i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page i PhotoDisc i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page ii Chemistry Water droplets condense on the surface of a flask that has been cooled by a chemical reaction A chemical change produces new substances that have properties different from those of the original substances The change in temperature is an indication that a chemical reaction has taken place Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s Education Division Copyright © National Geographic Society.The name “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book were designed and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine.TIME and the red border are trademarks of Time Inc All rights reserved Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 0-07-861767-7 Printed in the United States of America 10 027/111 09 08 07 06 05 04 PhotoDisc i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page iii Authors Education Division Washington, D.C Eric Werwa, PhD Dinah Zike Department of Physics and Astronomy Otterbein College Westerville, OH Educational Consultant Dinah-Might Activities, Inc San Antonio, TX Series Consultants CONTENT READING ACTIVITY TESTERS Linda McGaw Rachel Swaters-Kissinger Nerma Coats Henderson Science Program Coordinator Advanced Placement Strategies, Inc Dallas, TX Science Teacher John Boise Middle School Warsaw, MO Pickerington Lakeview Jr High School Pickerington, OH MATH SAFETY Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka Michael Hopper, DEng Aileen Duc, PhD William D Slider Middle School El Paso, TX Manager of Aircraft Certification L-3 Communications Greenville, TX Science Teacher Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD Plano, TX Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories Tonawanda, NY Sandra West, PhD Department of Biology Texas State University-San Marcos San Marcos, TX Series Reviewers Sharla Adams Tom Bright Nora M Prestinari Burchett IPC Teacher Allen High School Allen, TX Concord High School Charlotte, NC Saint Luke School McLean, VA Joanne Davis Karen Watkins Desiree Bishop Murphy High School Murphy, NC Perry Meridian Middle School Indianapolis, IN Environmental Studies Center Mobile County Public Schools Mobile, AL Annette Parrott Lakeside High School Atlanta, GA L ◆ iii i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page iv Why I need my science book? Have you ever been in class and not understood all of what was presented? Or, you understood everything in class, but at home, got stuck on how to answer a question? Maybe you just wondered when you were ever going to use this stuff? These next few pages are designed to help you understand everything your science book can be used for besides a paperweight! Before You Read ● Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you, and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the science you will be learning about The Chapter Preview will give you an idea of what you will be learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to help get your brain headed in the right direction The Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized ● Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four sections The As You Read in the margin of the first page of each section will let you know what is most important in the section It is divided into four parts What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you will be covering Why It’s Important will remind you why you are studying this in the first place! The Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know, either from your science studies or your prior knowledge The New Vocabulary words are words that you need to learn to understand this section These words will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the section Make a note to yourself to recognize these words as you are reading the section (bkgd)John Evans, (inset)PhotoDisc i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page v Science Vocabulary Make the following Foldable to help you understand the vocabulary terms in this chapter As You Read ● Headings Each section has a title in large red letters, and is further divided into blue titles and small red titles at the beginnings of some paragraphs To help you study, make an outline of the headings and subheadings Margins In the margins of your text, you will find many helpful resources The Science Online exercises and Integrate activities help you explore the topics you are studying MiniLabs reinforce the science concepts you have learned ● ● Building Skills You also will find an Applying Math or Applying Science activity in each chapter This gives you extra practice using your new knowledge, and helps prepare you for standardized tests ● Student Resources At the end of the book you will find Student Resources to help you throughout your studies These include Science, Technology, and Math Skill Handbooks, an English/Spanish Glossary, and an Index Also, use your Foldables as a resource It will help you organize information, and review before a test ● In Class Remember, you can always ask your teacher to explain anything you don’t understand STEP Fold a vertical sheet of notebook paper from side to side STEP Cut along every third line of only the top layer to form tabs STEP Label each tab with a vocabulary word from the chapter Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list the vocabulary words on the tabs As you learn the definitions, write them under the tab for each vocabulary word Look For At the beginning of every section L ◆ v (t)PhotoDisc, (b)John Evans i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page vi In Lab Working in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand the concepts you are studying Your book will be your guide through your laboratory experiences, and help you begin to think like a scientist In it, you not only will find the steps necessary to follow the investigations, but you also will find helpful tips to make the most of your time ● Each lab provides you with a Real-World Question to remind you that science is something you use every day, not just in class This may lead to many more questions about how things happen in your world ● Remember, experiments not always produce the result you expect Scientists have made many discoveries based on investigations with unexpected results You can try the experiment again to make sure your results were accurate, or perhaps form a new hypothesis to test ● Keeping a Science Journal is how scientists keep accurate records of observations and data In your journal, you also can write any questions that may arise during your investigation This is a great method of reminding yourself to find the answers later r ery chapter o F k o o L h Labs start ev ach e Launc argin of m e h