This page intentionally left blank Practical Digital Wireless Signals Do you need to know what signal type to select for a wireless application? Quickly develop a useful expertise in digital modulation with this practical guide, based on the author’s industry experience of more than 30 years You will understand the physical meaning behind the mathematics of wireless signals and learn the intricacies and tradeoffs in signal selection and design Key features: Six modulation families and 12 modulation types are covered in depth A quantitative ranking of relative cost incurred to implement any of 12 different modulation types Extensive discussions of the Shannon Limit, Nyquist filtering, efficiency measures, and signal-to-noise measures Radio wave propagation and antennas, multiple access techniques, and signal coding principles are all covered Spread spectrum and wireless system operation requirements are presented Earl McCune is a practicing engineer and Silicon Valley entrepreneur A graduate of UC Berkeley, Stanford University, and UC Davis, he has over 30 years of post-graduate industry experience in wireless communications circuits and systems Now semi-retired, he has founded two successful start-up companies, each of them winning industrial awards for their technical innovation the cambridge rf and microwave engineering series Series Editor Steve C Cripps, Visiting Professor, Cardiff University Peter Aaen, Jaime A Pla´ and John Wood, Modeling and Characterization of RF and Microwave Power FETs Dominique Schreurs, Máirtín O’Droma, Anthony A Goacher and Michael Gadringer, RF Power Amplifier Behavioral Modeling Fan Yang and Yahya Rahmat Samii, Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in Antenna Engineering Enrico Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators Forthcoming J Stephenson Kenney and Armando Cova, RF Power Amplifier Design and Linearization Stepan Lucyszyn, Advanced RF MEMS Patrick Roblin, Nonlinear RF Circuits and the Large Signal Network Analyzer David E Root, Jason Horn and Jan Verspecht, X Parameters Dominique Schreurs, Microwave Techniques for Microelectronics Sorin Voinigescu, High Frequency Integrated Circuits John L B Walker, Handbook of RF and Microwave Solid State Power Amplifiers John Wood, Peter Aaen and Mohamed Sayed, Modern RF and Microwave Measurement Techniques Practical Digital Wireless Signals EARL McCUNE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521516303 © Cambridge University Press 2010 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2010 ISBN-13 978-0-511-67538-6 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-51630-3 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Dedicated to the memory of my father Earl McCune Sr for instilling in me the great value of intuitive understanding of technical fundamentals Contents Preface Definitions and acronyms Terminology and notation Keying, states, and block diagram construction page xvii xx xxv 1.1 Radio communications: what really happens? 1.2 Modulation states: “keyed” 1.3 DWC signal representations 1.3.1 “Digital” modulations of an analog signal 1.3.2 Polar representation 1.3.3 Quadrature representation 1.3.4 Transformations between signal representations 1.4 Frequency domain representations 1.5 Implementing a DWC system 1.5.1 Symbol construction 1.5.2 Symbol-to-signal-state mapping 1.5.3 State transitions 1.5.4 Modulator 1.5.5 Power amplifier (PA) 1.5.6 Radio front-end Simplex Duplex Duplexer vs diplexer References For further reading 6 11 13 13 14 15 17 17 18 18 19 20 22 22 Common issues and signal characterization 23 2.1 Power spectral density (PSD) 2.2 Occupied bandwidth 2.2.1 Useful signal-bandwidth measures Bounded power-spectral-density (B-PSD) bandwidth Fractional power-containment bandwidth Transmitter mask 23 28 29 29 31 33 viii Contents 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.2.2 Bad signal-bandwidth measures Null-to-null bandwidth Equivalent white-noise signal bandwidth (ENSB) Bandlimiting filtering 2.3.1 Exact vs good enough 2.3.2 Filtering pulses Full response Partial response 2.3.3 Superposition 2.3.4 Intersymbol interference (ISI) 2.3.5 Nyquist filters 2.3.6 Matched filtering Informational diagrams 2.4.1 Constellation diagram 2.4.2 Vector diagram 2.4.3 “Eye” diagram Interference and near-far interference (NFI) Signals and noise 2.6.1 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 2.6.2 Carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) 2.6.3 Information bit-energy-to-noise-density (IBEND) Eb/N0 Channel (Shannon) capacity Important DWC signal measures 2.8.1 Efficiency measures Bandwidth efficiency Energy (DC) efficiency Output efficiency Peak efficiency Backoff efficiency Supply-referenced efficiency Power-added efficiency Overall transmitter efficiency Power efficiency 2.8.2 Error vector 2.8.3 Off-channel power ratio 2.8.4 Envelope dynamics Signal power Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) PDF/CDF/CCDF curves Circuitry impacts from the signal selection Constant-envelope (CE) signals Envelope-varying (EV) signals Output-power control 33 33 34 35 37 37 38 38 38 40 40 43 47 47 48 48 50 52 53 53 53 56 58 58 58 59 61 61 61 62 63 63 63 65 66 67 67 67 68 70 71 71 72 41=2; T (F:27) (F:28) which is recognized as the rectangular unit pulse The × form of (F.23) defines DZ2, the second member of the pulse family 1 a ; (F:29) Á ¼ a1 À1 384 Appendix F: The derivative-zeroed pulse family Table F.1 DZ coefficients for the first five pulses n a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 1 n 1 n n 4/3 1/3 1.5 0.6 0.1 n 1.6 0.8 0.22857 0.02857 which has the solution a0 a1 ¼ : Again, applying (F.30) to (F.6) and using (F.1) we get the DZ2 pulse x > þ cos ð 2πx Þ for 1=2 > < T p2 ðxÞ ¼ > > x :0 for ... Amplifiers John Wood, Peter Aaen and Mohamed Sayed, Modern RF and Microwave Measurement Techniques Practical Digital Wireless Signals EARL McCUNE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne,... understand the physical meaning behind the mathematics of wireless signals and learn the intricacies and tradeoffs in signal selection and design Key features: Six modulation families and 12... Aaen, Jaime A Pla´ and John Wood, Modeling and Characterization of RF and Microwave Power FETs Dominique Schreurs, Máirtín O’Droma, Anthony A Goacher and Michael Gadringer, RF Power Amplifier Behavioral