California science grade 5 (7)

CHAPTER Earth’s Land and Water How organisms survive in land and water ecosystems? 96 Lesson Earth’s Land Biomes PAGE 100 Lesson Earth’s Water Ecosystems PAGE 118 Lesson Ecosystems in California PAGE 132 LS Organisms in ecosystems exchange energy and nutrients among themselves and with the environment 97 Literature POEM ELA R 6.3.4 Define how tone or meaning is conveyed in poetry through word choice, figurative language, sentence structure, line length, punctuation, rhythm, repetition, and rhyme • ELA W 6.2.3 Write research reports 98 from MOJAVE MOJAVE by Diane Siebert I am the desert I am free Come walk the sweeping face of me And as the desert seasons change, The hands of Nature rearrange My timeworn face with new designs Of colors, shadows, shapes and lines: In wintertime the north winds blow; My mountain peaks are capped with snow; But resting, waiting patiently Beneath the frost that covers me, I dream of spring, when I can wear The blossoms of the prickly pear, Along with flowers, wild and bright, And butterflies in joyful flight Write About It Response to Literature This poem describes how a desert changes with the seasons What happens when spring arrives? What causes the changes to occur? Write a research report about flowering plants that grow in the desert Explain when they bloom and what causes them to so -Journal Write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com 99 Lesson Earth’s Land Biomes Although deserts receive little rainfall, many different organisms live there In places such as Joshua Tree National Park in California, you can discover many secrets of the desert What kinds of plants and animals live there? How they survive? 100 ENGAGE LS 5.d Students know different kinds of organisms may play similar ecological roles in similar biomes Materials What are Earth’s biomes like? Make a Prediction A biome is a land region that has a particular climate Earth’s biomes include taiga, tundra, tropical rain forest, deciduous forest, desert, and grassland Do all biomes have the same kinds of plants and animals? Write your answer as a prediction in the form “If each biome has a particular climate, then plants and animals live in each.” • long piece of white butcher paper Test Your Prediction Work in groups of four or five Each group should select one biome • crayons and colored markers Tape the paper to the walls of the classroom • index cards Research the biome you selected Find out about its location, climate, soil, and its plants and animals Step Make a Model Draw a mural that represents your biome Show at least two plants and two animals that live in the biome Include a world map that shows the location of the biome Communicate List the information you collected on the index cards, and attach them to your mural Indicate where you obtained the information Draw Conclusions Compare the plants and animals in the biomes What similarities and differences you see? Did your observations support your prediction? Explore More Compare food chains from the biomes What are the main producers in each? What are the main consumers? IE 7.d Communicate the steps and results from an investigation in written reports and oral presentations 101 EXPLORE What is a biome? ▶ Main Idea LS 5.d The environment defines the ecological roles of organisms ▶ Vocabulary biome, p 102 climate, p 102 deciduous, p 110 taiga, p 112 tundra, p 113 Land on Earth can be classified into six major areas called biomes (BIGH•ohmz) A biome is a region with a particular climate (KLIGH•muht) that contains certain types of plants and animals Climate is the average weather pattern of a region It is mainly determined by temperature and precipitation Differences in climate from place to place create different conditions for living things -Glossary @ www.macmillanmh.com ▶ Reading Skill Cause and Effect 1OcaS3TTSQb California redwood forest 102 EXPLAIN Earth’s Biomes /@1B71=13/< /B://17471 =13/< 3_cOb]` 7B3@ 151 What is the most important factor in determining which plants and animals live in a land biome? LS 5.e A B C D the trees the insects the climate the animals A group of students went on a field trip to the beach The picture shows the organisms they observed in a tide pool Pedro collected the following data on the lengths of plant roots in rivers and ponds Root Lengths River Species Average Root Length A 5.6 cm B 7.2 cm C 4.9 cm Pond Species Average Root Length D 2.9 cm E 3.8 cm F 4.9 cm Which of the following these organisms need for survival? LS 5.e A B C D What would be the best way for Pedro to communicate these results? IE 7.d A B C D construct a bar graph show photos of the roots write a paragraph draw a map more room to swim salt in the water sand in the water no light in the water Which of the following describes why similar organisms are found in hot deserts throughout the world? LS 5.d A People have brought the organisms The part of the ocean most likely to receive direct sunlight is the intertidal zone Which part of the tropical rain forest is similar to the intertidal zone in this way? LS 5.d A B C D 152 the emergent layer the canopy the understory the forest floor to the deserts B Deserts around the world all have similar amounts of precipitation C The organisms have migrated to deserts around the world D The organisms not like the cold weather Why many plants living in Mediterranean climates have thick leaves and deep roots? LS 5.e A to shelter small birds and animals B to provide food for insects and birds C to conserve water during the hotter summer months D to soak up the fog and dew from a large body of water A B C D 10 Which of the following best describes why organisms living in estuaries can adapt to changes in salinity? LS 5.d 11 mates water light