t iLabs in ● Min ery chapter abs in ev L d o i r e Full-P ● Two e abs at th chapter L e m o H A Try at ● EXTR o ur b ok y end of yo borator a l h it w eb site s ● the W tration demons ● vi ◆ L (l)John Evans, (r)Geoff Butler i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page vii Before a Test Admit it! You don’t like to take tests! However, there are ways to review that make them less painful Your book will help you be more successful taking tests if you use the resources provided to you ● Review all of the New Vocabulary words and be sure you understand their definitions ● Review the notes you’ve taken on your Foldables, in class, and in lab Write down any question that you still need answered ● Review the Summaries and Self Check questions at the end of each section ● Study the concepts presented in the chapter by reading the Study Guide and answering the questions in the Chapter Review Look For ● ● ● ● Reading Checks and caption questions throughout the text the Summaries and Self Check questions at the end of each section the Study Guide and Review at the end of each chapter the Standardized Test Practice after each chapter L ◆ vii (l)John Evans, (r)PhotoDisc i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page viii Let’s Get Started To help you find the information you need quickly, use the Scavenger Hunt below to learn where things are located in Chapter What is the title of this chapter? What will you learn in Section 1? Sometimes you may ask, “Why am I learning this?” State a reason why the concepts from Section are important What is the main topic presented in Section 2? How many reading checks are in Section 1? What is the Web address where you can find extra information? What is the main heading above the sixth paragraph in Section 2? There is an integration with another subject mentioned in one of the margins of the chapter What subject is it? List the new vocabulary words presented in Section List the safety symbols presented in the first Lab Where would you find a Self Check to be sure you understand the section? Suppose you’re doing the Self Check and you have a question about concept mapping Where could you find help? On what pages are the Chapter Study Guide and Chapter Review? Look in the Table of Contents to find out on which page Section of the chapter begins You complete the Chapter Review to study for your chapter test Where could you find another quiz for more practice? viii PhotoDisc ◆ L i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page ix Teacher Advisory Board he Teacher Advisory Board gave the editorial staff and design team feedback on the content and design of the Student Edition They provided valuable input in the development of the 2005 edition of Glencoe Science T John Gonzales Challenger Middle School Tucson, AZ Marie Renner Diley Middle School Pickerington, OH Rubidel Peoples Meacham Middle School Fort Worth, TX Rachel Shively Aptakisic Jr High School Buffalo Grove, IL Nelson Farrier Hamlin Middle School Springfield, OR Kristi Ramsey Navasota Jr High School Navasota, TX Roger Pratt Manistique High School Manistique, MI Jeff Remington Palmyra Middle School Palmyra, PA Kirtina Hile Northmor Jr High/High School Galion, OH Erin Peters Williamsburg Middle School Arlington, VA Student Advisory Board he Student Advisory Board gave the editorial staff and design team feedback on the design of the Student Edition We thank these students for their hard work and creative suggestions in making the 2005 edition of Glencoe Science student friendly T Jack Andrews Reynoldsburg Jr High School Reynoldsburg, OH Addison Owen Davis Middle School Dublin, OH Peter Arnold Hastings Middle School Upper Arlington, OH Teriana Patrick Eastmoor Middle School Columbus, OH Emily Barbe Perry Middle School Worthington, OH Ashley Ruz Karrer Middle School Dublin, OH Kirsty Bateman Hilliard Heritage Middle School Hilliard, OH Andre Brown Spanish Emersion Academy Columbus, OH Chris Dundon Heritage Middle School Westerville, OH Ryan Manafee Monroe Middle School Columbus, OH The Glencoe middle school science Student Advisory Board taking a timeout at COSI, a science museum in Columbus, Ohio L ◆ ix Aaron Haupt Photography i-01-LBL-861767 8/23/04 2:24 PM Page x Contents Contents Nature of Science: Alfred Nobel, Dynamite, and Peace—2 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds—6 Section Section Why atoms combine? How Elements Bond 16 Lab Ionic Compounds 25 Lab: Model and Invent Atomic Structure 26 Chemical Reactions—34 Section Section Chemical Formulas and Equations 36 Rates of Chemical Reactions 46 Lab Physical or Chemical Change? 53 Lab: Design Your Own Exothermic or Endothermic? 54 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility—62 Section Section Section x ◆ What is a solution? 64 Solubility 70 Lab Observing Gas Solubility 77 Acidic and Basic Solutions 78 Lab Testing pH Using Natural Indicators 86 L Christopher Swann/Peter Arnold, Inc In each chapter, look for these opportunities for review and assessment: • Reading Checks • Caption Questions • Section Review • Chapter Study Guide • Chapter Review • Standardized Test Practice • Online practice at bookl.msscience.com 159-162-LBL-RH-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 159 Reference Handbooks Standard Units Wavelengths of Light in a Vacuum Symbol Name Quantity m kg Pa K mol J s C V A ⍀ meter kilogram pascal kelvin mole joule second coulomb volt ampere ohm length mass pressure temperature amount of a substance energy, work, quantity of heat time electric charge electric potential electric current resistance g NA e me G 4.0 Ϫ 4.2 ϫ 10Ϫ7 m 4.2 Ϫ 4.9 ϫ 10Ϫ7 m 4.9 Ϫ 5.7 ϫ 10Ϫ7 m 5.7 Ϫ 5.9 ϫ 10Ϫ7 m 5.9 Ϫ 6.5 ϫ 10Ϫ7 m 6.5 Ϫ 7.0 ϫ 10Ϫ7 m Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red The Index of Refraction for Common Substances ( ϭ 5.9 ϫ 10Ϫ7 m) Physical Constants and Conversion Factors Acceleration due to gravity Avogadro’s Number Electron charge Electron rest mass Gravitation constant Mass-energy relationship Speed of light in a vacuum Speed of sound at STP Standard Pressure Reference Handbooks Physical Science Reference Tables Air Alcohol Canada Balsam Corn Oil Diamond Glass, Crown Glass, Flint Glycerol Lucite Quartz, Fused Water 9.8 m/s/s or m/s 6.02 ϫ 1023 particles per mole 1.6 ϫ 10Ϫ19 C 9.11 ϫ 10Ϫ31 kg 6.67 ϫ 10Ϫ11 N ϫ m2/kg2 u (amu) ϭ 9.3 ϫ 102 MeV 3.00 ϫ 108 m/s c 331 m/s atmosphere 101.3 kPa 760 Torr or mmHg 14.7 lb/in.2 1.00 1.36 1.53 1.47 2.42 1.52 1.61 1.47 1.50 1.46 1.33 Heat Constants Alcohol (ethyl) Aluminum Ammonia Copper Iron Lead Mercury Platinum Silver Tungsten Water (solid) Water (liquid) Water (vapor) Zinc Specific Heat (average) (kJ/kg ϫ °C) (J/g ϫ °C) Melting Point (°C) Boiling Point (°C) Heat of Fusion (kJ/kg) (J/g) Heat of Vaporization (kJ/kg) (J/g) 2.43 (liq.) 0.90 (sol.) 4.71 (liq.) 0.39 (sol.) 0.45 (sol.) 0.13 (sol.) 0.14 (liq.) 0.13 (sol.) 0.24 (sol.) 0.13 (sol.) 2.05 (sol.) 4.18 (liq.) 2.01 (gas) 0.39 (sol.) Ϫ117 660 Ϫ78 1083 1535 328 Ϫ39 1772 962 3410 – – 420 79 2467 Ϫ33 2567 2750 1740 357 3827 2212 5660 – 100 – 907 109 396 332 205 267 25 11 101 105 192 334 – – 113 855 10500 1370 4790 6290 866 295 229 2370 4350 – – 2260 1770 REFERENCE HANDBOOKS L ◆ 159 159-162-LBL-RH-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 160 Reference Handbooks Reference Handbooks PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Gas Columns of elements are called groups Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties Liquid 1 Element Atomic number Hydrogen H Lithium Li Be 9.012 Sodium 11 Magnesium 12 Na Mg 22.990 24.305 Potassium 19 Calcium 20 The first three symbols tell you the state of matter of the element at room temperature The fourth symbol identifies elements that are not present in significant amounts on Earth Useful amounts are made synthetically Scandium 21 Titanium 22 Vanadium 23 Chromium 24 Manganese 25 Iron 26 Cobalt 27 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co 39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 Rubidium 37 Strontium 38 Yttrium 39 Zirconium 40 Niobium 41 Molybdenum 42 Technetium 43 Ruthenium 44 Rhodium 45 1.008 Beryllium 6.941 Synthetic State of matter H Symbol Atomic mass 1.008 Solid Hydrogen Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh 85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.906 Cesium 55 Barium 56 Lanthanum 57 Hafnium 72 Tantalum 73 Tungsten 74 Rhenium 75 Osmium 76 Iridium 77 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir 132.905 137.327 138.906 178.49 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 Francium 87 Radium 88 Actinium 89 Rutherfordium 104 Dubnium 105 Seaborgium 106 Bohrium 107 Hassium 108 Meitnerium 109 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt (223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (277) (268) The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest-lived isotope for that element Rows of elements are called periods Atomic number increases across a period The arrow shows where these elements would fit into the periodic table They are moved to the bottom of the table to save space 160 ◆ L STUDENT RESOURCES Cerium 58 Lanthanide series Actinide series Praseodymium 59 Neodymium 60 Promethium 61 Samarium 62 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm 140.116 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 Thorium 90 Protactinium 91 Uranium 92 Neptunium 93 Plutonium 94 Th Pa U Np Pu 232.038 231.036 238.029 (237) (244) 159-162-LBL-RH-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 161 Reference Handbooks Reference Handbooks Metal Visit bookl.msscience.com for updates to the periodic table Metalloid 18 Nonmetal 13 Nickel 28 11 Boron 12 Copper 29 15 16 17 He 4.003 The color of an element’s block tells you if the element is a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid 10 14 Helium Zinc 30 Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon 10 B C N O F Ne 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180 Aluminum 13 Silicon 14 Phosphorus 15 Sulfur 16 Chlorine 17 Argon 18 Al Si P S Cl Ar 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948 Gallium 31 Germanium 32 Arsenic 33 Selenium 34 Bromine 35 Krypton 36 Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 58.693 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798 Palladium 46 Silver 47 Cadmium 48 Indium 49 Tin 50 Antimony 51 Tellurium 52 Iodine 53 Xenon 54 Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.293 Platinum 78 Gold 79 Mercury 80 Thallium 81 Lead 82 Bismuth 83 Polonium 84 Astatine 85 Radon 86 Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 195.078 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.980 (209) (210) (222) Darmstadtium 110 Unununium 111 Ununbium 112 Ununquadium 114 Uub Uuq Ds (281) * Uuu (272) * * (285) * * 116 * * 118 (289) names and symbols for elements 111–114 are temporary Final names will be selected when the elements’ discoveries are verified * TheElements 116 and 118 were thought to have been created The claim was retracted because the experimental results could not be repeated ** Europium 63 Gadolinium 64 Terbium 65 Dysprosium 66 Holmium 67 Erbium 68 Thulium 69 Ytterbium 70 Lutetium 71 Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.500 164.930 167.259 168.934 173.04 174.967 Americium 95 Curium 96 Berkelium 97 Californium 98 Einsteinium 99 Mendelevium 101 Nobelium 102 Lawrencium 103 Fermium 100 Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) REFERENCE HANDBOOKS L ◆ 161 159-162-LBL-RH-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 162 Reference Handbooks Reference Handbooks 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001 0.0000001 0.00000001 0.000000001 0.0000000001 0.00000000001 0.000000000001 (m) 0.0000000000001 Standard Units 10Ϫ1310Ϫ12 10Ϫ11 10Ϫ10 10 Ϫ9 10 Ϫ8 10 Ϫ7 10 Ϫ6 10 Ϫ5 10 Ϫ4 10 Ϫ3 10 Ϫ2 10 Ϫ1 10 101 10 10 10 10 X ray Microwaves UV Visible Gamma ray IR Radio waves Visible Light Shorter Wavelength Violet Blue Longer Wavelength Green Yellow Orange Red 7.0 x 10Ϫ7 6.5 x 10Ϫ7 5.9 x 10 Ϫ7 5.7 x 10Ϫ7 4.9 x 10 Ϫ7 4.2 x 10Ϫ7 4.0 x 10Ϫ7 (m) Heat Constants Atomic number and chemical symbol 84 86 88 90 82 Pb 238 Bi Po At Rn Fr 234 Mass number 230 226 222 218 214 210 206 He Ϫ1 e 162 ◆ L (␣ particle) Helium nucleus emission ( particle) electron emission STUDENT RESOURCES Ra Ac Th 92 Pa U 163-167-LBL-Gloss-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 163 Glossary/Glosario Pronunciation Key Cómo usar el glosario en español: Busca el término en inglés que desees encontrar El término en español, junto la definición, se encuentran en la columna de la derecha Use the following key to help you sound out words in the glossary a back (BAK) ay day (DAY) ah father (FAH thur) ow flower (FLOW ur) ar car (CAR) e less (LES) ee leaf (LEEF) ih trip (TRIHP) i (i ϩ ϩ e) idea (i DEE uh) oh go (GOH) aw soft (SAWFT) or orbit (OR buht) oy coin (COYN) oo foot (FOOT) A acid: substance that releases H+ ions and produces hydronium ions when dissolved in water (p 78) activation energy: minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction (p 47) amino acids: building blocks of proteins; contain both an amino group and a carboxyl acid group replacing hydrogens on the same carbon atom (p 105) Glossary/Glosario English ew food (FEWD) yoo pure (PYOOR) yew few (FYEW) uh comma (CAH muh) u (ϩ con) rub (RUB) sh shelf (SHELF) ch nature (NAY chur) g gift (GIHFT) j gem (JEM) ing sing (SING) zh vision (VIH zhun) k cake (KAYK) s seed, cent (SEED, SENT) z zone, raise (ZOHN, RAYZ) Español ácido: sustancia que libera iones H+ y produce iones de hidronio al ser disuelta en agua (p 78) energía de activación: cantidad mínima de energía necesaria para iniciar