California science grade 3 (6)

Chapter Chapter Chapter ullfrog will not give you b a g n wart hi c u s o T CHAPTER Adaptations in Land Environments What are adaptations and how they help living things survive? 20 Lesson Living Things and Their Needs PAGE 24 Lesson Life in the Desert PAGE 36 Lesson Life in the Grassland PAGE 46 Lesson Life in the Forest PAGE 56 Lesson Life in the Arctic Tundra PAGE 68 LS Adaptations in physical structure or behavior may improve an organism’s chance for survival 21 Literature Poem ELA R 3.2.3 Demonstrate comprehension by identifying answers in the text ELA W 3.1.1 Create a single paragraph: a Develop a topic sentence b Include simple supporting facts and details giant sequoias 22 from Iguanas in the Snow by Francisco X Alarcón These are the great-greatgreat-great-grandparents of the Sierra Nevada it takes my whole family holding hands for us to give a hug their many scars tell of the storms and fires they have survived to the tallest and oldest tree in this grove every year without fail their huge trunks add another ring thick in a wet year with plentiful rains— thin in a dry one Write About It Response to Literature This poem tells us that sequoia trees can survive forest fires What else have you learned about them from this poem? Write a paragraph about sequoia trees Think about what you already know about trees and use details from the poem -Journal Write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com 23 Lesson Living Things and Their Needs Living things can be found all over Earth How living things get what they need to survive? 24 ENGAGE Building block lesson for LS 3.a Students know plants and animals have structures that serve different functions in growth, survival, and reproduction LS 3.b Students know examples of diverse life forms in different environments, such as oceans, deserts, tundra, forests, grasslands, and wetlands What plants need to live? Materials Form a Hypothesis Do plants need light? Do they need water? Write a hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis identical plants Label four identical plants as shown Light and Water Light and No Water No Light and Water No Light and No Water measuring cup and water Step Observe How the plants look? Record your observations in a chart Put the plants labeled No Light in a dark place Put the plants labeled Light in a sunny place Water the plants labeled Water every few days Predict What you think will happen to each plant? Record Data Look at the plants every few days Record your observations in your chart Plants Light and Water Light and No Water No Light and Water No Light and No Water Day Day Day Day 12 Draw Conclusions Analyze Data Which plant grew the most after two weeks? Which plant looks the healthiest? What plants need to live? Explore More Experiment What else plants need to live? How could you find out? Make a plan and try it IE 5.e Collect data in an investigation and analyze those data to develop a logical conclusion 25 EXPLORE C Main Idea LS 3.a LS 3.b Living things get what they need from their environment C Vocabulary environment , p 26 biome , p 26 climate , p 27 Deserts are biomes that have dry climates and sandy soil Deserts can be hot or cold soil , p 27 humus , p 27 structure , p 29 shelter , p 30 adaptation , p 32 -Glossary @ www.macmillanmh.com C Reading Skill Draw Conclusions BSfb1ZcSa 1]\QZcaW]\a C Technology Explore biomes with the Secret Agents 26 EXPLAIN Where living things live? Look outside Do you see any living things? You probably Living things live almost everywhere on Earth They live in any environment (en•VIGH•ruhn•muhnt) where they can meet their needs An environment is everything that surrounds a living thing Environments are made up of both living and nonliving things Plants and animals are living things Water, air, and sunlight are nonliving things Biomes Scientists group environments with similar traits into biomes (BIGH•ohmz) A biome is an area of land or water that has certain kinds of living and nonliving things Deserts, forests, and grasslands are examples of biomes Grasslands are biomes that have mainly grasses Each biome has a certain kind of climate (KLIGH•mit) Climate describes the typical weather conditions of an area over time Some biomes are cold and dry for most of the year Some are warm and wet A biome’s climate affects which living things can survive there Each biome also has a certain type of soil Soil is a substance that covers the ground It is made of broken-down rocks and humus (HYEW•muhs) Humus is broken-down plant and animal material Humus adds nutrients to the soil It soaks up rainwater and keeps the ground moist Quick Check Draw Conclusions Do all deserts have similar kinds of living things? Critical Thinking What are some of the living things in a city environment? 