shelter In California’s deserts, the desert tortoise lives mainly underground Which abiotic factor has most likely influenced the tortoise to adapt in this way? LS 5.e A B C D A As tides flow out, the water heats up B As tides flow in, the organisms’ homes are submerged C As tides flow in, the salt in the water increases D As tides flow out, the salt dries on the land Carnivores in the savanna compete for prey, while plants in tropical rain forests compete for LS 5.d unchecked wildfires seasonal changes in sunlight extreme daily temperature changes unexpected flash floods Which of the following best describes why there is more plant growth after a fire? LS 5.e A The fire leaves room for new plants B The fire takes nutrients from the soil The sixth-grade students learned that the greatest diversity of plants and animals on Earth is found in the tropical rain forest Which of the following questions would they be most likely to answer through research on the Internet? IE 7.a A How many animals live in each tree of the tropical rain forest? B Which flowering plants bloomed last week in the tropical rain forest? C What conditions permit so many species to survive in the tropical rain forest? D Which species of the tropical rain forest will become endangered in ten years? C People plant seeds in the spring D The rain is very heavy in the winter 12 Which of the following is an abiotic factor that affects quail living in the chaparral? LS 5.e A B C D the amount of food available predators such as coyotes chaparral wildfires nesting sites in the shrubs Materials prepared by PASS at 153 On a cold winter day, a wood frog lies in a shallow burrow beneath fallen leaves on the forest floor The frog isn’t moving It isn’t breathing Its heart isn’t beating In fact, it is frozen solid Yet this frog is alive! Staying Warm Amphibians and reptiles have no fur or feathers to keep them warm In cold climates they need to have other survival strategies Most avoid freezing by burrowing deep underground or by 154 burying themselves at the bottom of a pond or a lake A few simply freeze Wood frogs, which live as far north as the Arctic Circle, survive the winter as frozen “frog-sicles.” LS Organisms in ecosystems exchange energy and nutrients among themselves and with the environment • ELA R 6.1.4 Monitor expository text for unknown words or words with novel meanings by using word, sentence, and paragraph clues to determine meaning Sugar and Ice If you or most other animals tried this trick, you wouldn’t be nearly as successful Sharp ice crystals that form inside your body’s cells would damage your cells beyond repair (That’s why we get frostbite.) Wood frogs solve this problem in an interesting way Freezing temperatures trigger the frog’s body to produce large amounts of glucose, or blood sugar This works as an antifreeze It is like the antifreeze people put in car engines to keep them running in winter Glucose inside the wood frog’s cells prevents the cells from freezing Instead, ice forms outside the cells It fills the cavities around the frog’s organs and forms thin sheets between layers of skin and muscle As the frog’s blood freezes, its heart stops beating, its other organs shut down, and its breathing stops As much as 65% to 70% of the water in its body turns to ice The wood frog enters a state of suspended animation As temperatures climb above freezing in spring, the wood frog begins to thaw Soon it is ready to hop to a nearby puddle or pond and begin looking for a mate Although snow may still cover the ground, the calls of this incredible winter survivor loudly proclaim that spring is on the way 155 Tree-Care Technician If you enjoy caring for plants and love climbing trees, you may want to consider a career as a tree-care technician Tree-care technicians help keep trees in neighborhoods, parks, and forests healthy This requires a great deal of physical activity and the ability to handle heavy equipment Duties may include climbing trees to reach work areas, inspecting trees for disease or pest problems, and operating shredding and chipping machines Tree-care technicians help with storm recovery by removing trees that have fallen on roads, houses, or electrical wires Tree-care technicians often receive on-thejob training However, education in forestry, biology, and pest management is helpful Wildlife Biologist As human populations grow and make more demands on Earth’s land and resources, a need emerges for people who care about protecting wildlife Earth’s environment depends on stable ecosystems However, as more animal habitats are altered or destroyed to meet human needs, more species of wildlife are becoming endangered or even extinct Wildlife biologists work to protect endangered species, such as these orangutans, and their habitats The biologists generally have college degrees with a background in biology, ecology, and math They are also familiar with the social, economic, and political factors that affect wildlife management In addition, wildlife biologists need good communication skills to interact with members of the public who visit forests and other natural areas 156 -Careers @ www.macmillanmh.com ... Joshua Tree National Park in California, you can discover many secrets of the desert What kinds of plants and animals live there? How they survive? 100 ENGAGE LS 5. d Students know different kinds... of a tropical rain forest receives the most sunlight? Why? 1 05 EXPLAIN What are deserts? Deserts are areas that receive less than 25 cm (about 10 in.) of rainfall per year Plants and animals that... Location: Middle latitudes, interiors of continents Climate: Cool in winter and warm in summer, 25 75 cm (10–30 in.) of precipitation per year Soil: Rich topsoil Plants: Mostly grasses and small