una reacción química (p 47) aminoácidos: bloques de construcción de las proteínas que contienen un grupo amino y un grupo ácido carboxilo reemplazando hidrógenos en el mismo átomo de carbono (p 105) grupo amino: consiste en un átomo de nitrógeno unido por enlaces covalentes a dos átomos de hidrógeno; se lo representa la fórmula –NH2 (p 105) acuoso: solución en la cual el agua es el solvente (p 70) amino (uh MEE noh) group: consists of one nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms; represented by the formula –NH2 (p 105) aqueous (A kwee us): solution in which water is the solvent (p 70) B base: substance that accepts H+ ions and produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water (p 81) base: sustancia que acepta los iones H+ y produce iones de hidróxido al ser disuelta en agua (p 81) C carbohydrates: organic compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; starches, cellulose, glycogen, sugars (p 110) carbohidratos: compuestos orgánicos que sólo contienen carbono, hidrógeno y oxígeno; ejemplos son los almidones, la celulosa, el glucógeno y los azúcares (p 110) GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO L ◆ 163 163-167-LBL-Gloss-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 164 Glossary/Glosario carboxyl group/exothermic reaction grupo carboxilo/reacción exotérmica Glossary/Glosario carboxyl (car BOK sul) group: consists of one carbon atom, two oxygen atoms, and one hydrogen atom; represented by the formula –COOH (p 105) catalyst: substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed (p 51) chemical bond: force that holds two atoms together (p 15) chemical equation: shorthand form for writing what reactants are used and what products are formed in a chemical reaction; sometimes shows whether energy is produced or absorbed (p 38) chemical formula: combination of chemical symbols and numbers that indicates which elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a molecule (p 24) chemical reaction: process that produces chemical change, resulting in new substances that have properties different from those of the original substances (p 36) cholesterol: a complex lipid that is present in foods that come from animals (p 115) compound: pure substance that contains two or more elements (p 17) concentration: describes how much solute is present in a solution compared to the amount of solvent (pp 49, 75) covalent bond: chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons (p 19) grupo carboxilo: consiste en un átomo de carbono, dos de oxígeno y uno de hidrógeno; se lo representa la fórmula –COOH (p 105) catalizador: sustancia que acelera una reacción química pero que ella misma ni se agota ni sufre cambios permanentes (p 51) enlace químico: fuerza que mantiene a dos átomos unidos (p 15) ecuación química: forma breve para representar los reactivos utilizados y los productos que se forman en una reacción química; algunas veces muestra si se produce o absorbe energía (p 38) fórmula química: combinación de símbolos y números químicos que indican cuáles elementos y cuántos átomos de cada elemento están presentes en una molécula (p 24) reacción química: proceso que produce cambios químicos que dan como resultado nuevas sustancias cuyas propiedades son diferentes a aquellas de las sustancias originales (p 36) colesterol: lípido complejo presente en alimentos de origen animal (p 115) compuesto: sustancia pura que contiene dos o más elementos (p 17) concentración: describe la cantidad de soluto presente en una solución en relación la cantidad de solvente (pp 49, 75) enlace covalente: enlace químico que se forma cuando los átomos comparten electrones (p 19) E electron cloud: area where negatively charged electrons, arranged in energy levels, travel around an atom’s nucleus (p 8) electron dot diagram: chemical symbol for an element, surrounded by as many dots as there are electrons in its outer energy level (p 14) endothermic (en duh THUR mihk) reaction: chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed (p 43) energy level: the different positions for an electron in an atom (p 9) enzyme: catalysts that are large protein molecules which speed up reactions needed for your cells to work properly (p 52) exothermic (ek soh THUR mihk) reaction: chemical reaction in which heat energy is released (p 43) 164 ◆ L STUDENT RESOURCES nube de electrones: área en donde los electrones cargados negativamente se distribuyen en niveles de energía y se mueven alrededor del núcleo de un átomo (p 8) diagrama de punto de electrones: símbolo químico para un elemento, rodeado de tantos puntos como electrones se encuentran en su nivel exterior de energía (p 14) reacción endotérmica: reacción química en la cual se absorbe energía calórica (p 43) nivel de energía: las diferentes posiciones de un electrón en un átomo (p 9) enzimas: catalizadores que son grandes moléculas de proteínas las cuales aceleran las reacciones necesarias para que las células trabajen en forma adecuada (p 52) reacción exotérmica: reacción química en la cual se libera energía calórica (p 43) 163-167-LBL-Gloss-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 165 Glossary/Glosario heterogeneous mixture/molecule mezcla heterogénea/molécula H heterogeneous mixture: type of mixture where the substances are not evenly mixed (p 65) homogeneous mixture: type of mixture where two or more substances are evenly mixed on a molecular level but are not bonded together (p 66) hydrocarbon: organic compound that has only carbon and hydrogen atoms (p 97) hydronium ion: hydrogen ion combines with a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O+ (p 78) hydroxyl (hi DROK sul) group: consists of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom joined by a covalent bond; represented by the formula –OH (p 104) Glossary/Glosario mezcla heterogénea: tipo de mezcla en la cual las sustancias no están mezcladas de manera uniforme (p 65) mezcla homogénea: tipo de mezcla en la cual dos o más sustancias están mezcladas en de manera uniforme a nivel molecular pero no están enlazadas (p 66) hidrocarburo: compuesto orgánico que sólo contiene átomos de carbono e hidrógeno (p 97) ion de hidronio: ion de hidrógeno combinado una molécula de agua para formar un ion de hidronio, H3O+ (p 78) grupo hidroxilo: consiste en un átomo de oxígeno y un átomo de hidrógeno unidos por un enlace covalente; se lo representa la fórmula –OH (p 104) I indicator: compound that changes color at different pH values when it reacts with acidic or basic solutions (p 84) inhibitor: substance that slows down a chemical reaction, making the formation of a certain amount of product take longer (p 50) indicador: compuesto que cambia de color diferentes valores de pH al reaccionar soluciones ácidas o básicas (p 84) inhibidor: sustancia que reduce la velocidad de una reacción