27 EXPLAIN How plants get what they need? From the tallest redwood tree to the smallest pansy, most plants have the same basic needs They need water, sunlight, energy from food, and carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a gas found in air Plants need nutrients, too Nutrients are substances that help living things grow and stay healthy Plants must get all these things from their environment in order to survive, but they make their own food Stems carry food and water throughout the plant Stems also keep a plant upright so leaves can get sunlight Roots take in water and nutrients from the soil They also keep a plant in place 28 EXPLAIN Does fat help animals survive in cold environments? Materials Form a Hypothesis Does fat help animals stay warm? Does fat keep animals cool? Write a hypothesis Start with “If an animal has extra fat, then ” vegetable fat Test Your Hypothesis Use a paper towel to spread vegetable fat over one of your index fingers Try to coat your finger completely with fat paper towel Predict What will happen when you put both index fingers in a bowl of ice water? ice water stopwatch Experiment Ask a partner to time how long you can keep each index finger in the ice water Record the data in a chart Step Trade roles with your partner and repeat steps through Draw Conclusions Analyze Data Did your observations match your prediction? What happened when you put both fingers in the ice water? How does fat help animals survive in cold places? Explore Step More Experiment How does thick fur help animals survive in cold environments? Form a hypothesis Then make a plan to test it IE 5.d Predict the outcome of a simple investigation and compare the result with the prediction 69 EXPLORE What is an arctic tundra? C Main Idea LS 3.a LS 3.b The arctic tundra is a cold biome with little rainfall Tundra plants and animals have adaptations that help them survive C Vocabulary arctic tundra , p 70 permafrost , p 71 blubber , p 74 migrate , p 76 -Glossary @ www.macmillanmh.com You’ve reached Denali National Park The air is so cold it burns your lungs A biting-cold wind whips across your face The ground is frozen and hard beneath your feet This is the arctic tundra The arctic tundra is the cold biome above the Arctic Circle Winters here are long and dark In the middle of winter, the Sun never rises Temperatures can drop to –60°F (–51°C) and several feet of snow fall Few plants are able to survive here in winter Many animals leave for warmer places In the six to ten weeks of summer, the Sun never sets It is light during both the day and night C Reading Skill Draw Conclusions BSfb1ZcSa 70 EXPLAIN 1]\QZcaW]\a In winter, the arctic tundra is cold and dark These caribou move south to find a warmer environment B With heat from the Sun, the snow melts The melted snow cannot soak into the ground A layer of permafrost keeps it from draining Permafrost is soil that is always frozen The land becomes soggy with pools of water As temperatures rise, the top few inches of soil thaw Small plants grow in the wet ground The arctic tundra comes to life as animals return to feed and nest $ "4*" "SDUJD
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1PMF /035) ".&3*$" Quick Check Draw Conclusions Why is there permafrost in the arctic tundra? Critical Thinking How is the arctic tundra similar to the desert? How is it different? arctic tundra Read a Map In summer, the arctic tundra becomes soggy with melted snow B Where in the world is the arctic tundra? Clue: A map key can help you understand the information on a map 71 EXPLAIN What adaptations help arctic plants? About 1,700 different kinds of plants can grow in the arctic tundra Arctic plants have adaptations that help them survive in their cold, icy environment Shallow Roots One adaptation that helps arctic plants survive is small, shallow roots All of the plants that live in the arctic tundra have shallow roots, or no roots at all Shallow roots are necessary for surviving in an environment that has mostly frozen soil purple saxifrage This arctic tern chick stays hidden among rocks covered with lichen Lichen is similar to moss lichen 72 EXPLAIN Short and Small Small size is another adaptation that helps plants survive here Most arctic plants grow close to the ground They rarely reach more than one foot tall This adaptation protects plants from the cold and wind Growing Together Many arctic plants grow close together in tight clumps that look like cushions Arctic forget-me-nots are an example Growing together is an adaptation that protects plants from wind and freezing temperatures Plants that grow this way are called cushion plants arctic forget-me-not Dark Colors A deep red or pink color helps many plants, such as dwarf fireweed, survive in the arctic tundra Their dark color is an adaptation that helps them absorb sunlight It also helps attract birds and other animals that they depend on to spread their seeds and reproduce Quick Check Draw Conclusions Could a banana