectonic plates— giant, slowly moving slabs of Earth’s crust Molten rock forms in the cracks at plate boundaries and trickles upward to create volcanoes But Hawaii is nowhere near a plate boundary It is located smack-dab in the middle of a plate—the Pacific Plate What on Earth is going on? For decades, researchers thought they knew how Hawaii formed, but now they’re not sure New theories are shaking up their understanding of how Earth works Write About It Response to Literature In this article the author describes a string of volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean Some of these volcanoes make up the Hawaiian Islands Others are located on the seafloor Which volcanoes are older? Which ones are most active? Write a story about a scientific expedition to study the volcanoes of the Pacific Describe how the researchers would travel and what they might find -Journal Write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com 267 Lesson Earth’s Moving Plates Look at the coastlines of Africa and South America They look as if they could fit together like gigantic puzzle pieces Have Earth’s continents always been in the same locations? Are they moving now? How will they be arranged in the future? 268 ENGAGE ES 1.a Students know evidence of plate tectonics is derived from the fit of the continents; the location of earthquakes, volcanoes, and midocean ridges; and the distribution of fossils, rock types, and ancient climatic zones • IE 7.g Interpret events by sequence and time from natural phenomena (e.g., the relative age of rocks and intrusions) Materials Are the continents moving? Form a Hypothesis Were the separate continents we know today one huge supercontinent in the past? Do the outlines of continents fit together? Write your answer as a hypothesis in the form “If the continents were once a supercontinent, then ” Test Your Hypothesis • world map Place tracing paper over a map of the world Trace the coastlines of North America, South America, Europe and Asia (including India), Africa, Australia, and Antarctica • tracing paper • pencil • safety scissors Be Careful Cut the traced continents along their coastlines, and label them Using the continent cutouts like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, find ways the continents fit together Draw a sketch showing ways you can fit them together • safety goggles Step Draw Conclusions Analyze Which continents have coastlines that fit together most closely? Did your results support your hypothesis? Infer Which of your sketches shows the greatest number of continents fitting together? Do all of the coastlines in the sketch fit together equally well? Step Explore More What if the continents in your finished puzzle moved apart to the positions they are in today? If they kept moving, how might they be arranged in the distant future? Make a prediction and test it Then analyze and present your results IE 7.a Develop a hypothesis • IE 7.e Recognize whether evidence is consistent with a proposed explanation 269 EXPLORE What forces shape Earth? ▶ Main Idea ES 1.a Moving plates cause Earth’s surface to change ▶ Vocabulary continental drift, p 270 Pangaea, p 271 geologist, p 271 mid-ocean ridge, p 274 ocean trench, p 275 volcano, p 276 earthquake, p 276 -Glossary @ www.macmillanmh.com ▶ Reading Skill Draw Conclusions BSfb1ZcSa 1]\QZcaW]\a Explore Earth’s moving plates with a seismologist older weathered mountains 270 EXPLAIN Many things change over time Many changes happen quickly, but many other changes happen very slowly Even Earth’s surface has changed over time Mountains rise, only to be worn down by water, wind, and particles of rock The ground is so firm it can support the tallest buildings with ease However, the ground can suddenly shift, bringing those buildings down Even something as large as the continent you live on has slowly moved to its present position The idea that the position of huge continents can change over time might seem strange Alfred Wegener was a German scientist who proposed a theory to explain changes in Earth’s surface over long time periods Like many other people, he noticed how closely Africa and South America would fit together if the two continents were pushed against each other Wegener wondered if the other continents would fit in similar ways if they were moved together In 1912 Wegener proposed a hypothesis of continental drift : the idea that a past supercontinent split apart into pieces, which drifted over time to their present locations newer rugged mountains Motion of Continents Continental Drift 225 million years ago 135 million years ago 65 million years ago According to Wegener’s hypothesis, Earth once had one single landmass, or “supercontinent.” Wegener called this landmass Pangaea (pan•JEE•uh), from the Greek words meaning “all land.” About 200 million years ago, Pangaea split into two parts, which are called Laurasia and Gondwanaland Later these two landmasses broke apart to form North America, Eurasia, South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica Over millions of years, these continents slowly drifted to their present locations A geologist (jee•AHL•uh•jist) is a scientist who studies Earth’s origin, history, structure, composition, and processes In the 1960s new discoveries led geologists to take another look at Wegener’s work However, during Wegener’s lifetime few geologists accepted his theory Quick Check Draw Conclusions What does the term Pangaea refer to? Critical Thinking Compare present day the map of the continents 135 million years ago to the map of the continents today How have the positions of the continents changed? Reading Maps What evidence suggests that Africa and South America were once connected? Clue: How have the positions of the continents changed over time? 271 EXPLAIN What evidence supports continental drift? Wegener provided several kinds of evidence to support his explanation of continental drift He noted similar fossils and rocks on distant continents He also pointed out changes in the continents’ climates over millions of years Evidence from Rocks Rock formations can provide evidence about past events that took place in a particular location For example, parts of Africa and South America contain rocks of the same age and type If these continents were once joined, similar rock layers would continue across their borders Mountain ranges and mineral deposits across today’s continents would also line up in the same way These facts suggest that the continents drifted apart Other evidence indicates that the continents have also drifted to different climate zones For example, North America and Antarctica contain coal deposits Coal is formed from decaying tropical plants found near the equator Today neither North America nor Antarctica lies near the equator For coal to be found on these continents, North America must have moved north from a tropical region, and Antarctica must have moved south 272 EXPLAIN Fossil Evidence Fossils of Glossopteris, a fern, have been found in South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia Fossils of Cynognathus, a Triassic land reptile about m (10 ft) long, have been found in South America and Africa Evidence from Rocks’ Ages How can scientists tell which rocks are older? Scientists compare the age of one rock with the age of another to find the rocks’ relative ages When two rock layers are found in the same rock formation, normally the lower rock layer is older Scientists also compare ages of similar rock layers that formed in different areas Sometimes the types of fossils found in a rock can help scientists determine the age of the rock Index fossils—fossils of organisms that lived only during a particular time— can help narrow down the age of the rocks in which they are found Draw Conclusions Analyze Are any of the characteristics the same in all of your samples? Why you think the similarities or differences occurred? Explain What factors influenced the color of the rocks that you observed? Inquiry Guided What happens when the pressure changes inside a volcano? Form a Hypothesis Can changes in the amount of pressure in a volcano change the force of the eruption? Write your answer as a hypothesis in the form “If the pressure in a volcano increases, then ” Test Your Hypothesis Design an experiment to investigate what happens inside a volcano when there is an increase in magma or gas pressure Write out the materials you will need and the steps you will follow Record your results and observations Draw Conclusions What changes did you make to your volcano to increase the internal pressure? Did your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not? Present your results to your classmates Inquiry Open What else would you like to learn about volcanoes? Would you like to know about the different types of volcanoes? Design an experiment to answer your question Your experiment must be organized to test only one variable, or one item being changed Record the research materials you used for your experiment Remember to follow the steps of the scientific process Ask a Question Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Draw Conclusions 323 EXTEND Lesson How Plate Tectonics Affects California Death Valley, California What forces in Earth caused California to take the shape it has today? What caused Mount Shasta to soar 4,317 m (14,162 ft) above sea level? Why is Death Valley so far below sea level? 324 ENGAGE ES 1.f Students know how to explain major features of California geology (including mountains, faults, volcanoes) in terms of plate tectonics Materials How plate movements affect California? Make a Prediction Can you make a model of the forces that have shaped California? Write your answer as a prediction in the form “If two plates slide past each other, then ” • two pieces of cardboard Test Your Prediction Place the pieces of cardboard on a flat surface, and cover each with a layer of sand or flour • sand or flour Step Without disturbing the sand or flour, push the two pieces of cardboard together so that the edges line up Slowly slide one piece of cardboard along the edge of the other Observe What happens as one piece of cardboard slides past the other? Record your observations Draw Conclusions How does this model show what happens when two plates move against each other? Place two markers, such as lumps of clay or sugar cubes, on either side of the fault Describe their relationship to each other after movement along the fault Draw a line through the sand across the fault to represent a river How is the river affected by movement along the fault? Explore More How the effects of movement compare when the two sides slide past each other slowly and quickly? Design an experiment that would compare the effects of two plates sliding past each other at different rates IE 7.b Select and use appropriate tools and technology (including calculators, computers, balances, spring scales, microscopes, and binoculars) to perform tests, collect data, and display data 325 EXPLORE ▶ Main Idea ES 1.f The major features of California’s landscape are the result of plate tectonics ▶ Vocabulary North American Plate, p 326 Pacific Plate, p 326 San Andreas Fault, p 326 Central Valley, p 328 Los Angeles Basin, p 328 Ventura Basin, p 328 -Glossary @ www.macmillanmh.com ▶ Reading Skill Draw Conclusions BSfb1ZcSa 1]\QZcaW]\a San Andreas fault line is where the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate meet 326 EXPLAIN What parts of California lie on different plates? California lies on two lithospheric plates Most of the state rests on the North American Plate , which includes all of North America and part of the Atlantic Ocean A small part of California rests on the Pacific Plate The Pacific Plate consists of the Pacific Ocean and a narrow piece of California west of the North American Plate In California the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate slide past each other along a deep crack in Earth’s crust called the San Andreas Fault The San Andreas Fault The San Andreas Fault begins at a point on the coast north of San Francisco and runs about 1,300 km (800 mi) south into Mexico and the Gulf of California Its location is marked at the surface by ridges, troughs, offset streams, and mismatched rocks across the fault line The Pacific Plate is slowly but steadily moving northwest along the fault It moves at an average of about cm (2 in.) per year Sometimes the Pacific Plate does not move at all for years Then, suddenly, the rocks on both sides of the fault move as much as several meters (several yards) apart The land west of the San Andreas Fault was once a part of Mexico Over millions of years, it has moved about 320 km (200 mi) to where it is now Quick Check Draw Conclusions How does the Pacific Plate move? Critical Thinking Where you think the Pacific Plate will be located in million years? San Andreas Fault Zone 1/< 3@7 /; @B6 ]W\b 2SZUORO >: AO\ 4`O\QWaQ] 174 >/ /B >: 71 AO\ 8]O_cW\ DOZZSg >O`YTWSZR AO\:cWa=PWa^] AO\ /\R`SOa 4OcZb Reading Maps AO\bO0O`PO`O On which plate does most of California lie? Clue: Look at the labels on the map, and identify the different plates :]a/\USZSa 7[^S`WOZ 4OcZb AO\2WSU] >ZObS []dS[S\b AO\ 8OQW\b] 4OcZb 327 EXPLAIN What features of California are the result of plate tectonics? California has not always looked the way it does today Many of the different landforms now visible in California were created by the Pacific Plate pushing into the North American Plate Millions of years ago, much of Central and Southern California was underwater The western coast of North America ran south from Idaho through Eastern California Coastal Construction Land, long ago pushed upward and northward, helped form Big Sur’s rugged coastline Valleys and Mountains The Central Valley is an area of low land bordered by the Sierra Nevada to the east and the Coast Ranges to the west Deep layers of rock that have washed down from the surrounding mountains make up the valley floor The Central Valley extends for a distance of about 800 km (500 mi) from north to south, and its average width is 64 km (40 mi) It is the largest valley in California, covering about one-sixth of the state The Los Angeles Basin is a depression lying between the Transverse and the Peninsular ranges The basin is filled with rock material that has washed down from these mountains The Ventura Basin is