química, haciendo que la formación de una determinada cantidad de producto tarde más tiempo (p 50) ion: átomo que deja de ser neutro debido a que ganado o perdido un electrón (p 17) enlace iónico: atracción que mantiene unidos a iones cargas opuestas (p 17) isómeros: compuestos que tienen la misma fórmula química pero diferentes estructuras y propiedades físicas y químicas (p 100) ion (I ahn): atom that is no longer neutral because it has gained or lost an electron (p 17) ionic bond: attraction that holds oppositely charged ions close together (p 17) isomers (I suh murz): compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures and different physical and chemical properties (p 100) L lipids: organic compound that contains the same elements as carbohydrates but in different proportions (p 113) lípidos: compuestos orgánicos que contienen los mismos elementos que los carbohidratos pero en proporciones diferentes (p 113) M metallic bond: bond formed when metal atoms share their pooled electrons (p 18) molecule (MAH lih kewl): neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons (p 19) enlace metálico: enlace que se forma cuando átomos metálicos comparten sus electrones agrupados (p 18) molécula: partícula neutra que se forma cuando los átomos comparten electrones (p 19) GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO L ◆ 165 163-167-LBL-Gloss-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 166 Glossary/Glosario monomer/reactant monómeros/reactivo monomer: small, organic molecules that link together to form polymers (p 108) monómeros: moléculas orgánicas pequeñas que se unen entre sí para formar polímeros (p 108) N neutralization (new truh luh ZAY shun): reaction in which an acid reacts with a base and forms water and a salt (p 84) neutralización: reacción en la cual un ácido reacciona una base para formar agua y una sal (p 84) Glossary/Glosario O organic compounds: most compounds that contain carbon (p 96) compuestos orgánicos: la mayoría de compuestos que contienen carbono (p 96) P pH: measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging in a scale from to 14 (p 82) polar bond: bond resulting from the unequal sharing of electrons (p 20) polymer: large molecule made up of small repeating units linked by covalent bonds to form a long chain (p 108) pH: medida para saber qué tan básica o ácida es una solución, en una escala de a 14 (p 82) enlace polar: enlace que resulta de compartir electrones en forma desigual (p 20) polímero: molécula grande formada por unidades pequeñas que se repiten y están unidas por enlaces covalentes para formar una cadena larga (p 108) polimerización: reacción química en la que los monómeros se unen entre sí (p 108) precipitado: sólido que se aísla de su solución mediante una reacción química o un cambio físico (p 66) polymerization: a chemical reaction in which monomers are bonded together (p 108) precipitate: solid that comes back out of its solution because of a chemical reaction or physical change (p 66) product: substance that forms as a result of a chemical reaction (p 38) protein: biological polymer made up of amino acids; catalyzes many cell reactions and provides structural materials for many parts of the body (p 109) producto: sustancia que se forma como resultado de una reacción química (p 38) proteína: polímero biológico formado por aminoácidos; cataliza numerosas reacciones celulares y conforma materiales estructurales para diversas partes del cuerpo (p 109) R rate of reaction: measure of how fast a chemical reaction occurs (p 48) reactant: substance that exists before a chemical reaction begins (p 38) 166 ◆ L STUDENT RESOURCES velocidad de reacción: medida de la rapidez que se produce una reacción química (p 48) reactivo: sustancia que existe antes de que comience una reacción química (p 38) 163-167-LBL-Gloss-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 167 Glossary/Glosario saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbon saturado/hidrocarburo insaturado S sugars: carbohydrates containing carbon atoms arranged in a ring (p 111) saturado: describe a una solución que retiene toda la cantidad de soluto que puede retener bajo determinadas condiciones (p 74) hidrocarburo saturado: hidrocarburo, como el metano, que sólo presenta enlaces sencillos (p 98) solubilidad: medida de la cantidad de soluto que puede disolverse en cierta cantidad de solvente (p 73) soluto: sustancia que se disuelve y parece desaparecer en otra sustancia (p 66) solución: mezcla homogénea cuyos elementos o compuestos están mezclados de manera uniforme a nivel molecular pero no se enlazan (p 66) solvente: sustancia que disuelve al soluto (p 66) almidones: polímeros de monómeros de la glucosa en los que cientos o miles de moléculas de glucosa están unidas entre sí (p 111) sustancia: materia que tiene una composición fija cuya identidad puede ser cambiada mediante procesos químicos pero no mediante procesos físicos corrientes (p 64) azúcares: carbohidratos que contienen átomos de carbono dispuestos en un anillo (p 111) Glossary/Glosario saturated: describes a solution that holds the total amount of solute that it can hold under given conditions (p 74) saturated hydrocarbon: hydrocarbon, such as methane, with only single bonds (p 98) solubility (sahl yuh BIH luh tee): measure of how much solute can be dissolved in a certain amount of solvent (p 73) solute: substance that dissolves and seems to disappear into another substance (p 66) solution: homogeneous mixture whose elements and/or compounds are evenly mixed at the molecular level but are not bonded together (p 66) solvent: substance that dissolves the solute (p 66) starches: polymers of glucose monomers in which hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules are joined together (p 111) substance: matter with a fixed composition whose identity can be changed by chemical processes but not by ordinary physical processes (p 64) U unsaturated hydrocarbon: hydrocarbon, such as ethylene, with one or more double or triple bonds (p 99) hidrocarburo insaturado: hidrocarburo, como el etileno, uno o más enlaces dobles o triples (p 99) GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO L ◆ 167 168-172-LBL-Index-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 168 Index Acetic (ethanoic) acid Chemical names Italic numbers ϭ illustration/photo Bold numbers ϭ vocabulary term lab ϭ a page on which the entry is used in a lab act ϭ a page on which the entry is used in an activity A Index Acetic (ethanoic) acid, 38, 39, 40, 68, 68, 83, 83, 105, 105 Acetylene (ethyne), 100, 100, 101 Acid(s), 78–80; in environment, 79, 80; measuring strength of, 82, 82–84, 83, 86–87 lab; neutralizing, 84–85, 85; properties of, 78; reaction with bases, 84–85, 85; uses of, 79, 79 Acidophils, 82 Acid precipitation, 80 Acid rain, 80 Activation energy, 47, 