tree live in the arctic tundra? Explain your answer Critical Thinking How does color help some plants survive in the arctic tundra? dwarf fireweed 73 EXPLAIN What adaptations help arctic animals? A variety of animals make their home in the arctic tundra Arctic animals have adaptations that help them survive in cold, snowy environments Staying Warm Polar bears, musk oxen, and many other arctic animals have thick fur coats They also have a thick layer of blubber Blubber is fat Thick coats and fat help animals stay warm Arctic animals usually have larger bodies and thicker fur than their relatives in other biomes They also have smaller ears and shorter legs All these adaptations help them absorb and conserve heat A thick fur coat and layer of blubber help polar bears and musk oxen stay warm in the cold arctic tundra 74 EXPLAIN Arctic Adaptations Observe What you notice about the arctic and desert foxes’ features? What are their coats and bodies like? Compare How are the animals alike? How are they different? The lynx’s wide, furry feet are perfect for running in the snow Infer How the arctic fox’s features help it survive in the arctic tundra? Wide Paws and Strong Claws The lynx, snowshoe hare, and polar bear, among many tundra animals, have wide, furry feet This helps them run in the snow Wide feet work like snowshoes They keep animals from sinking in the snow Long, strong claws give animals extra grip They keep animals from sliding on slippery ice arctic fox Quick Check Draw Conclusions Why most rain-forest animals have thinner fur coats than arctic animals? Critical Thinking How special desert fox feet help some animals survive in the tundra? 75 EXPLAIN What are some other arctic animal adaptations? Canada geese, tundra swans, and caribou are a few arctic animals that migrate (MIGH•grayt) To migrate means to move to another place Animals migrate when their home environment can no longer meet their needs In winter the arctic becomes too cold for plants to grow Animals that eat plants move south where food is easier to find When temperatures rise in the arctic in spring, plants begin to grow again Animals can then return home The arctic hare and fox, among others, change color from season to season to stay camouflaged Camouflage helps animals like the hare stay safe from animals that hunt them It helps animals like the fox hunt without being seen Quick Check Draw Conclusions How does color help some animals survive? Critical Thinking Why some animals migrate? arctic fox in summer C 76 EXPLAIN A Many Canada geese migrate south into parts of the Unites States A arctic fox in winter Summarize the Main Idea The arctic tundra is a cold, dry biome above the Arctic Circle (pp 70–71) Arctic plants have adaptations that protect them from the cold and wind (pp 72–73) Think, Talk, and Write Main Idea What adaptations help arctic plants and animals survive? Vocabulary What is the arctic tundra like? Write about it Draw Conclusions Why can’t trees grow in the arctic tundra? BSfb1ZcSa 1]\QZcaW]\a Arctic animals have adaptations that help them survive in cold, snowy environments (pp 74–76) Make a Study Guide Make a pyramid fold Use it to summarize what you read about the arctic tundra Writing Link Writing That Compares Describe your favorite arctic animal What adaptations help it to survive? Compare this animal to a forest animal Write how the animals are alike and how they are different Critical Thinking Could an arctic animal live in a hot desert? Explain your answer Test Practice An arctic fox’s white fur is an example of mimicry B migration C camouflage D hibernation A Social Studies Link Do Research Few people live in the arctic tundra, but some Inuit live in areas where they can fish and hunt for food Write a list of questions that you could ask someone who lives in the tundra Research the Inuit to find the answers -Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 77 EVALUATE Describe Where You Live In this chapter, you went on a trip to different environments around the world Now tell about where you live Describe the sights and sounds of your community What plants and animals live around you? What is the climate like? A good description C includes describing words to tell how something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or tastes C uses details to create a picture for the reader C groups together details in an order that makes sense Write About It Descriptive Writing Write a description in your science journal about your environment Use the first paragraph on page 70 as a model for your writing -Journal Write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com 78 EXTEND ELA W 3.2.2 Write descriptions that use concrete sensory details to present and support unified impressions of people, places, things, or experiences Estimating the Area of Leaves Most plants in the tundra are very small This is an adaptation