a depression in the Transverse Ranges where thick layers of rock material ◀ Produce from the rich soil of the Central Valley, such as these tomatoes, is enjoyed year-round 328 EXPLAIN Folded Mountains Make a model by stacking three layers of clay on top of one another, placing a piece of plastic wrap between layers Place the clay stack on a tabletop between two bricks Reading Photos A highway was built on the edge of the Coast Ranges What special difficulties faced the builders of this road? Clue: Look at the bridge and its location have accumulated Both the Los Angeles Basin and the Ventura Basin are unstable areas where tectonic activity causes frequent earthquakes The Coast Ranges are a series of narrow, low ridges that rise abruptly from the sea The ridges are made up of layers of rock that have been lifted up, folded, and deformed The ridges are separated by valleys The Klamath Mountains and the Cascade Range lie along California’s northern border Long ago the Klamath Mountains were an island The high peaks of the Cascade Range are volcanic mountains The highest of California’s mountain ranges is the Sierra Nevada Its name comes from the Spanish words meaning “jagged, or sawlike,” and “snowy.” This range extends for Slowly push the bricks toward each other until the clay bends, or folds Observe What happened? Did you create a fold? about 640 km (400 mi) from north to south in Eastern California The Sierra Nevada was formed when a large block of rock was lifted up and tilted The east face drops sharply in contrast to the gentle western slope Quick Check Draw Conclusions What has created California’s major landforms? Critical Thinking How is the Central Valley similar to the Los Angeles Basin? 329 EXPLAIN What are some of California’s notable features? California’s great variety of landforms makes up some of our country’s most remarkable scenery Perhaps the most famous feature of California is the Sierra Nevada range, one of the largest mountain ranges of its kind in the world Its natural beauty—jagged, snowcapped peaks; glacial valleys; high waterfalls; deep canyons; and forests of giant sequoia trees—has been preserved in three national parks: Yosemite, Kings Canyon, and Sequoia Mount Whitney, at an elevation of 4,419 m (14,495 ft), is the highest point in the state Death Valley National Park, just east of the southern part of the Sierra Nevada, presents a very different picture Much of Death Valley lies below sea level, and parts of it are barren desert Its lowest point, 86 m (282 ft) below sea level, is the lowest point in North America Two famous snowcapped volcanic peaks are part of Lassen Volcanic National Park in the Cascade Range Mount Shasta last erupted in 1786 Lassen Peak last erupted continuously between 1914 and 1921 California has three other national parks, many national monuments, and many state parks where some of its most interesting and unusual features can be seen In other parts of California, you will find lava tubes, hot springs, geysers, and evidence of folding and faulting In many ways California is the result of tectonic forces and these forces continue to reshape the state and influence people’s lives 330 EXPLAIN Bridal Veil Falls, Yosemite National Park, California Quick Check Draw Conclusions What factors contribute to California’s remarkable scenery? Critical Thinking What might account for the difference in elevation between the peak of Mount Whitney and the lowest point of Death Valley? Summarize the Main Idea Most of California lies on the North American Plate A small part rests on the Pacific Plate (pp 326–327) Think, Talk, and Write Main Idea What events formed the major features of California’s landscape? Vocabulary A deep crack in Earth’s crust in California is the Draw Conclusions What is the San The Central Valley and the Los Angeles Basin were formed by plate tectonics (pp 328–329) Andreas Fault, and where is it located? California’s great variety of landforms makes up some of this country’s most remarkable scenery (p 330) Critical Thinking Do you think that Make a Study Guide Make a three-tab book (see pp 487–490) Use the titles shown On the inside of each tab, draw conclusions about each topic BSfb1ZcSa 1]\QZcaW]\a the part of California west of the San Andreas Fault will always be a part of California? Explain Test Practice The is an area of low land bordered by the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Ranges A Central Valley B Los Angeles Basin C Ventura Basin D Coast Ranges Test Practice On what does most of California lie? A the Pacific Plate B the San Andreas Fault C the North American Plate D the Los Angeles Basin Writing Link Social Studies Link Persuasive Writing Research Plate Tectonics Write a letter to a friend in another state, urging the friend to visit