47 Activities, Applying Math, 42; Applying Science, 13, 75, 112; Integrate Career, 11, 28; Integrate Environment, 67, 71; Integrate Health, 49, 110; Integrate History, 98; Integrate Life Science, 39, 51, 82; Integrate Physics, 17; Science Online, 10, 21, 41, 47, 47, 65, 81, 84, 102, 113; Standardized Test Practice, 32–33, 60–61, 92–93, 122–123 Air pollution, and acid precipitation, 80 Alanine, 106, 106, 109 Alchemist, 23 Alcohols, 104, 104, 107 lab Alkali metals, 13, 13 Alkanes, 98 Alkenes, 99 Alkynes, 100 Alloys, 69, 69 Amines, 105, 105 Amino acids, 105–106, 106, 109, 109 Amino group, 105, 105 Ammonia, 105 Antacid, 84 Applying Math, Chapter Review, 168 ◆ L STUDENT RESOURCES 31, 59, 91, 121; Conserving Mass, 42; Section Review, 15, 45, 52, 85, 102 Applying Science, How can you compare concentrations?, 75; How does the periodic table help you identify properties of elements?, 13; Which foods are best for quick energy?, 112 Applying Skills, 24, 69, 76, 106, 115 Aqueous solutions, 70–72, 71, 72 Ascorbic acid, 79 Atherosclerosis, 115, 115 Atom(s), structure of, 8, 8–9, 9, 26–27 lab; symbols for, 23, 23 Awiakta, Marilou, 28 B Bacteria, and food, 49 Baking soda, 38, 39, 40 Balanced chemical equations, 41, 42 act Barium sulfate, 73 Base(s), 81; measuring strength of, 82, 82–84, 83, 86–87 lab; neutralizing, 84–85, 85; properties of, 81; reaction with acids, 84–85, 85; uses of, 81, 81 Beeswax, 113 Benzene (cyclohexene), 102, 102, 102 act Beryllium, 11 Biological compounds, 108–115; carbohydrates, 110, 110–112, 111; lipids, 113, 113 act, 113–115, 114, 115; polymers, 108, 108–109, 109; proteins, 106, 106, 109, 109, 109 act Boiling point, of solvent, 76 Bond(s), 16–25; with carbon, 95 lab, 96; chemical, 15, 15; covalent, 19, 19–20, 20, 70, 70; double, 20, 20, 99, 99; in hydrocarbons, 97, 97, 98, 98; ionic, 16, 16–18, 17, 17, 18, 71; metallic, 18, 18; polar, 20, 20; triple, 20, 20, 21, 99, 100, 100 Brass, 69 Bromine, 12 Bubbles, 38, 38 Burning, 36, 36, 43, 43, 47, 47 Butadiene, 99, 99 Butane, 98, 98, 99, 100, 100, 101 Butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), 50 C Calcium hydroxide, 81, 81 act Carbohydrates, 110, 110–112, 111 Carbon, bonding of, 95 lab, 96; compounds involving See Biological compounds; Hydrocarbons; Organic compounds Carbonated beverages, 68, 74, 79 lab Carbon dioxide, chemical formula for, 40; covalent bond in, 20, 20; in solution, 68, 74 Carbonic acid, 79, 83 Carbon tetrachloride, 103 Carboxyl group, 105, 105 Carboxylic acids, 105, 105 Catalysts, 51, 51–52, 52 Catalytic converters, 51, 51 Cave(s), stalactites and stalagmites, 67, 67, 79 Cellulose, 112, 112 Chalk, 81 Chemical bonds, 15, 15 Chemical changes, 35 lab, 36, 36, 38 lab, 53 lab Chemical equations, 38–40, 41, 41 act; balanced, 41, 42 act; energy in, 45, 45 Chemical formulas, 23, 24, 40 Chemical names, 38, 39 168-172-LBL-Index-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 169 Index Chemical plant Homogeneous mixture D Decane, 101 Desalination, 65 act Design Your Own, Exothermic or Endothermic?, 54–55 Diamond, 56, 56 Dichloromethane, 103 Dissolving, 66, 71, 71 Dissolving rates, 63 lab, 73 See also Solubility; Solution(s) Double bonds, 20, 20, 99, 99 E Electron(s), 10 act; arrangement of, 9, 9–10, 10; energy levels of, 9, 9–11, 10, 11; model of energy of, lab; movement of, 8, Electron cloud, 8, Electron dot diagrams, 14, 14 lab, 14–15 Element(s), 64; atomic structure of, 9, 9, 26–27 lab; halogen family of, 12, 12; identifying properties of, 13 act; noble gases, 12, 12; periodic table of, 10–11, 11, 12, 12 Elvin-Lewis, Memory, 118, 118 Endothermic reactions, 43, 54–55 lab Energy, activation, 47, 47; from carbohydrates, 110, 110–112, 111, 112 act; in chemical reactions, 42–45, 43, 44; in equations, 45, 45; sources of, 110; storage in lipids, 113 Energy levels, of electrons, 9, 9–11, 10, 11 Environment, acid in, 79, 80 Enzymes, 52; as catalysts, 51–52, 52 Equation(s) See Chemical equations Essential amino acids, 109 Ethane, 97, 97, 99, 101, 104 Ethanoic (acetic) acid, 105, 105 Ethanol, 104 Ethene (ethylene), 99, 99, 101, 108, 108 Ethylene (ethene), 99, 99, 101, 108, 108 Ethyne (acetylene), 100, 100, 101 Exothermic reactions, 43, 44, 54–55 lab F Fat(s), dietary, 113, 113 act, 113–115, 114 Filaments, 12 Fire, chemical changes caused by, 36, 36, 37 Fireworks, 46, 46 Fluorine, 12, 12 Foldables, 7, 35, 63, 95 Food(s), and bacteria, 49; carbohydrates in, 110, 110; for energy, 110, 110–112, 111, 112 act; lipids in, 113, 113 act; proteins in, 109; reaction rates in, 48, 48, 49, 50 Formic (methanoic) acid, 105, 105 Formulas, chemical, 23, 24, 40 Fossil fuels, natural gas, 97, 97, 98; oil (petroleum), 98 Freezing point, of solvent, 76 Fructose, 111, 111 G Gas(es), natural, 97, 97, 98; noble, 12, 12; solubility of, 74, 74 lab Gaseous solutions, 67, 74 lab Gas-gas solution, 68 Glucose, 110–112, 111 Glycerol, 113 Glycine, 106, 106, 109 Glycogen, 112 Great Salt Lake, 88, 88 Index Chemical plant, 34, 34 Chemical processes, 64 Chemical reactions, 34–55, 36, 37; describing, 38–39; endothermic, 43, 54–55 lab; energy in, 42–45, 43, 44; exothermic, 43, 44, 54–55 lab; heat absorbed in, 44, 44; heat released in, 43–44; identifying, 35 lab, 38; rates of, 48, 48–52, 49, 50; slowing down, 50, 50; speeding up, 51, 51–52, 52; and surface area, 50, 50 Chlorine, 16, 16–17, 17, 20, 20: in substituted hydrocarbons, 103, 103 Chloroform (trichloromethane), 103 Chloromethane, 103 Chlorophyll, 39 Cholesterol, 115, 115 Citric acid, 79, 105 Communicating Your Data, 25, 27, 53, 55, 77, 87, 107, 117 Compound(s), 17, 64 See Biological compounds; Hydrocarbons; Organic compounds; ionic, 15 lab, 16–18; molecular, 70, 72, 72; symbols for, 23, 23 Concentration, 49, 75 act, 75–76; comparing, 75 act; measuring, 75–76, 76; and rate of reaction, 49, 49 Conservation, of mass, 40, 40, 40 lab, 42 Copper, 46, 46 Covalent bond, 19, 19–20, 20, 70, 70 Crystal, ionic, 21, 22; molecular, 21, 22; from solution, 77 lab; structure of, 22 Crystallization, 66 Cyclohexane, 102, 102, 102 act Cyclohexene (benzene), 102, 102, 102 act Cyclopentane, 101 H Halogens, 12, 12 Hearing, 37 Heart disease, 114, 115 Heat, in chemical reactions, 43–44, 44 Helium, 11, 12 Hemoglobin, 109 Heptane, 101 Heterogeneous mixture, 65 Hexane, 101 Homogeneous mixture, 66, 66 INDEX L ◆ 169 168-172-LBL-Index-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 170 Index Hydrocarbons Nutrient(s) Hydrocarbons, 97–102; bonds in, 97, 97, 98, 98; isomers of, 100, 100, 100 lab; in rings, 102, 102; saturated, 98, 98; structures of, 99; substituted, 103, 103–106, 104, 105, 106, 107 lab, 109, 109; unsaturated, 99, 99–100 Hydrochloric acid, 79, 83, 83, 84 Hydrogen, bonding with carbon, 96 See also Hydrocarbons Hydrogen chloride, 20, 20 Hydronium ions, 78, 78, 82, 83, 85, 85 Hydroxide ions, 82, 83, 85, 85 Hydroxyl group, 104, 104 I Index Indicators, 