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Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 THI + ÁP ÁN THI CÔNG CH C TI NG ANH T NH QU NG NGÃI 2017 (FULL + GI I THÍCH CHI TI T) Mua tài li u qua gmail liên h : nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Mua tài li u qua xemtailieu.com: vui lòng xem t i http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 P/s: t đ i không mua trang khác, xin c m n MULTIPLE CHOICES (200) They would _consider him their son A not rather B doesn’t rather C rather not D not [would rather (not) + Vo: (không) mu n] If you don't understand what , please ask him after class A your teacher explain B does your teacher explain C your teacher explains D your teacher will explain (N s + Vs/es) The clowns in the circus made us a lot A laughed B laugh (c C to laugh D laughing i) (C u trúc: make + Object+ Vo: n cho tr nên…) Under no circumstances _ animals http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 A the restaurant can accept B can’t accept the restaurant C the restaurant can accept B can the restaurant accept (Câu đ o ng v i under no circumstances: b t kì hoàn c nh n a, đ ng v t không đ c b c vào nhà hàng) We don’t take the umbrella We wish that we would _it A took B take C can take D be taken (Câu ao c v i wish: S+ wish + S’ + V2/were Câu would + Vo) doesn’t surprise me at all A What C Why B That D Who ( i u không làm cho b t ng chút nào) The Pyramids by the ancient Egyptians A were built B was being built C had built D will be built (Kim t tháp đ c xây d ng b i nh ng ng kh were built) i Ai C p c đ i kh chia b đ ng me so disappointed A You looked B You asked C You made C You took (T ng t câu 3) You not read those magazines A like B would rather C prefer D had better http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 had better not + Vo: không nên 10 You think that he will help you doing your homework, _? A won’t he B will he C you D don’t you (Câu h i đuôi v i t think + Ch t “I” chia theo ch t th + Ch t không ph i I chia theo ch t th 1) 11 She is afraid of (Sau gi i t + V-ing/ Noun) A watching horror films C climbing up trees (xem phim kinh d ) B to ride in busy streets D A&C correct (leo cây) 12 They like Mathematics better A to English B for English C than English D in English (So sánh h n v i “than”) 13 The match brought excitement to thousands of TV _too A watchers C viewers B travelers D crowds (khán gi ) 14 Measles _ sometimes a serious disease (B nh s i… ) A was B were C are D is (Tên c n b nh/ đo l ng/….+ Vs ít) 15 A film is http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 A more shorter than a play B more interesting than a play C most funnier than a play D weller than a play So sánh h n v i “than” 16 I'm tired such repeating work A to B by doing C with doing D of doing be tired of + V-ing: m t m i v i 17 help us see and hear things happening on the other side of the earth A Satellites (v tinh) B Stars (Ngôi sao) C Flights (chuy n bay) D Events (S ki n) 18 You don’t want another cake, ? A you B isn’t it C will you D don’t you Câu h i đuôi: you don’t you 19 I did A me best to win for our class B my best to winning for our class C his best to win for our class D my best to win for our class Tôi n l c h t s c đ mang l i th ng l i cho l p 20 You don't need to start _ A neither B yet (ch a) C too D so http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 21 She has seen A many tables made of wood B many knives made from steel C many cakes made of flour, eggs, butter, sugar D many cars made from Japan - Make from: thay đ i ch t li u ch bi n - Make of: gi nguyên ch t li u ch bi n 22 Paul spends much time on playing _games A to play B playing C plays D play every day (spend + V-ing) to work 23 Peter is not old enough to come there (adj + enough + to Vo) A working B work C to work D to be work to 24 Don't drink so much beer It’s harmful _your stomach A on B to C for D of Be harmful to: có h i t i 25 My sister has complained about her teeth A for last week B for several days C since next week D in several days Thì hi n t i hoàn thành v i: - since+ m c th i gian - for + kho ng th i gian http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 in 26 She's not sure where she may go for summer holidays _the end, she decides to stay at home A at B in (in the end: r t cu c) C on D into 27 Must the decaying tooth come out? _ A Yes, it must B No, it mustn't C No, it needn't D A and C are correct at 28 My uncle will go to Ho Chi Minh city _ the end of this month A onto B in C on D at (at the end of …: cu i c a ) using a computer? 