California science grade 3 (11)

Chapter Chapter Chapter Most of an iceberg is under water CHAPTER Matter What are some forms of matter and how can they change? 256 Merced River, Yosemite National Park, California Lesson Solids, Liquids, and Gases PAGE 260 Lesson Building Blocks of Matter PAGE 272 Lesson Changing Matter PAGE 284 PS Energy and matter have multiple forms and can be changed from one form to another 257 Literature Poem ELA R 3.3.1 Distinguish common forms of literature (e.g., poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction) ELA W 3.2.2 Write descriptions that use concrete sensory details to present and support unified impressions of people, places, things, or experiences cold air, water, and ice 258 from Chill in the Air by John Frank A soft rain falls Through the winter air That chills the mountain pass, And clings to the trees That crown the hills And turns them into glass Write About It Response to Literature During the winter, rain freezes into ice What word does the author use in the poem to describe ice? What are some words that describe things around you? Choose an object to write about Use as many words as you can to describe the object -Journal Research and write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com 259 Lesson Solids, Liquids, and Gases Have you ever watched a hang glider soar through the air? What can you see from high in the sky? How does the ground look? How can you describe the objects and places below? 260 ENGAGE PS 1.e Students know matter has three forms: solid, liquid, and gas PS 1.f Students know evaporation and melting are changes that occur when the objects are heated How you describe objects? Materials Purpose In this activity you will explore ways to describe objects Procedure Observe Select a “mystery object” in your classroom Observe the object What color is it? How does it feel? What is the object’s shape and size? classroom objects Communicate Record your observations in a concept web like the one shown Label each line with a word that describes your “mystery object.” Leave the circle blank hand lens Infer Trade concept webs with a partner Think about the descriptive words What classroom object the words describe? Label the circle with the name of your partner’s “mystery object.” Step Draw Conclusions Were you able to guess your partner’s “mystery object”? Was your classmate able to guess your mystery object? What helped you most in guessing your partner’s object? Explore More Step Experiment How might your concept web be different if you were blindfolded and could only touch the “mystery object”? Try it again to find out IE 5.e Collect data in an investigation and analyze those data to develop a logical conclusion 261 EXPLORE C Main Idea PS 1.e PS 1.f Solids, liquids, and gases are three forms of matter Adding or removing heat energy causes matter to change form C Vocabulary matter , p 262 mass , p 262 solid , p 264 volume , p 264 liquid , p 264 gas , p 265 melt , p 266 evaporate , p 267 What is matter? freeze , p 268 condense , p 268 -Glossary @ www.macmillanmh.com C Reading Skill Matter is anything that takes up space You Main Idea ;OW\7RSO 2SbOWZa 2SbOWZa 2SbOWZa C Technology Explore matter with the Secret Agents 262 EXPLAIN If you look around, you will see many things with different sizes, colors, and shapes Things differ in the way they look, feel, sound, and smell All the things around you are alike in one way All are kinds of matter (MA•tuhr) are matter This book is matter Even the air you breathe is matter All of these things take up space Matter also has mass Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object A brick and a sponge might have the same size and shape However, the mass of the brick is greater than the mass of the sponge That is because the brick contains more matter than the sponge Properties of Matter Each kind of matter has its own properties (PROP•uhr•teez), or traits Color and shape are properties that you can see The way an object tastes, smells, feels, and sounds are other properties that you can observe Properties can be used to describe and identify matter Many properties of matter can be measured You measure the length and width of an object with a ruler or meterstick You measure the mass of an object with a pan balance A Everywhere you go, you are surrounded by matter A pan balance is used to measure the mass of objects Which object has greater mass? Why? C Quick Check Main Idea What are two properties of all types of matter? Critical Thinking Why is the idea of the number not matter, but bricks are matter? 263 EXPLAIN How we classify matter? One way scientists classify matter is in groups called states Three states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases Each of these states of matter has certain properties Most of the things you see around you are solids (SAHL•idz) Pencils, desks, pillows, and chairs are all examples of solids A solid is matter that has a definite shape and volume (VAHL•yewm) Volume is the amount of space that an object takes up This book is a solid It has a definite shape It takes up a definite amount of space A The glass is a solid It has a definite shape and volume Does the liquid have a definite shape and volume? 