84, 84 act, 86–87 lab Inhibitor, 50, 50, 50 lab Integrate Career, chemist, 11, 28; Nobel Prize winner, 11 Integrate Environment, solutions, 71; stalactites and stalagmites, 67 Integrate Health, energy sources, 110; reaction rates in food, 49 Integrate History, hydrocarbons, 98 Integrate Life Science, acidophils, 82; autumn leaves, 39; catalysis, 51 Integrate Physics, ions, 17 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), 101 Iodine, 14 Ion(s), 17, 17, 71 Ionic bond, 16, 16–18, 17, 17, 18, 71 Ionic compounds, 16–18, 25 lab Ionic crystal, 21, 22 Isobutane, 100, 100 Isomer(s), 100, 100 Isopropyl alcohol, 104 J Journal, 6, 34, 62, 94 L Lab(s), Conversion of Alcohols, 107; 170 ◆ L STUDENT RESOURCES Design Your Own, 54–55; Growing Crystals, 77; Ionic Compounds, 25; Launch Labs, 7, 35, 63, 95; Looking for Vitamin C, 116–117; MiniLabs, 14, 38, 40, 74, 109; Model and Invent, 26–27; Physical or Chemical Change?, 53; Testing pH Using Natural Indicators, 86–87; Try at Home MiniLabs, 19, 50, 79, 100 Lactic acid, 105 Launch Labs, Identify a Chemical Change, 35; Model Carbon’s Bonding, 95; Model the Energy of Electrons, 7; Particle Size and Dissolving Rates, 63 Lavoisier, Antoine, 40 Law(s), of conservation of mass, 40, 40, 40 lab, 42 Leaves, changing colors of, 39 Lightbulb, 12 Lime, 81 Lipids, 113, 113 act, 113–115, 114, 115 Liquid-gas solutions, 68, 68 Liquid-liquid solutions, 68 Lithium, 9, 9, 11, 13 Lye, 81 M Magnesium, 18, 18 Magnesium hydroxide, 84 Mass, conservation of, 40, 40, 40 lab, 42 Materials, alloys, 69, 69 Measurement, of concentration, 75–76, 76; of strength of acids and bases, 82, 82–84, 83, 86–87 lab Medicine, plants as, 118, 118 Mendeleev, Dmitri, 12 Metal(s), alkali, 13, 13 Metal alloys, 69, 69 Metallic bond, 18, 18 Methane, 19 lab, 97, 97, 98, 99, 101; substituted hydrocarbons made from, 103, 103, 104, 105, 106 Methanoic (formic) acid, 105, 105 Methanol, 104 Methylamine, 105, 105 Methyl group, 97, 97, 104, 104 MiniLab(s), Drawing Electron Dot Diagrams, 14; Observing a Chemical Change, 38; Observing Gas Solubility, 74; Observing the Law of Conservation of Mass, 40; Summing Up Proteins, 109 Mixtures, 65–66; heterogeneous, 65; homogeneous, 66, 66; separating, 65, 65 Model and Invent, Atomic Structure, 26–27 Molecular compounds, 70, 72, 72 Molecular crystal, 21, 22 Molecule(s), 19, 19; nonpolar, 21, 21, 70, 70; polar, 20, 20–21, 21, 21 act, 70, 70, 72 Monomers, 108, 108 Muriatic acid, 79 N Names, chemical, 38, 39; of organic compounds, 99, 100, 101, 102 National Geographic Visualizing, Acid Precipitation, 80; Chemical Reactions, 37; Crystal Structure, 22; Organic Chemistry Nomenclature, 101 Natural gas, 97, 97, 98 Neon, 12, 12 Neutralization, 84, 84–85, 85 Nitric acid, 79, 83 Nitrogen, 67, 68; electron dot diagram of, 14 Noble gases, 12, 12 Nonane, 101 Nonmetals, noble gases, 12, 12 Nonpolar molecules, 21, 21, 70, 70 Novocaine, 105 Nutrient(s), carbohydrates, 110, 110–112, 111; fats, 113, 113 act, 113–115, 114; proteins, 106, 106, 109, 109, 109 lab; vitamins, 116–117 lab 168-172-LBL-Index-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 171 Index Nutrition Sucrose Nutrition, and heart disease, 114, 115, 115 O Ocean water, 88, 88: as solution, 71 Octane, 101 Oil (petroleum), 98 Oleic acid, 114 Olympic torch, 47, 47 Organic compounds, 96–107 See Hydrocarbons See also Biological compounds; naming, 99, 100, 101, 102 Oxygen, 64 P R Rain, acid, 80 Rate of reaction, 48, 48–52, 49, 50 Reactant, 38, 39, 40, 41 Reaction(s) See Chemical reactions Reaction rate, 48, 48–52, 49, 50 Reading Check, 10, 11, 13, 15, 19, 20, 24, 38, 43, 47, 48, 64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 82, 83, 84, 96, 98, 99, 102, 104, 106, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115 Real-World Questions, 25, 26, 53, 54, 77, 86, 107, 116 Rings, hydrocarbons in, 102, 102 Rubidium, 13 Rust(s), 44 S Saliva, 88 Salt(s), bonding in, 16, 16–17, 17; dissolving in water, 71, 71 Saltwater, 65, 65 act, 68, 88, 88 Saturated fats, 114, 114 Saturated hydrocarbons, 98, 98 Saturated solution, 74, 74 Science and History, Synthetic Diamonds, 56 Science and Language Arts, “Baring the Atom’s Mother Heart” (Awiakta), 28 Science and Society, From Plants to Medicine, 118 Science Online, calcium hydroxide, 81; chemical equations, 41; cyclohexane, 102; desalination, 65; electrons, 10; indicators, 84; lipids, 113; Olympic torch, 47, 47; polar molecules, 21 Science Stats, Salty Solutions, 88 Scientific Methods, 25, 26–27, 53, 54–55, 77, 86–87, 107, 116–117; Analyze Your Data, 27, 54, 117; Conclude and Apply, 25, 27, 53, 55, 77, 87, 107, 117; Follow Your Plan, 54; Make a Plan, 54; Make the Model, 27; Plan the Model, 27 Senses, hearing, 37; sight, 37; smell, 37; taste, 37; touch, 37 Silver tarnish, 24, 24, 41 Smell, 37 Soap scum, 66, 66 Sodium, 13, 16, 16–17, 17 Sodium bicarbonate, 38, 39, 40 Sodium chloride, 71, 71 Sodium hydroxide, 81 Solid solutions, 69, 69 Solubility, 73–74; factors affecting, 73, 73–74; of gas, 74, 74 lab; and pressure, 74; of similar and dissimilar substances, 72, 72; and temperature, 73, 73 Solute, 66, 68, 76 Solution(s), 66–76; aqueous, 70–72, 71, 72; concentration of, 75 act, 75–76, 76; crystals from, 77 lab; formation of, 66, 66–67, 67; saturated, 74, 74; supersaturated, 74, 77 lab; types of, 67–69, 68, 69; unsaturated, 74 Solvent, 66, 68; boiling point of, 76; freezing point of, 76; water as, 70–72, 71, 72 Stalactites, 67, 67, 79 Stalagmites, 67, 67, 79 Standardized Test Practice, 32–33, 60–61, 92–93, 122–123 Starches, 111 Stearic acid, 114 Steel, 69, 69 Study Guide, 29, 57, 89, 119 Subscript(s), 23, 40 Substance, 64 Substituted hydrocarbons, 103, 103–106; alcohols, 104, 104, 107 lab; amines, 105, 105; amino acids, 105–106, 106, 109, 109; carboxylic acids, 105, 105 Sucrose, 111, 111 INDEX L ◆ Index Particle size, and rate of reaction, 50, 50 Pentane, 101 Periodic table, and energy levels of electrons, 10–11, 11; halogen family on, 12, 12; in identifying properties of elements, 13 act; noble gases on, 12, 12 Petroleum See Oil (petroleum) pH, 82–84, 86–87 lab pH scale, 82, 82 Physical changes, 36, 36, 53 lab Physical processes, 64, 65 Pickling, 79 Plant(s), chlorophyll in, 39; leaves of, 39; as medicine, 118, 118 Polar bond, 20, 20 Polar molecules, 20, 20–21, 21, 21 act, 70, 70, 72 Pollution, of air, 80 Polyethylene, 108, 108 Polymer(s), 108, 108–109, 109 Polymerization, 108 Potassium, 13, 13 Potassium chromate, 73 Precipitate, 66, 66, 67, 77 lab Precipitation, acid, 80 Prefixes, and naming hydrocarbons, 101 Pressure, and solubility, 74 Product, 38, 39, 40, 41 Propane, 98, 98, 99, 101 Propene (propylene), 99, 99 Properties, of acids, 78; of bases, 81 Propylene (propene), 99, 99 Proteases, 52, 52 Proteins, 106, 106, 109, 109, 109 lab 171 168-172-LBL-Index-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 172 Index Suffixes