29 Do you enjoy A use B to use C using D being use Enjoy + V-ing 30 Let's go to the beach for summer holiday, ? A shall we B don’t we C will we D we (Câu h i đuôi: có “Let’s” shall we) pick up 31 The young man _a make phone call (make a phone call: g i n tho i) A made B did C brought C held 32 He met his wife _ a party at A on B by http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com C at Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 C in At the party: t i bu i ti c to school 33.He often goes swimming every morning A swimmer B swim C go swimming D swimming (go +V-ing: ch ho t đ ng: go swimming, go shopping, go hiking…) 34 Jack and his friends are talking to _ A everybody B both C one another D everyday Jack b n nói chuy n v i 35 Because they don't have enough money to buy a bigger house, they must make up their _here A minds to staying B minds to stay C mind staying D mind to stay their +Nsô nhi u minds to stay 36 She has a _bill A fifty-cents B fifty-cent C fifty cent D fifties cent Fifty-cent adj, có d u g ch n i không đ c thêm s a fifty-cent bill for 37 Daisy has been a teacher three years A for B since C in D about Thì hi n t i hoàn thành v i: - since (t ) + m c th i gian http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com - for (kho ng, đ Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 c) + kho ng th i gian by 38 Everybody was surprised the news A with B at C by D B&C are correct Be surprised at/with sth: ng c nhiên 39 Shall we ring for a taxi? Ring for: g i taxi A for B after C to D up to (too + adj + to + Vo) 40 This dress is too small _me A for B with C to D by on Hoang Dieu street ( on the street: đ ng) 41 He lives _ A on B at C by D in 42 If Daisy gets up early, she _time for breakfast A has B will have C having D have Câu u ki n lo i 1: If +S +Hi n t i đ n, S’ + will + Vo) with 43 Peter is 37 years old, but he still lives _his parents A at C with B by (v i) D on http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 44 This girl is cleverenough to make fine things from paper A rather hands B enough: đ (adj +enough +to Vo) C more 45 D too but Mr Young is not only healthy _also cheerful A and B both C but D with Not only but also 46 He was delighted the show (Be delighted with: vui m ng v i) A of B to C with D on 47 Peter is not proud what he did (Proud of: t hào.) A of B with C on D from 48 Her show was quite different _what I expected A from B to C with D A&B are correct Different from: khác v i 49 Don't eat sweets, they're bad your teeth A to B of C with D for (be bad for: có h i cho) 50 Jane to Hanoi three times this year A has been B have been http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com C went Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 D has gone Phân bi t has been has gone - Has been: đư tr v - Has gone: mà ch a v 51 Would you like a piece of cake _ your coffee? A with (v i) B to C for D of 52 I'm afraid there isn't enough _ in the car for everyone A space B room (ch ng i) C places D vacancy 53 _ beautiful collection of coins you have! A What B How C What a D How is C u trúc câu c m thán - What (a/an) + adj + N + S + V! - How adj + V + S! 54 My father _three years ago A gave up smoking (b hút thu c) B gave to smoking C gave with smoking D gave to smoking 55 Do you mind if I turn on the radio? _ A Yes, of course B No, of course not (Không phi n tí nào) C No, thank you D No, I can manage 56 The train _to Rome before I arrived 10 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 'các quy t c' gi ng nh l i h ng d n chung chung Hi n nhiên, b n có th s ng lâu h n tr i nhi t đ m h n so v i nhi t đ l nh T ng t , b n có th sinh t n lâu h n mà không c n n c tr i m mát m h n tr i nóng khô Tên khoa kh c c a n n đói s đói l ó tình tr ng suy dinh d ng thi u calorie M t ng i đói khát nh y c m v i khát n c, ch t nh h ng c a m t n c Thi u vitamin c ng có th d n đ n t vong N u m t ng i kéo dài sinh s ng đ lâu, c th s b t đ u s d ng protein t c , bao g m c tim, nh m t ngu n n ng l ng Thông th ng, nguyên nhân gây t vong tình tr ng tim ng ng đ p t n th ng mô s m t cân b ng n gi i ##### C6 Water is an essential molecule for life Depending on your age, gender, and weight, you consist of around 50-65% water, which is used to digest food, carry oxygen and nutrients through the bloodstream, remove wastes, and cushion organs Since water is so critical, it should come as no surprise that dying from dehydration is an unpleasant way to go Oh, in the end, a victim is unconscious, so the actual dying part isn't so bad, but that only occurs after days of pain and misery.Lack of water causes cracked skin and a dry, raspy cough Coughing won't be the worst, though While you might be out of fluids, that won't prevent vomiting The increased acidity of the stomach can produce dry heaves Blood thickens, increasing heart rate Another unpleasant result of dehydration is a swollen tongue While your tongue swells, your eyes and brain shrink As the brain shrinks, the membrane or meninges pulls away from the bones of the skull, potentially tearing Death can result from liver failure, kidney failure, or cardiac arrest *Voc - molecule (n): phân t - gender (n): gi i tính - nutrient (n): ch t dinh d - tongue (n): l ng i - membrane (n: màng - meninges (n): màng não - kidney (n): th n - liver (n): gan 58 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 - skin (n): da - unsconscious (adj): b t t nh * Bài d ch tham kh o: N c m t phân t thi t y u cho s s ng Tùy thu c vào đ tu i, gi i tính cân n ng c a b n, c th b n có kho ng 50-65% n c, đ c s d ng đ tiêu hóa th c ph m, v n chuy n oxy ch t dinh d ng qua dòng máu, lo i b ch t th i c quan đ m Vì n c r t quan tr ng nên đáng ng c nhiên ch t m t n c m t cách khó ch u , cu i cùng, n n nhân b t t nh, đó, b ph n ch t th c t không ph i th a th i , nh ng ch x y sau nh ng nh ng c n đau t t đ Thi u n c gây da b n t ho khô, khò khè M c dù v y, ho s không ph i u t i t nh t Khi b n có th không s d ng ch t l ng, u s không ng n c n đ c nôn ói axit t ng lên c a d dày có th t o s khô Máu t ng lên, t ng nh p tim M t k t qu khó ch u c a m t n c m t l i s ng lên Trong l i c a b n s ng lên, đôi m t b não co l i Khi não co l i, màng ho c màng não kéo kh i x ng s , có kh n ng rách T vong có th k t qu c a suy gan, suy th n ho c ng ng tim C7.Any new parent can verify it's possible to go days without sleeping Yet, it's an essential process While scientists are still unraveling the mysteries of sleep, it's known to play roles in memory formation, tissue repair, and hormone synthesis Lack of sleep (called agrypnia) leads to decreased concentration and reaction time, diminished mental processes, reduced motivation, and altered perception.How long can you go without sleep? Anecdotal reports indicate soldiers in battle have been known to stay awake for four days and that manic patients have lasted three to four days Experiments have documented normal people staying awake for eight to ten days, without any apparent permanent damage after a night or two of normal sleep to recover.The world record holder was Randy Gardner, a 17-year-old high school student, who stayed awake for 264 hours, around 11 days, for a science fair project in 1965 While he was technically awake at the conclusion of the project, he was completely dysfunctional by the end However, there are rare disorders, such as Morvan's syndrome, which can cause a person to go without sleep for several months! The question of how long people can stay awake ultimately remains unanswered * Voc: 59 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 - unravel (v): làm sáng t - mystery (n): nh ng bí n - tissue (n): mô - awake (adj): t nh táo * Bài d ch tham kh o: B t k ph huynh m i c ng có th xác nh n r ng có th nhi u ngày mà không c n ng Tuy nhiên, m t trình thi t y u Trong nhà khoa h c v n làm sáng t nh ng bí n v gi c ng , đ c bi t đóng vai trò vi c hình thành trí nh , s a ch a mô t ng h p hoocmon Thi u ng (g i agrypnia) d n đ n gi m đ t p trung th i gian ph n ng, suy gi m trình tinh th n, gi m đ ng l c, nh n th c sai l m B n có th ng không? Báo cáo v t cho bi t nh ng ng i lính tr n đánh đ c bi t v n t nh táo b n ngày b nh nhân ph n ch n kéo dài t ba đ n b n ngày Các thí nghi m cho th y nh ng ng i bình th ng v n t nh táo đ n 10 ngày, thi t h i rõ ràng sau m t đêm bình th ng ho c gi c ng bình ph c Ch nhân k l c th gi i Randy Gardner, m t h c sinh trung h c 17 tu i, ng i th c xuyên su t 264 gi , kho ng 11 ngày, cho m t d án khoa h c công b ng vào n m 1965 Trong ông đ c t nh táo m t cách có khoa h c k t thúc d án, ông hoàn toàn không ho t đ ng vào cu i ngày Tuy nhiên, có nh ng r i lo n hi m, ch ng h n nh h i ch ng Morvan, có th gây cho m t ng i đ mà gi c ng nhi u tháng! Câu h i v ng i ta v n có th t nh táo đ c v n ch a đ c tr l i C8.How long a person can go without air is really a question of how long he can go without oxygen It's further complicated if other gases are present For example, breathing the same air over and over is more likely to be lethal because of the excess carbon dioxide rather than the depleted oxygen Death from removing all oxygen,like a vacuum, may occur from the results of the pressure change or possibly temperature change.When the brain is deprived of oxygen, death occurs because there is insufficient chemical energy to feed brain cells How long this takes depends on temperature, metabolic rate, slower is better, and other factors.If oxygen deprivation occurs some other way, perhaps from drowning, for example, a person loses consciousness between 30 and 180 seconds At the 60 second mark brain cells start to die After three minutes, lasting damage is likely Brain death typically occurs between five and ten minutes, possibly fifteen minutes.However, people can train themselves to make more efficient use of 60 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 oxygen The world record holder for free diving held his breath for 22 minutes and 22 seconds without suffering brain damage! * Voc - breath (n): s hô th p, th - vacuum (n): chân không - deprived (adj): c n ki t - cell (n): t bào - metabolic rate: t c đ trao đ i ch t - * Bài d ch tham kh o M t ng i có th mà không khí th c ch t m t câu h i ông có th mà oxy i u ph c t p h n n a n u có nh ng ch t khí khác Ví d , th m t không khí m t th ng xuyên có nhi u kh n ng gây t vong l ng carbon dioxide d th a h n c n ki t ngu n oxy Cái ch t t vi c lo i b t t c oxy, gi ng nh chân không, có th x y k t qu c a s thay đ i áp l c ho c có th s thay đ i nhi t đ Khi não oxy, ch t x y đ n ng l ng hóa h c đ nuôi t bào não i u kéo dài tùy thu c vào nhi t đ , t c đ trao đ i ch t, ch m h n y u t khác N u thi u oxy x y theo cách khác, ví d nh t đu i n c, m t ng i m t ý th c kho ng t 30 đ n 180 giây T i 60 giây t bào não b t đ u ch t Sau ba phút, có th x y thi t h i lâu dài Cái ch t não th ng x y kho ng n m đ n m i phút, có th m i l m phút Tuy nhiên, ng i ta có th luy n t p đ s d ng oxy hi u qu h n Ng i gi k l c th gi i v l n t gi h i th c a 22 phút 22 giây mà không b t n th ng não! C9 Studies suggest that teenagers often sacrifice their sleep time when it comes to making choices about time management The problem is, studies also show that 61 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 they need a lot more sleep than they probably