264 EXPLAIN A liquid (LIK•wid) is matter that has a definite volume but does not have a definite shape A liquid takes the shape of its container Water, oil, juice, and shampoo are liquids Milk is a liquid, too When it is inside a carton, milk takes the shape of the carton When you pour milk into a glass, it takes the shape of the glass Whatever the shape or size of its container, milk’s volume does not change It takes up the same amount of space regardless of what it is in A Liquids take the shape of their containers Liquids also take up a definite amount of space inside their containers Shapes That Matter Have you ever looked very carefully at salt or sugar? It is hard to tell them apart because they both are white, have small grains, and feel the same If you look closely, you will see that both are cube-shaped A cube is a three-dimensional shape Look at the three-dimensional shapes below, and describe how they are alike and how they are different How to identify a cube or a rectangular solid C A cube has six identical square faces All sides of a cube are the same size exactly C A rectangular solid has equal-size rectangular faces and equal-size square faces vertices square face rectangular face Number of Cube Rectangular Solid faces 6 vertices square faces rectangular faces Solve It Copy the chart and fill in the missing information about the cube and rectangular solid How are the two shapes alike? How are they different? MA MG 3.2.5 Identify, describe, and classify common three-dimensional geometric objects (e.g., cube, rectangular solid, sphere, prism, pyramid, cone, cylinder) 283 EXTEND Lesson Changing Matter Have you ever baked a cake? Why doesn’t a cake taste like the ingredients it is made from? Why does mixing things sometimes cause the properties of those things to change? 284 ENGAGE PS 1.g Students know that when two or more substances are combined, a new substance may be formed with properties that are different from those of the original materials How does matter change? Materials Make a Prediction Matter can change in many ways How flour and baking soda change when each is mixed with vinegar? Write a prediction vinegar, flour, and baking soda Test Your Prediction Observe List the properties of each substance Record your observations in a chart Experiment Put tablespoons of flour in one container Add 50 milliliters of vinegar Quickly put the balloon over the container’s opening Observe what occurs Record your observations in your chart two clear plastic bottles and balloons Repeat step using baking soda in place of flour goggles Communicate Draw a picture at the bottom of each column of your chart to show what happened to the balloons Draw Conclusions Did your results match your prediction? Explain measuring cup and spoons Step Infer What you think caused the differences in the balloons? Explore More Experiment What might happen to the balloon if you add tablespoons of baking soda and 50 milliliters of water to a container? IE 5.d Predict the outcome of a simple investigation and compare the result with the prediction 285 EXPLORE What are physical changes? C Main Idea PS 1.g Matter can change Physical changes cause matter to look different Chemical changes cause a different kind of matter to form C Vocabulary physical change , p 286 mixture , p 287 chemical change , p 288 -Glossary @ www.macmillanmh.com C Reading Skill Predict EVOb7>`SRWQb EVOb6O^^S\a When water changes state from a liquid to a solid, it goes through a physical change C 286 EXPLAIN Matter can change A physical change (FIZ•i•kuhl CHAYNJ) is a change in the way matter looks Matter looks different after a physical change, but the makeup of the matter has not changed It is still the same kind of matter Tearing a sheet of paper in half is a physical change The size of the ripped paper differs from the size of the original sheet, but it is still paper Stretching a rubber band is also a physical change The size and shape of the rubber band changes, but it is still a rubber band It is also a physical change when matter changes state When liquid water freezes, its state changes from liquid to solid The water looks different, but it is still water Liquid water and solid water are made up of the same elements They both contain the same hydrogen and oxygen atoms When you mix different kinds of matter, you may get a mixture (MIKS•chuhr) In a mixture the properties of each kind of matter not change Fruit salad is a mixture of fruit A mixture can be any combination of solids, liquids, and gases A mixture can be separated into its original parts Quick Check Predict What will happen when you mix an egg and flour? Critical Thinking Make a list of three physical changes you could make to a piece of paper A How can you separate the fruits in this mixture? When glass changes state from a solid to a liquid, it goes through a physical change B When sand is molded, its shape changes It is still sand 287 EXPLAIN What are chemical changes? Some changes cause matter to become different substances This change is called a chemical change (KEM•i•kuhl CHAYNJ) A chemical change is a change that causes different kinds of matter to form The properties of the new matter are different from those of the original