Zewail, Ahmed H Suffixes, and naming hydrocarbons, 101 Sugars, 111, 111 Sulfuric acid, 79, 80 Supersaturated solution, 74, 77 lab Symbols, for atoms, 23, 23; for compounds, 23, 23 Synthetic polymers, 108 T Index Tarnish, 24, 24, 41 Taste, 37 Technology, alloys, 69, 69; catalytic converters, 51, 51; fireworks, 46, 46; lightbulb, 12; welding, 100, 100; welding torch, 43 Temperature, and rate of reaction, 48, 48–49, 49; and solubility, 73, 73 172 ◆ L STUDENT RESOURCES TIME, Science and History, 56; Science and Society, 118 Touch, 37 Trichloromethane (chloroform), 103 Triple bonds, 20, 20, 21, 99, 100, 100 Try at Home MiniLabs, Constructing a Model of Methane, 19; Identifying Inhibitors, 50; Modeling Isomers, 100; Observing a Nail in a Carbonated Drink, 79 U Unsaturated fats, 114, 114 Unsaturated hydrocarbons, 99, 99–100 Unsaturated solution, 74 V Vinegar (acetic acid), 38, 39, 40, 68, 105, 105 Vision, 37 Vitamin C, 116–117 lab W Water, as compound, 64; molecules of, 21, 21; as solvent, 70–72, 71, 72 Wax, 113 Welding, 43, 100, 100 Z Zewail, Ahmed H., 11, 28 173-LBL-PC-861767 8/23/04 2:19 PM Page 173 Credits Magnification Key: Magnifications listed are the magnifications at which images were originally photographed LM–Light Microscope SEM–Scanning Electron Microscope TEM–Transmission Electron Microscope Acknowledgments: Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who participated in illustrating this program: Absolute Science Illustration; Andrew Evansen; Argosy; Articulate Graphics; Craig Attebery, represented by Frank & Jeff Lavaty; CHK America; John Edwards and Associates; Gagliano Graphics; Pedro Julio Gonzalez, represented by Melissa Turk & The Artist Network; Robert Hynes, represented by Mendola Ltd.; Morgan Cain & Associates; JTH Illustration; Laurie O’Keefe; Matthew Pippin, represented by Beranbaum Artist’s Representative; Precision Graphics; Publisher’s Art; Rolin Graphics, Inc.; Wendy Smith, represented by Melissa Turk & The Artist Network; Kevin Torline, represented by Berendsen and Associates, Inc.; WILDlife ART; Phil Wilson, represented by Cliff Knecht Artist Representative; Zoo Botanica Photo Credits Cover PhotoDisc; i ii PhotoDisc; iv (bkgd)John Evans, (inset)PhotoDisc; v (t)PhotoDisc, (b)John Evans; vi (l)John Evans, (r)Geoff Butler; vii (l)John Evans, (r)PhotoDisc; viii PhotoDisc; ix Aaron Haupt Photography; x Christopher Swann/Peter Arnold, Inc.; xi Richard Price/FPG/Getty Images; xii KS Studios; Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs/Photo Researchers; (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (bl)Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (br)SuperStock; (t)Grant V Faint/The Image Bank, (b)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ CORBIS; (t)Lynn Eodice/Index Stock, (b)Fred Charles/ Stone; AP/Wide World Photos/PA; 6–7 Christian Michel; 15 Laura Sifferlin; 16 (l)Lester V Bergman/CORBIS, (r)Doug Martin; 21 Matt Meadows; 22 (tr cr)Kenneth Libbrecht/ Caltech, (cl)Albert J Copley/Visuals Unlimited, (bl)E.R Degginger/Color-Pic; 24 James L Amos/Photo Researchers; 25 26 27 Aaron Haupt; 28 Fulcrum Publishing; 33 Matt Meadows; 34–35 Simon Fraser/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 36 (l)Aaron Haupt, (r)Doug Martin; 37 (tl)Patricia Lanza, (tc)Jeff J Daly/Visuals Unlimited, (tr)Susan T McElhinney, (bl)Craig Fujii/Seattle Times, (br)Sovfoto/Eastfoto/PictureQuest; 38 Amanita Pictures; 41 Sovfoto/Eastfoto/PictureQuest; 43 Christopher Swann/ Peter Arnold, Inc.; 44 (tl)Frank Balthis, (tr)Lois Ellen Frank/ CORBIS, (b)Matt Meadows; 45 David Young-Wolff/ PhotoEdit/PictureQuest; 46 (l)Amanita Pictures, (r)Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs/Photo Researchers; 47 Victoria Arocho/AP/Wide World Photos; 48 (t)Aaron Haupt, (bl)Kevin Schafer/CORBIS, (br)Icon Images; 49 SuperStock; 50 (tl)Chris Arend/Alaska Stock Images/ PictureQuest, (tr)Aaron Haupt, (b)Bryan F Peterson/ CORBIS; 51 courtesy General Motors; 52 53 Matt Meadows; 54 Amanita Pictures; 55 Bob Daemmrich; 56 (l)Tino Hammid Photography, (r)Joe Richard/UF News & Public Affairs; 57 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit, Inc.; 60 Lester V Bergman/CORBIS; 61 Peter Walton/IndexStock; 62–63 Joseph Sohm/ChromoSohm, Inc./CORBIS; 65 (l)Stephen W Frisch/Stock Boston, (r)Doug Martin; 66 (t)HIRB/Index Stock, (b)Doug Martin; 67 Richard Hamilton/CORBIS; 68 John Evans; 69 (l)SuperStock, (r)Annie Griffiths/CORBIS; 72 John Evans; 74 Richard Nowitz/Phototake/PictureQuest; 76 Aaron Haupt; 77 KS Studios/Mullenix; 79 John Evans; 80 (l)Joe Sohm, Chromosohm/Stock Connection/PictureQuest, (c)Andrew Popper/Phototake/PictureQuest, (r)A Wolf/Explorer, Photo Researchers; 81 John Evans; 82 (tl tr)Elaine Shay, (tcl)Brent Turner/BLT Productions, (tcr)Matt Meadows, (bl bcl)CORBIS, (bcr)Icon Images, (br)StudiOhio; 86 87 KS Studios; 88 CORBIS; 90 Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 93 Stephen W Frisch/ Stock Boston; 94–95 Ariel Skelley/Masterfile; 96 (l)Michael Newman/PhotoEdit, Inc., (r)Richard Price/FPG/Getty Images; 98 (l)Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit, Inc., (r)Mark Burnett; 99 (l c)Mark Burnett, (r)Will & Deni McIntyre/ Photo Researchers; 100 Ted Horowitz/The Stock Market/ CORBIS; 103 (l)Gary A Conner/PhotoEdit/PictureQuest, (r)Stephen Frisch/Stock Boston/PictureQuest; 105 (t)Kim Taylor/Bruce Coleman, Inc./PictureQuest, (b)John Sims/Tony Stone Images/Getty Images; 110 (t)Elaine Shay, (b)Mitch Hrdlicka/PhotoDisc; 111 (t)KS Studios, (b)Matt Meadows; 112 113 KS Studios; 114 (l)Don Farrall/PhotoDisc, (r)KS Studios; 115 Alfred Pasieka/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 116 (t)Geoff Butler, (b)Aaron Haupt; 117 Aaron Haupt; 118 (t)Waina Cheng/Bruce Coleman, Inc., (c)David Nunuk/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, (b)Lee Baltermoal/FPG/Getty Images; 119 Aaron Haupt; 123 Richard Hutchings; 124 PhotoDisc; 126 Tom Pantages; 130 Michell D Bridwell/ PhotoEdit, Inc.; 131 (t)Mark Burnett, (b)Dominic Oldershaw; 132 StudiOhio; 133 Timothy Fuller; 134 Aaron Haupt; 136 KS Studios; 137 Matt Meadows; 138 Amanita Pictures; 139 John Evans; 140 Amanita Pictures; 141 Bob Daemmrich; 143 Davis Barber/PhotoEdit, Inc Credits CREDITS L ◆ 173 ... allows each atom to have a stable outer energy level These atoms form a single covalent bond H H H H Hydrogen atom Hydrogen atom Hydrogen molecule Cl ϩ Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Chlorine atom Chlorine... Middle School Hilliard, OH Andre Brown Spanish Emersion Academy Columbus, OH Chris Dundon Heritage Middle School Westerville, OH Ryan Manafee Monroe Middle School Columbus, OH The Glencoe middle... are called the halogens F 12 ◆ L A model of the element fluorine in period is shown in Figure Like all members of this family, fluorine needs one electron to obtain a stable outer energy level The