get More and more studies are showing that there is a direct link between sleep and academic success.According to a study by sleep expert Mary Carskadon, PhD, teens should receive more than nine hours of sleep every night.Dr Carskadon's study suggests biology might be the cause for sleep deprivation among teens Their internal time clocks are just a little different during teenage years and late nights and sleep-ins are a natural part of growing into adulthood.Lack of sleep makes it more difficult for students to concentrate in school, especially during those early-morning classes.A more recent study shows that sacrificing sleep to study actually does more harm than good The sleep that you miss when you stay up late to study will cause ‘academic problems’ the following day It's just not worth sacrificing sleep to study! * Voc: - sacrifice (v): hy sinh , dành - study (n): nghiên c u * Bài d ch tham kh o Các nghiên c u cho th y r ng thi u niên th ng dành th i gian ng c a h l a ch n v qu n lý th i gian V n đ là, nghiên c u c ng ch r ng h c n ng nhi u h n m c có th Ngày có nhi u nghiên c u cho th y r ng có m t liên k t tr c ti p gi a gi c ng thành công h c t p Theo m t nghiên c u c a chuyên gia gi c ng , ti n s Mary Carskadon cho r ng, thi u niên nên dành h n chín gi m i đêm ng Nghiên c u c a Carskadon cho th y sinh h c có th nguyên nhân gây thi u ng thi u niên ng h th i gian n i b c a h ch khác m t chút nh ng n m tu i thi u niên - đêm khuya ng ngh m t ph n t nhiên c a s tr ng thành tr ng thành Thi u ng làm cho h c sinh khó t p trung h n tr ng h c, đ c bi t nh ng bu i sáng s m M t nghiên c u g n cho th y r ng hy sinh cho gi c ng đ h c th c s làm h i nhi u h n t t Gi c ng mà b n b l b n th c khuya đ h c t p s gây 'v n đ h c v n' vào ngày hôm sau Nó không đáng đ hi sinh gi c ng đ h c! C10 What can you if you know you aren't getting enough sleep?Turn off the TV at night The TV noises and flashing lights will only keep you from getting a sound sleep If you can remember anything you hear during your sleep, it's a sure sign you're not sleeping well.Reduce caffeine by switching to something healthier, 62 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 like bottled water.Limit after-school activities It's hard to do, but try to limit your extracurricular activity Sometimes you just have to make a hard choice and stick to it.Don't think too hard right before bed time Turn off the cell phone Keep track of time Often, students have great intentions, but other tasks seem to keep them up late, time after time Play music if you want, but not too loud Many people play music at night If it doesn't bother you, go ahead Do you really need that after-school job? This might be a really tough decision, too Some students need to work so they can pay for car insurance or save up for college You'll just have to decide on your own, what's necessary and what's not * Voc: - stick (v): dán - extracurricular (n): ngo i khóa - insurance (n): b o hi m * Bài d ch tham kh o B n có th làm n u b n bi t b n không ng đ ? T t TV vào ban đêm Ti ng n c a TV ánh đèn nh p nháy s ch giúp b n không ng đ c N u b n có th nh b t c u b n nghe gi c ng , m t d u hi u ch c ch n b n không ng t t Gi m caffeine b ng cách chuy n sang m t th kh e m nh h n, nh n c đóng chai Th t khó đ làm, nh ng c g ng h n ch ho t đ ng ngo i khóa c a b n ôi b n ch c n th c hi n m t s l a ch n khó kh n dính vào ng suy ngh nh ng u tiêu c c tr c ng T t n tho i di đ ng Theo dõi th i gian Thông th ng, sinh viên có nh ng ý đ nh t v i, nh ng công vi c khác d ng nh n h d y mu n th ng xuyên Ch i nh c n u b n mu n, nh ng không to Nhi u ng i ch i nh c vào ban đêm N u không làm phi n b n, ti p t c ch i B n có th c s c n công vi c sau gi h c không? ây có th m t quy t đ nh th c s khó kh n M t s sinh viên c n ph i làm vi c đ h có th tr ti n b o hi m xe h i ho c ti t ki m cho đ i h c B n s ph i t quy t đ nh, u c n thi t u không c n thi t C11 Sleeping in the ocean is definitely different than sleeping on land As we learn more about sleep in marine life, we're learning that marine animals don't have the same requirements for long periods of undisturbed sleep that we Here you can learn more about how different types of marine animals sleep 63 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 Cetaceans,i.e whales, dolphins and porpoises are voluntary breathers, meaning they think about every breath they take A whale breathes through the blowholes on top of its head, so it needs to come up to the water surface to breathe But that means the whale needs to be awake to breathe How's a whale going to get any rest? The answer may surprise you Research on captive animals shows that cetaceans rest one half of their brain at a time, while the other half stays awake and makes sure the animal breathes Sharks need to keep water moving over their gills so that they receive oxygen So that means they need to keep moving all the time or they? Some sharks need to move all the time, and these sharks seem to be ‘sleep swimming,’ with some parts of their brain more active than others Other sharks can rest, using spiracles to draw in oxygenated water * Voc: - shark (n): cá m p - whale (n): cá voi - dolphin = porpoise: cá heo - spiracles: l th * Bài d ch tham kh o Ng lòng bi n ch c ch n khác h n v i ng đ t li