California Use information about plate tectonics as well as descriptive language and scientific terms Use library and online sources to learn about advances in technology that help scientists map the ocean floor Present your findings to the class -Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 331 EVALUATE Q u a k e P r e d i c to r s Scientists have a good idea of where earthquakes will happen, but it’s much more difficult to predict when an earthquake will occur By developing more advanced tools, scientists have become better at understanding and predicting quakes Today anyone can freely access real-time seismic data through the Internet, which gives scientists and the public a continuous, global view of earthquake activity 1870s 1961 1870s Tracking Earthquakes from the Ground Geophysicist John Milne experiences earthquakes firsthand in Japan He knows that there must be a way to measure the vibrations of Earth’s crust during an earthquake He works with a team of scientists to create a new tool that can detect different types of earthquake waves and estimate their speeds It’s the first seismometer By 1913, seismometers are placed in 40 earthquake observatories around the world 332 EXTEND 1961 Organizing Earthquake Information The World-Wide Standardized Seismic Network (WWSSN) is established Scientists all over the globe can now share information to monitor both earthquakes and nuclear testing Today the WWSSN continues as the Global Seismic Network (GSN), consisting of 128 permanent seismic recording stations spread out evenly over Earth’s surface ELA R 6.2.7 Make reasonable assertions about a text through accurate, supporting citations History of Science 2001 Tracking Earthquakes and Plate Motions from Space The Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) uses Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to track the movement of the North American and Pacific plates This enables scientists to get accurate information about the shifting of plates during an earthquake GPS includes a group of satellites that send signals used to calculate the precise position of receivers on the ground The same system is used to give driving directions in some cars 2001 2003 Computer Modeling Scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory develop computer models of the San Andreas fault system Data from SCIGN is entered into these models to help scientists understand earthquakes that occur Within a decade these models may be able to forecast some types of earthquakes with better accuracy 2003 Draw Conclusions Write About It Draw Conclusions Before the invention of the seismometer, how you think people measured earthquakes? Why are satellites a useful source of information about movement on Earth’s surface? ▶ Review the facts and details ▶ Think about what they suggest about the topic -Journal Write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com 333 EXTEND CHAPTER u ar y Review y a y a Moving plates cause Earth’s surface to change (pp 268–277) lly ac ybla ro y yl composite volcano, p 315 continental drift, p 270 y y yb y r y lithosphere, p 286 Mercalli scale, p 303 Pangaea, p 271 Richter scale, p 302 The outermost part of Earth consists of a number of separate, rigid plates (pp 280–293) Movements along faults cause earthquakes (pp 296–305) Many volcanoes are located along plate boundaries (pp 308–321) convective flow, p 288 San Andreas Fault, p 326 The place where the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate slide past each other is called the ES 1.f A landform made up of alternating layers of lava and ash, cinders, and rocks is a ES 1.d Gathering information about an earthquake by interviewing people about what they felt involves the ES 1.d The rigid outer part of Earth is called the ES 1.b The major features of California’s landscape are the result of plate tectonics (pp 324–331) a ya u yy u y Take a sheet of paper and tape your lesson study guides as shown Use the study guides to answer the questions on these pages 334 The theory that Earth once had a single landmass that broke apart into pieces that drifted apart over time is called ES 1.a Describing the intensity of an earthquake from the height of seismic waves recorded by a seismograph involves the ES 1.d The landmass that existed more than 200 million years ago is called ES 1.a The continuous circular pattern of fluids as they are heated and cooled is ES 1.b -Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com Answer each of the following in complete sentences Cause and Effect Describe three different kinds of plate collisions, and describe the geologic activity associated with each ES 1.b, e 10 Compare and Contrast Compare the three main types of volcanoes Explain how they are alike and how they are different Include a