that helps them survive What are plants like in your environment? Are they big and tall? What kind of leaves they have? How to estimate area C First, trace a flat object on a piece of graph paper C Then, estimate the area by counting the number of squares it covers Count any square that is more than half covered The area is about 32 squares Solve It Collect the leaves of some plants from your environment Compare their sizes Estimate their areas MA MG 3.1.2 Estimate or determine the area and volume of solid figures by covering them with squares or by counting the number of cubes that would fill them 79 EXTEND CHAPTER Review Summarize the Main Ideas Living things get what they need from their environment (pp 24–33) Desert plants and animals have adaptations that help them conserve water (pp 36–43) Grassland plants and animals have adaptations that help them survive in grasslands (pp 46–53) Forest plants and animals have adaptations that help them survive in forests (pp 56–65) Arctic plants and animals have adaptations that help them survive freezing temperatures (pp 68–77) Make a Study Guide Glue your lesson study guides together as shown Use your study guide to review what you have learned in this chapter Fill each blank with the best word from the list adaptation , p 32 environment , p 26 camouflage , p 42 grasslands , p 48 deciduous , p 61 migrate , p 76 desert , p 38 mimicry , p 62 Everything that surrounds a living thing makes up its _ LS 3.b Animals use _ to blend in with their environment LS 3.a A _ has a dry climate and sandy soil LS 3.b Trees that lose their leaves in fall are called _ LS 3.a The spines of a cactus are an example of an _ LS 3.a When animals _ they leave their homes in winter for a warmer environment and then return home in summer LS 3.b Zebras, horses, and other grazing animals live mostly in _ LS 3.b An adaptation in which one living thing looks like another is called _ LS 3.a -Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 80 Discuss or write about each of the following Compare and Contrast How adaptations protect the animals shown below from enemies? LS 3.a Answer each of the following in a complete sentence 13 Why grasses grow well in grasslands? LS 3.b 14 What adaptations help polar bears survive in the arctic tundra? LS 3.a 15 How the three adaptations shown in the diagram help a cactus survive in the desert? LS 3.a porcupine poison arrow frog spines 10 Descriptive Writing Describe a desert LS 3.b 11 Compare Compare the animals shown below What special structures help them survive? LS 3.a thick stem shallow roots grasshopper musk oxen 12 Critical Thinking What might happen to rain-forest plants if their environment suddenly became cold and dry? LS 3.b What are adaptations and how they help living things survive? LS 16/>B3@& 81 Make a Biome Book • Make a book about a biome you would like to visit Include information about the climate and soil in this biome • Tell about the plants and animals that live there Explain what adaptations help the plants and animals survive in their environment • Include a cover for your book and illustrate each page with pictures Examples of Biomes grassland desert arctic tundra forest 82 How a plant’s roots help it get what it needs? LS 3.a A They take in sunlight Caribou live in the arctic tundra They spend most of the summer eating small plants B They take in carbon dioxide C They take in food D They take in water Where animals with flat teeth for grazing mainly live? LS 3.a A desert B grassland C forest What they in winter when plants are hard to find? LS 3.b D tundra A eat meat instead of plants The chart shows information Ms Smith’s class collected about Death Valley Death Valley, California Climate Soil • hot and dry • 2-15 inches of rainfall each year • dry and sandy B hibernate C migrate D change color What kinds of plants are mainly found in forests? LS 3.b A grasses B trees Plants • prickly pear cactus • barrel cactus C cushion plants D cactuses • coyote Animals • collared lizard • cactus wren Death Valley, California is in what kind of biome? IE 5.e Where would you be most likely to find animals with thick fur and a lot of blubber? LS 3.a A desert A desert B grassland B grassland C forest C forest D arctic tundra D arctic tundra Materials prepared by PASS at 83 ... conclusion 37 EXPLORE What is a desert? C Main Idea LS 3. a LS 3. b Deserts have dry climates and sandy soil Desert plants and animals have adaptations that help them survive C Vocabulary desert , p 38 ... survive in such a dry place? 36 ENGAGE LS 3. a Students know plants and animals have structures that serve different functions in growth, survival, and reproduction • LS 3. b Students know examples... an organism’s chance for survival 21 Literature Poem ELA R 3. 2 .3 Demonstrate comprehension by identifying answers in the text ELA W 3. 1.1 Create a single paragraph: a Develop a topic sentence