n Khi tìm hi u thêm v gi c ng sinh v t bi n, hi u r ng đ ng v t bi n yêu c u th i gian ng , không b t c ngh n mà làm b n có th tìm hi u thêm v cách loài đ ng v t bi n ng khác Cetaceans, ngh a cá voi, cá heo dolphin cá heo porpoise nh ng ng i hít ph i khí t nguy n, có ngh a h ngh v m i h i th mà h mang theo M t cá voi th qua l h ng đ nh đ u c a nó, c n ph i lên m t n c đ hít th Nh ng u có ngh a cá voi c n ph i t nh táo đ th Cá voi s ngh ng i nh th nào? Câu tr l i có th làm b n ng c nhiên Nghiên c u v đ ng v t nuôi nh t cho th y loài cá voi có th ngh ng i m t n a b não c a chúng m t lúc, m t n a l i v n t nh táo n cho đ ng v t hít th Loài cá m p c n gi n c di chuy n qua mang c a chúng đ chúng nh n oxy i u có ngh a chúng c n ti p t c di chuy n m i lúc không? M t s cá m p c n ph i di chuy n su t ngày, nh ng cá m p d ng nh "b i l i", v i m t s b ph n c a não ho t đ ng m nh m h n nh ng khác Cá m p khác có th ngh ng i, s d ng l th đ hút n c oxy 64 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 C12 Money doesn't have any inherent value Unless you enjoy looking at pictures of deceased national heroes, money has no more use than any other piece of paper until, as a country and an economy, we assign value to it At that point, it does have value, but the value isn't inherent; it's assigned and generally agreed upon by users worldwide It didn't always work this way In the past, money generally took the form of coins composed of precious metals such as gold and silver.The value of the coins was roughly based on the value of the metals they contained, because you could always melt the coins down and use the metal for other purposes Until a few decades ago paper money in different countries was based on the gold standard or silver standard or some combination of the two This meant that you could take some paper money to the government, who would exchange it for some gold or some silver based on an exchange rate set by the government The gold standard lasted until 1971 when President Nixon announced that the United States would no longer exchange dollars for gold This ended the Bretton Woods system, which will be the focus of a future article Now the United States is on a system of fiat money, which is not tied to any other commodity So these pieces of paper in your pocket are just that: pieces of paper * Voc: * Bài d ch tham kh o: Ti n b t k giá tr v n có Tr b n thích xem nh c a nh ng anh hùng dân t c ch t, ti n không s d ng h n b t k gi y t khác cho đ n khi, nh m t qu c gia m t n n kinh t , gán giá tr cho T i th i m đó, có giá tr , nh ng giá tr không ph i v n có; Nó đ c ch đ nh đ c ng i s d ng toàn th gi i đ ng ý Nó không ph i lúc c ng làm vi c theo cách Tr c đây, ti n th ng có d ng đô la bao g m kim lo i quý nh vàng b c Giá tr c a đ ng xu d a giá tr kim lo i mà chúng ch a, b n có th làm tan ch y đ ng xu xu ng s d ng kim lo i Cho m c đích khác Cho đ n m t vài th p k tr c, ti n gi y qu c gia khác đ c d a tiêu chu n vàng ho c tiêu chu n b c ho c m t s k t h p c a hai i u có ngh a b n có th l y m t kho n ti n gi y cho ph , ng i s trao đ i cho m t s vàng ho c m t s b c d a t giá ph quy đ nh Tiêu chu n vàng kéo dài đ n n m 1971 T ng th ng Nixon tuyên b r ng Hoa K s không trao đ i vàng cho vàng i u k t thúc h th ng Bretton Woods, s tr ng tâm c a m t báo t ng lai Bây gi Hoa K s d ng m t h th ng ti n t thi n, không g n li n v i b t k hàng hoá khác Vì v y, nh ng m nh gi y túi c a b n ch là: mi ng gi y 65 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 C13.If we print more money, prices will rise such that we’re no better off than we were before Why will prices go up after a money supply increase?In short, prices will go up after a drastic increase in the money supply because:If people have more money, they’ll divert some of that money to spending Retailers will be forced to raise prices, or run out of the product.Retailers who run out of product will try to replenish it Producers face the same dilemma of retailers that they will either have to raise prices, or face shortages because they not have the capacity to create an extra product and they cannot find labor at rates which are low enough to justify the extra production.Inflation is caused by a combination of four factors: The supply of money goes up.The supply of goods goes down.Demand for money goes down.Demand for goods goes up.This gets us to why drastically increasing the money supply on the surface seems like a good idea When we say we’d like more money, what we’re really saying is we’d like more wealth The problem is if we all have more money, collectively we’re not going to be any more wealthy Increasing the amount of money does nothing to increasing the amount of wealth or more plainly the amount of stuff in the world Since the same number of people are chasing the same amount of stuff, we cannot on average be wealthier than we were before * Bài d ch tham kh o: N u in thêm ti n, giá c s t ng lên nh v y mà t t h n so v i tr c T i giá s t ng sau ngu n cung ti n t ng? Nói tóm l i, giá s t ng lên sau ngu n cung t ng m nh b i vì: N u ng i dân có nhi u ti n h n, h s chuy n m t ph n s ti n sang chi tiêu Các nhà bán l s bu c ph i t ng giá, ho c h t s n ph m Nh ng ng i bán hàng h t s n ph m s c g ng b sung Các nhà s n xu t ph i đ i m t v i tình tr ng ti n