substances A burning log goes through a chemical change The log starts off as solid wood When you set the log on fire, it changes chemically Carbon dioxide gas and ash form The properties of these substances are very different from those of wood That is because they are made up of different combinations of elements Food spoils as a result of chemical changes Substances in food can break down and form new substances When this happens, food may change color or have a bad smell 288 EXPLAIN A How the properties of a wooden log differ from those of ashes? Days after being picked from a tree, chemical changes make these bananas begin to spoil C When you bake a cake, the ingredients go through a chemical change They form new substances The properties of this new matter are not the same as the original ingredients That is why the baked cake has a taste that differs from eggs, milk, and flour Quick Check Predict What will happen if you light a candle? Critical Thinking When you cook an egg to make scrambled eggs, you cause a physical change or a chemical change? Chemical Changes Observe Look closely at some pennies Make a list of their properties Place teaspoon of salt in a bowl Add 150 milliliters of vinegar Stir until the salt dissolves Compare Dip a penny halfway into the liquid Slowly count to 20 as you hold the coin there Then remove the penny Compare the half you held with the half that was in the liquid Infer What caused the change of appearance? A Chemical Change ingredients dough bread Read a Diagram What caused the bread dough to undergo a chemical change? Clue: Look at the pictures to see how this happened 289 EXPLAIN What are the signs of a chemical change? Certain signs can show that a chemical change has happened Here are a few Light and Heat As a candle burns, it releases light and heat energy New kinds of matter form The light and heat are signs of a chemical change Color Change Sometimes a color change shows that a chemical change has happened When fruit spoils, it may turn brown The color change shows that the fruit is changing to a different kind of matter Dark reddish-brown spots of rust may appear on objects made of iron, such as cars and bicycles The properties of rust differ from the properties of iron This is because rust is a different kind of matter Formation of Gas A Heat and light are signs of a chemical change A A chemical change has caused some of the iron in this car to rust When baking soda and vinegar mix, a chemical change happens A new substance, carbon dioxide gas, forms As the gas forms, you see bubbles The bubbles tell you that a chemical change is occurring Quick Check Predict What will happen to milk if you leave it in the sun? Critical Thinking Is water boiling a physical change or a chemical change? Why? 290 EXPLAIN A The formation of a gas is a sign of a chemical change Summarize the Main Idea Physical changes cause matter to look different Mixing, tearing, and melting are physical changes Think, Talk, and Write Main Idea What are two ways matter can change? Vocabulary What is a mixture? (pp 286–287) Chemical changes cause different kinds of matter to form (pp 288–289) Light, heat, color change, and formation of gas are signs of a chemical change (p 290) Make a Study Guide Make a shutter fold Use it to summarize what you learned about how matter changes Writing Link Write an Essay What if the ice at Earth’s poles changes from ice to water? How would life change for the people and animals on Earth? Predict Two clear liquids are mixed together A green powder forms What kind of change is this? EVOb7>`SRWQb EVOb6O^^S\a Critical Thinking Mrs Hall noticed a brass pot was discolored She wiped the pot with a special cleaner The pot returned to its original color What kind of change happened? Test Practice Which of the following is a physical change? A baking a cake B ice melting C metal rusting D wood burning Math Link Solve a Problem A log takes one hour to burn down to ash A banana turns brown and mushy in four days How many minutes did the longest chemical change take? -Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 291 EVALUATE Materials Inquiry Structured How can physical and chemical changes affect matter? chalk Form a Hypothesis hand lens After a physical change, matter looks different but is still the same kind of matter During a chemical change, matter changes to become a different type of matter How can physical and chemical changes affect chalk? Write a hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Observe Break a piece of black construction paper chalk in half Use a hand lens to look at the broken end of the chalk Record your observations Is this a chemical or physical change? Experiment Use one of the vinegar chalk pieces and rub it on a piece of black paper Using the hand lens look at the chalk on the paper Record your observations Is this a chemical or physical change? Step Experiment Use an eyedropper eyedropper to add drop of vinegar to the chalk on the black paper Record your observations Is this a chemical or physical change? Draw Conclusions Analyze Data What did you observe? Which changes were physical changes? Was there a chemical change? 