diagram if it will help you communicate the information ES 1.d 11 Critical Thinking If you worked at an earthquake center and had to locate the epicenter of an earthquake, how would you proceed? ES 1.d 12 Infer What does the presence of marine fossils tell you about the history of the Mojave Desert? ES 1.f 13 Explanatory Writing Explain the topography of California and how geologic activity shaped each landform ES 1.f Bring Back the Missing Piece Alfred Wegener put together many of the pieces of evidence needed to support his theory of continental drift Your goal is to provide other evidence Wegener could have used, had he had the technology we have today What to Do Write a short story about traveling back in time to meet with Alfred Wegener Describe the evidence he had at the time and the problems he faced Describe the information you would bring back in time with you that would help explain how the continents could drift apart Analyze Your Results ▶ How does technology help people make advancements in science? What geologic forces have shaped Earth’s landscape? Pangaea 335 The large pieces of Earth’s surface, called plates, may include ES 1.a A B C D crust and core earthquakes and volcanoes continents and oceans mantle and core Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and mountain building are geologic events that take place along ES 1.e A B C D Why the tectonic plates on Earth move? ES 1.b A B C D The table below lists Earth’s layers and their approximate maximum temperatures plate boundaries state lines national borders coastal cities Temperatures of Earth’s Layers The diagram below shows plate movement RWdS`US\b P]c\RO`g Q]\dS`US\b P]c\RO`g 3,980°C (7,200°F) Core 7,480°C (13,500°F) 1,480°C ZWbV]a^VS`WQ ^ZObS temperature increases C The temperature of the crust is much hotter than the temperature of the core or the mantle D As the pressure increases, temperature decreases OabVS\]a^VS`S What type of land feature will be formed in section C on the diagram? ES 1.c 336 Mantle B If you go deeper into Earth, the a desert a valley a mountain a shoreline 1,480°C (2,700°F) A The temperature of the crust is A B C D Crust Which hypothesis could you develop from the data in the table? IE 7.a / Q]\dSQbWdS TZ]e Earth’s gravity pulls them Ocean currents push them Earth’s rotation pushes them Convection currents move them Which of the following are sudden motions caused by breaks in Earth’s crust along plate boundaries? ES 1.d A B C D plate tectonics earthquakes faults volcanoes The diagram below shows a transform boundary 10 Which of the following best describes how volcanic landforms are created? ES 1.d A Hot spots erupt, releasing lava and Which of the following events occurs along this boundary? ES 1.e A B C D magma which then harden into landforms B Magma and lava are released into the air, land on the surface of the ocean, and create hot spots which then harden into landforms C Hardened landforms erupt, creating hot spots and releasing lava and magma which then harden into new landforms D Hot spots continuously erupt and then harden into landforms, releasing lava and magma volcanic eruptions earthquakes mountain formations island formations 11 Which of the following causes an earthquake? ES 1.d A the Rocky Mountains’ spreading to the western part of the country A lava moving to the top of a volcano B water penetrating Earth’s surface C sudden motion along breaks in B the Pacific Plate’s pushing into the North American Plate C eruptions of Mount St Helens over the years D volcanoes that are now dormant Earth’s crust D high temperatures in Earth’s core Which of the following is the area where the Pacific Plate slides past the North American Plate? ES 1.f A B C D Los Angeles Basin Ventura Basin San Andreas Fault Central Valley Many landforms in California were created by ES 1.f 12 Which of the following best describes the formation of the Sierra Nevada? ES 1.f A A large block of rock was lifted up and tilted B Several glaciers melted and flooded the plains C High temperatures and pressure in Earth’s core formed them D Several volcanic eruptions in the Cascade Range formed them Materials prepared by PASS at 337 ... locations newer rugged mountains Motion of Continents Continental Drift 2 25 million years ago 1 35 million years ago 65 million years ago According to Wegener’s hypothesis, Earth once had one... geologic events 2 65 Literature MAGAZINE ARTICLE ELA R 6.2.7 Make reasonable assertions about a text through accurate, supporting citations • ELA W 6.2.1 Write narratives 266 from CURRENT SCIENCE by... Park, California Lesson Earth’s Moving Plates PAGE 268 Lesson Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory PAGE 280 Lesson Earthquakes PAGE 296 Lesson Volcanoes PAGE 308 Lesson How Plate Tectonics Affects California