thoái l ng nan c a nhà bán l r ng h ph i t ng giá ho c ph i đ i m t v i s thi u h t b i h kh n ng t o m t s n ph m b sung h không th tìm đ c lao đ ng v i m c giá th p đ đ bi n minh cho vi c s n xu t thêm Gây b is k th pc ab ny ut : Vi c cung c p ti n lên Cung c p hàng hoá xu ng.Demand ti n xu ng.Demand hàng t ng lên i u cho đ lý t i t ng m nh ti n cung c p b m t có v nh m t ý t ng t t Khi nói r ng mu n nhi u ti n h n, nh ng th c s nói mu n giàu có h n V n đ n u t t c có nhi u ti n h n, t ng c ng s b t k giàu có h n T ng s ti n không làm đ t ng s ti n c a s giàu có ho c rõ ràng h n s l ng công c th gi i Vì m t s ng i 66 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com theo đu i s ti n t tr c Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 ng t , không th trung bình có th giàu có h n C14.Between 2000 and 2012, deforestation occurred on 888,000 square miles globally This was partially offset by 309,000 square miles where forests grew back The net result is an average forest loss of 31 million acres per year during that period – that’s about the size of the state of Mississippi, each year.This forest loss trend is not distributed evenly over the planet Several areas are experiencing important reforestation, the regrowth of recently cut forest, and afforestation, the planting of new forests were none were in recent history, i.e., less than 50 years.Intensive forestry in subtropical areas and in boreal forests is a major agent of forest loss The vast majority of forest loss in tropical areas occurs when forests are converted to agriculture production and pastures for cattle Forests are not logged for the commercial value of the wood itself, but instead they are burned as the fastest way to clear land Cattle are then brought in to graze on grasses that now replace the trees In some areas plantations are put in, notably large palm oil operations In other places, like Argentina, forests are cut to grow soybeans, a major ingredient in pig and poultry feed T n m 2000 đ n n m 2012, n n phá r ng x y 888.000 d m vuông toàn c u i u đư đ c bù đ p m t ph n b i 309.000 d m vuông n i r ng m c tr l i K t qu r ng trung bình m t 31 tri u acres / n m kho ng th i gian đó, t c kho ng bang Mississippi, m i n m Xu h ng m t r ng không phân b đ u hành tinh M t s khu v c tr i qua th i k tr ng r ng quan tr ng, tái sinh r ng g n tr ng r ng, vi c tr ng r ng m i l ch s g n đây, t c d i 50 n m R ng nhi t đ i khu v c c n nhi t đ i r ng boreal m t M t r ng Ph n l n m t r ng vùng nhi t đ i x y r ng chuy n thành s n xu t nông nghi p ch n th gia súc R ng không đ c đ ng ký v i giá tr th ng m i c a g , nh ng thay vào chúng đ c đ t nh cách nhanh nh t đ làm s ch đ t Sau gia súc n c c thay th cho m t s khu v c tr ng r ng, đ c bi t ho t đ ng d u c l n nh ng n i khác, nh Argentina, r ng đ c c t đ phát tri n đ u nành, m t thành ph n th c n cho l n gia c m C15.The loss of forests means disappearing habitats for wildlife and degraded watersheds, but it also impacts our climate in a multitude of ways Trees absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide, the number one greenhouse gas and contributor to climate change By cutting down forests we reduce the planet’s capacity to pull carbon out of the atmosphere and achieve a balanced carbon dioxide budget Slash from forestry operations is often burned, releasing in the air the carbon stored in 67 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 the wood In addition, the soil left exposed after the machinery is gone continues to release stored carbon into the atmosphere.Forest loss affects the water cycle, too The dense tropical forests found along the equator release phenomenal amounts of water in the air through a process called transpiration This water condenses into clouds, which then release the water further away in the form of torrential tropical rains It is too soon to really understand how deforestation’s interference with this process affects climate change, but we can be assured that it has consequences within and outside tropical regions Vi c m t r ng có ngh a bi n m t môi tr ng s ng c a đ ng v t hoang dã l u v c sông b suy thoái, nh ng c ng nh h ng đ n khí h u c a b ng vô s cách Cây h p th carbon dioxide khí quy n, khí nhà kính s m t góp ph n làm thay đ i khí h u B ng vi c ch t phá r ng, s làm gi m kh n ng h p th carbon t b u khí quy n đ t đ c m t ngân sách khí carbon dioxide cân b ng X t ho t đ ng lâm nghi p th ng b đ t cháy, gi i phóng không khí carbon l u tr g Ngoài ra, đ t l i đ c ph i sau máy móc ti p t c gi i phóng carbon đ c l u tr vào khí quy n S m t mát c a r ng c ng nh h ng đ n chu trình n c Các khu r ng nhi t đ i dày đ c đ c tìm th y d c theo đ ng xích đ o gi i phóng m t s l ng l n n c không khí thông qua m t trình g i thoát h i n c N c ng ng t thành đám mây, sau gi i phóng n c xa h n d i d ng m a nhi t đ i gay g t V n s m đ hi u đ c s can thi p c a r ng phá r ng đ i v i trình nh h ng nh th đ n bi n đ i khí h u, nh ng có th yên tâm r ng có nh ng h u qu bên bên vùng nhi t đ i C16.Behavior is what we humans Behavior is observable and measurable Whether it is walk from one place to another or to crack our knuckles, behavior serves some ‘function’ or the other.Applied Behavior Analysis, the research based approach to modifying behavior, seeks to find the ‘function’ of an inappropriate behavior in order to find a replacement behavior to replace it Every behavior serves some function, and provides a consequence, reinforcement, for the behavior.When we successfully identify the ‘function’ of the behavior we can reinforce an alternate, acceptable behavior that will replace it When the student has that particular ‘need’ or function fulfilled by an alternate means, the maladaptive or unacceptable behavior is less likely to reappear If a child needs attention, and we give them attention in an appropriate way because of appropriate behavior, we cement the appropriate behavior and make the inappropriate or unwanted behavior less likely to appear Hành vi nh ng ng i làm Hành vi có th quan sát đ c đo đ c Cho dù b t n i sang n i khác ho c đ phá v kh p 68 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 n i c a chúng tôi, hành vi ph c v m t s 'ch c n ng' ho c khác.Applied Behavior Analysis, nghiên c u d a cách ti p c n đ s a đ i hành vi, tìm cách đ tìm 'ch c n ng' c a m t hành vi không phù h p theo th t tìm m t hành vi thay th đ thay th M i hành vi đ u ph c v m t s ch c n ng, t o h u qu , c ng c cho hành vi Khi xác đ nh thành công "ch c n ng" c a hành vi, có th c ng c m t hành vi luân phiên, ch p nh n đ c s thay th Khi h c sinh có 'nhu c u' đ c bi t ho c ch c n ng đư hoàn thành b ng m t ph ng ti n thay th , hành vi không thích nghi ho c không đ c ch p nh n có kh n ng xu t hi n tr l i N u tr c n s ý, ý đ n chúng m t cách thích h p hành vi thích h p, s c ng c hành vi thích h p làm cho hành vi không phù h p ho c không mong mu n có kh n ng xu t hi n C17 The clearest evidence of how a behavior functions for a child is seen in the Antecedent and the Consequence The Antecedent is everything that happens immediately before the behavior occurs It is sometimes also referred to as ‘the Setting Event’ but a setting event may be part of the antecedent, but not the whole The teacher/ABA practitioner needs to ask ‘Is there something in the environment that may lead to the behavior i.e., escaping loud noises, a person who always presents demand, a change in routine that might seem frightening to a child?’ Is there something that happens in that environment that seems to have a causal relationship, like the entrance of a pretty girl, attention, or a loud noise?The Consequence In ABA, the term consequence has a very specific meaning, which at the same time is broader than the use of ‘consequence’, as it usually is, to mean ‘punishment’ The consequence is what happens as the result of the behavior That consequence is usually the ‘reward’ or ‘reinforcement’ for the behavior B ng ch ng rõ ràng nh t v cách th c ho t đ ng c a m t đ a tr đ c th y Ti n V H u Qu Ti n Ti n V m i th x y tr c hành vi x y Nó đ c g i 'S ki n Thi t l p' nh ng s ki n thi t l p có th m t ph n c a ti n đ , nh ng không ph i toàn b Giáo viên / chuyên gia ABA c n h i "Có u môi tr ng có th d n t i hành vi không, ti ng n l n, ng i có nhu c u, s thay đ i thói quen mà có th gây cho m t đ a tr đáng s ?" i u x y môi tr ng có v nh có m i quan h nhân qu , nh l i vào c a m t cô gái xinh đ p, ý, ho c ti ng n l n? K t qu Trong ABA, h qu c a thu t ng có ý ngh a r t c th , đ ng th i r ng h n Vi c s d ng 'h u qu ', nh th ng l , có ngh a 'hình ph t' H u qu nh ng x y nh k t qu c a hành vi H u qu th ng 'ph n th ng' ho c 'c ng c ' cho hành vi 69 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 C18.During Grace Abbott’s early childhood in Grand Island, Nebraska, her family was fairly well off Her father was the Lieutenant Governor of the state, and her mother was an activist who had been an abolitionist and advocated women’s rights including woman suffrage.But the 1893 financial depression, plus the drought afflicting the rural part of Nebraska where the family lived, meant that plans had to change Grace studied at and graduated in 1898 from Grand Island College, a Baptist school She moved to Custer County to teach after graduation, but then returned home to recover from a bout of typhoid In 1899, when Edith left her teaching position at the high school in Grand Island, Grace took her position.Grace was able to study law at the University of Nebraska from 1902 to 1903 She was the only woman in the class She taught at the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration from 1934 to 1939, where her sister was the dean She also served, during those years, as editor of The Social Service Review which her sister had founded in 1927 with Sophonisba Breckenridge In 1935 and 1937, she was a United States delegate to the International Labor Organization In 1938, she published the 2-volume treatment of federal and state laws and programs protecting children, The Child and the State Trong th i th u c a Grace Abbott Grand Island, Nebraska, gia đình cô gi i Cha cô Th ng đ c c a Nhà n c, m cô m t nhà ho t đ ng xã h i đư t ng ng i ng h quy n ph n bãi nhi m quy n c a ph n , có c vi c n quy n b u c Nh ng tr m c m tài chánh n m 1893, v i h n hán làm cho vùng nông thôn c a Nebraska n i gia đình s ng, R ng k ho ch ph i thay đ i Grace h c t i t t nghi p n m 1898 t i h c Grand Island, m t tr ng Baptist Cô chuy n đ n Custer County đ d y sau t t nghi p, nh ng sau tr v nhà đ ph c h i t m t c n bàng quang Vào n m 1899, Edith r i b v trí gi