292 EXTEND Step Infer Describe what happened to the chalk during the chemical change What caused this to happen? Communicate Use your observations to write your own definitions of chemical and physical change Inquiry Guided Inquiry Open What are the signs of a chemical change? What else would you like to know about physical and chemical change? Come up with a question to investigate For example, how pennies turn green? Design an experiment to answer your question Form a Hypothesis How can you tell a chemical change has occurred? Write a hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Design an experiment to investigate chemical changes Use the materials shown Write the steps you plan to follow Record your results and observations Remember to follow the steps of the scientific process Ask a Question Ask a Question Form a Hypothesis Form a Hypothesis Materials Test Your Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis plastic cups steel wool spoon milk vinegar baking soda Draw Conclusions Draw Conclusions Draw Conclusions IE 5.b Differentiate evidence from opinion and know that scientists not rely on claims or conclusions unless they are backed by observations that can be confirmed What changes did you observe? Did your experiment support your Building block lesson for ES Weather can be observed, measured, and described hypothesis? Why orobserved, why not? Weather can be measured, and described Weather can be observed, measured, and described 293 EXTEND CHAPTER Review Summarize the Main Ideas Three states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases Each of these states of matter has its own properties (pp 260–269) All matter is made up of elements An atom is the smallest unit of an element that has the properties of that element (pp 272–279) Physical changes cause matter to look different Chemical changes cause a different kind of matter to form (pp 284–291) Fill each blank with the best word from the list chemical change , p 288 condense , p 268 gas , p 265 liquid , p 264 elements , p 274 physical change , p 286 evaporate , p 267 solid , p.264 Matter that has a definite volume and takes the shape of its container is a _ PS 1.e All matter is made up of _ PS 1.i A change that causes a different kind of matter to form is a _ PS 1.g Matter that does not have a definite shape or volume is a _ PS 1.e Make a Study Guide Tape your lesson study guides on a piece of paper as shown Use your study guide to review what you have learned in this chapter When a liquid gains heat energy, it will _ or turn into a gas PS 1.f A change in the way matter looks is a _ PS 1.g Matter that has a definite shape and volume is a _ PS 1.e When a gas loses heat energy, it will _ or become a liquid PS 1.f -Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 294 Discuss or write about each of the following Answer each of the following in a complete sentence Main Idea How are matter, atoms, and elements related? PS 1.h 10 Expository Writing What kind of changes occur as you blend pancake mix, milk, and an egg and then heat the batter to make pancakes? PS 1.g 11 Measure Name the measurement tool shown in the photo What property of matter does it measure? PS 1.h 12 Critical Thinking Explain what kind of information you could discover by reading this table PS 1.i   ( (YDROGEN  9Sg ,I "E  A -G    A 3ODIUM "ERYLLIUM ;SbOZa ;SbOZZ]WRa aS[W[SbOZa B3@+ 4H 0A P 0U !M #M "K #F %S &M -D O ,R #ALIFORNIUM %INSTEINIUM Periodic Table 295 Make a Matter Book • Make a book about matter Begin by drawing pictures that show ten different kinds of matter • Next to each picture, list five properties of the matter shown Include the matter’s state in your list • Include a page that illustrates what ancient people thought matter was made up of States of Matter solids liquids gases 296 Which of the following would show water changing from a solid to a liquid? PS 1.f What type of change happened to the ingredients? PS 1.g A a pot of water on the stove B physical change B an ice pop left in the Sun C solid change C an ice pop left in the freezer D melting change D a glass of water left by an open window If you leave a half-filled glass of lemonade on a table for one week, what might happen to the water in the lemonade? IE 5.e A The water will boil in the sunlight B Someone will drink the lemonade C The water will evaporate D The water will combine with the sugar in the lemonade What happens when an ice cube changes its form? PS 1.f A A solid becomes a liquid B A liquid becomes a gas C It freezes D It evaporates Some students mixed butter, flour, sugar, and eggs in a bowl A chemical change A student made a poster showing examples of chemical changes Which poster is his? PS 1.g A water melting B bowl of fruit salad C children making cookies D bowl of cut up fruit A student wrote about matter in her science lab book Which of the following is correct? PS 1.h A Matter is too small to see with the naked eye B Matter comes from the Sun C Matter may be stored and converted to energy D Matter is made up of small particles called atoms The periodic table shows PS 1.i A the names of different things that are mixed together B matter changing from a liquid to a gas C the amount of space taken up by all objects 1V S F
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