ng d y c a t i tr ng trung h c Grand Island, Grace đư đ m nhi m v trí c a mình.Grace có th h c lu t t i i h c Nebraska t n m 1902 đ n n m 1903 Bà ph n nh t l p Bà đư d y t i Tr ng Qu n lý D ch v Xã h i c a ih c Chicago t n m 1934 đ n n m 1939, n i ch c a bà hi u tr ng Bà c ng t ng ph c v , nh ng n m đó, biên t p viên c a The Social Service Review mà ch c a bà đư thành l p n m 1927 v i Sophonisba Breckenridge N m 1935 1937, bà m t đ i bi u c a Hoa K đ n T ch c Lao đ ng Qu c t N m 1938, bà xu t b n cu n sách tr li u t p v lu t ch ng trình b o v tr em, Tr em Nhà n c c a liên bang ti u bang C19 The name ‘Canada’ comes from ‘kanata’,the Iroquois-Huron word for village Aboriginal people used the word to describe the village of Stadacona (present-day Quebec City) to French explorer Jacques Cartier during his trip along the St Lawrence River in 1535 Cartier used the word Canada to refer to both the settlement of Stadacona as well as the surrounding area, which was then under the 70 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 purview of Iroquois Chief Donnacona.By 1547, maps were showing the name Canada applied to everything north of the St Lawrence River Cartier referred to the St Lawrence River as the ‘riviere du Canada’ and the name began to take hold Even though the French called the region New France, by 1616 the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St Lawrence was still called Canada As the country expanded to the west and the south in the 1700s, ‘Canada’ was the unofficial name of an area spanning the American midwest, extending as far south as what is now the state of Louisiana After the British conquered New France in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of Quebec As British loyalists began heading north during and after the American Revolutionary War, Quebec was divided into two separate parts Tên 'Canada' xu t phát t 'kanata', t Iroquois-Huron cho làng Ng i th dân đư s d ng t đ mô t làng Stadacona (Quebec City ngày nay) t i nhà thám hi m Jacques Cartier ng i Pháp chuy n d c theo sông St Lawrence n m 1535 Cartier đư s d ng t Canada đ ch c vi c gi i quy t Stadacona c ng nh Nh khu v c xung quanh, sau d i s qu n lý c a Iroquois Chief Donnacona N m 1547, b n đ cho th y tên Canada áp d ng cho m i th phía b c sông St Lawrence Cartier đ c p đ n sông St Lawrence nh 'riviere du Canada' tên b t đ u n m gi M c dù ng i Pháp g i khu v c New France, vào n m 1616 khu v c d c theo sông l n c a Canada V nh St Lawrence v n đ c g i Canada Khi đ t n c m r ng v phía tây nam vào nh ng n m 1700, 'Canada' tên không th c c a m t khu v c tr i dài tây nam Hoa K , kéo dài đ n t n Nam nh bây gi bang Louisiana Sau Anh chinh ph c New France n m 1763, thu c đ a đ c đ i tên thành t nh Quebec Khi nh ng ng i trung thành Anh b t đ u h ng v phía b c sau Chi n tranh Cách m ng Hoa K , Quebec đ c chia thành hai ph n riêng bi t C20.Socialism is a political term applied to an economic system in which property is held in common and not individually, and relationships are governed by a political hierarchy Common ownership doesn't mean decisions are made collectively, however Instead, individuals in positions of authority make decisions in the name of the collective group Regardless of the picture painted of socialism by its proponents, it ultimately removes group decision making in favor of the choices of one all-important individual.Socialism originally involved the replacement of private property with a market exchange, but history has proven this ineffective socialism cannot prevent people from competing for what is scarce Socialism, as we know it today, most commonly refers to ‘market socialism,’ which involves individual market exchanges organized by collective 71 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641 Nguyenanhtuan81x@gmail.com Ti ng Anh công ch c Qu ng Ngãi 2017 planning.People often confuse ‘socialism’ with the concept of ‘communism’ While the two ideologies share much in common, in fact, communism encompasses socialism, the primary difference between the two is that ‘socialism’ applies to economic systems, whereas ‘communism’ applies to both economic and political systems Ch ngh a xư h i m t thu t ng tr đ c áp d ng cho m t h th ng kinh t tài s n đ c gi chung chung không ph i cá nhân, m i quan h đ c u ch nh b i m t h th ng tr Quy n s h u chung ngh a quy t đ nh đ c đ a t p th Thay vào đó, cá nhân thu c v trí quy n l c quy t đ nh nhân danh nhóm t p th B t k b c tranh v c a ch ngh a xư h i b i nh ng ng i ng h nó, cu i lo i b quy t đ nh c a nhóm d a s l a ch n c a m t cá nhân quan tr ng Ch ngh a xư h i ban đ u liên quan đ n vi c thay th tài s n cá nhân b ng cách trao đ i th tr ng, nh ng l ch s đư ch ng minh u không hi u qu Ch ngh a xư h i không th ng n c n m i ng i c nh tranh v i nh ng khan hi m Ch ngh a xư h i, nh bi t ngày nay, th ng đ c hi u "ch ngh a xư h i th tr ng", bao g m cu c trao đ i th tr ng riêng l đ c t ch c theo k ho ch t p th Con ng i th ng l n l n "ch ngh a xư h i" v i khái ni m "ch ngh a c ng s n" M c dù hai h t t ng có nhi u m chung, nh ng th c t ch ngh a c ng s n bao g m ch ngh a xư h i, s khác bi t gi a hai ch ngh a xư h i áp d ng cho h th ng kinh t , 'ch ngh a c ng s n' áp d ng cho c h th ng kinh t tr - THE END 72 http://xemtailieu.com/user/anhtuannguyen243641