A Companion to the Anthropolog - Jennifer Robertson

A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan Edited by Jennifer Robertson A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan Blackwell Companions to Anthropology Blackwell Companions to Anthropology offers a series of comprehensive syntheses of the traditional subdisciplines, primary subjects, and geographic areas of inquiry for the field Taken together, the titles in the series represent both a contemporary survey of anthropology and a cutting-edge guide to the emerging research and intellectual trends in the field as a whole A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology edited by Alessandro Duranti A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians edited by Thomas Biolsi A Companion to Psychological Anthropology edited by Conerly Casey and Robert B Edgerton A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan edited by Jennifer Robertson Forthcoming A Companion to Latin American Anthropology edited by Deborah Poole ß 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Jennifer Robertson to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher First published 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to the anthropology of Japan / edited by Jennifer Robertson p cm — (Blackwell companions to anthropology ; 5) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-10 0-631-22955-8 (hardcover : alk paper) Ethnology—Japan Japan—Social life and customs I Robertson, Jennifer Ellen II Series GN635.J2C65 2005 306’.0952—c22 2004022308 ISBN-13 978-0-631-22955-1 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10/12.5 pt Galliard by Kolam Information Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents Synopsis of Contents Notes on Contributors Part I: Introduction Introduction: Putting and Keeping Japan in Anthropology Jennifer Robertson Part II: Cultures, Histories, and Identities The Imperial Past of Anthropology in Japan Katsumi Nakao Japanese Archaeology and Cultural Properties Management: Prewar Ideology and Postwar Legacies Walter Edwards viii xviii 17 19 36 Feminism, Timelines, and History-Making Tomomi Yamaguchi 50 Making Majority Culture Roger Goodman 59 Political and Cultural Perspectives on ‘‘Insider’’ Minorities Joshua Hotaka Roth 73 Japan’s Ethnic Minority: Koreans Sonia Ryang 89 Shifting Contours of Class and Status Glenda S Roberts 104 vi C ON T ENT S The Anthropology of Japanese Corporate Management Tomoko Hamada 125 10 Fashioning Cultural Identity: Body and Dress Ofra Goldstein-Gidoni 153 11 Genders and Sexualities Sabine Fru¨hstu¨ck 167 Part III: 12 Geographies and Boundaries, Spaces and Sentiments 183 On the ‘‘Nature’’ of Japanese Culture, or, Is There a Japanese Sense of Nature? D P Martinez 185 13 The Rural Imaginary: Landscape, Village, Tradition Scott Schnell 201 14 Tokyo’s Third Rebuilding: New Twists on Old Patterns Roman Cybriwsky 218 15 Japan’s Global Village: A View from the World of Leisure Joy Hendry 231 Part IV: Socialization, Assimilation, and Identification 245 16 Formal Caring Alternatives: Kindergartens and Day-Care Centers Eyal Ben-Ari 247 17 Post-Compulsory Schooling and the Legacy of Imperialism Brian J McVeigh 261 18 Theorizing the Cultural Importance of Play: Anthropological Approaches to Sports and Recreation of Japan Elise Edwards 279 19 Popular Entertainment and the Music Industry Shuhei Hosokawa 297 20 There’s More than Manga: Popular Nonfiction Books and Magazines Laura Miller 314 Part V: Body, Blood, Self, and Nation 327 21 Biopower: Blood, Kinship, and Eugenic Marriage Jennifer Robertson 329 22 The Ie (Family) in Global Perspective Emiko Ochiai 355 23 Constrained Person and Creative Agent: A Dying Student’s Narrative of Self and Others Susan Orpett Long 380 CO NT EN TS vii 24 Nation, Citizenship, and Cinema Aaron Gerow 400 25 Culinary Culture and the Making of a National Cuisine Katarzyna Cwiertka 415 Part VI: Religion and Science, Beliefs and Bioethics 429 26 Historical, New, and ‘‘New’’ New Religions Ian Reader 431 27 Folk Religion and its Contemporary Issues Noriko Kawahashi 452 28 Women Scientists and Gender Ideology Sumiko Otsubo 467 29 Preserving Moral Order: Responses to Biomedical Technologies Margaret Lock 483 Index 501 Synopsis of Contents Part I: Introduction Introduction: Putting and Keeping Japan in Anthropology Jennifer Robertson Robertson explores the ‘‘ancestry’’ of (Anglophone) Japan anthropology from the 1930s through the early 1960s, a 30-year period when Japan was acknowledged in the discipline as an important site of and for anthropological knowledge and theorymaking She asks why, since then, ‘‘Japan’’ seems to have passed out of, and to have been passed over by, the anthropological mainstream, and suggests that the legacy of certain ‘‘ancestors’’ may be partly responsible The question, ‘‘Where is ‘Japan’ in anthropological discourse today, and what are the significant contributions to social and cultural theory that Japan anthropologists have made since 1970, and are making today?’’ sets the stage for the essays that follow Part II: Cultures, Histories, and Identities The essays in this section critically examine the processes of history- and culturemaking along with identity formation, majority and minority alike The Imperial Past of Anthropology in Japan Katsumi Nakao Nakao argues that to explore the history of prewar ethnographic research is tantamount to remembering and confronting modern Japan’s imperialist past The apparent ‘‘historical amnesia’’ among anthropologists in Japan parallels the low level of historical consciousness of Japanese people in general about Japan’s imperial past Ethnographic research in the first half of the 20th century collectively helped to facilitate Japan’s administration of its scattered Asian Pacific empire As Nakao shows, Japanese anthropology of the imperial period – the late 19th century through SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS ix 1945 – possessed a distinctive character that calls for wider recognition and analytical scrutiny Japanese Archaeology and Cultural Properties Management: Prewar Ideology and Postwar Legacies Walter Edwards Edwards explains how, as part of Japanese efforts at modernization, the adoption of Western academic disciplines in the late 19th century included the introduction of scientific archaeology Early cultural properties management policies had a strong ideological component, in large part a consequence of the symbolic importance placed on the imperial institution, taken to be a source of pride for the nation in the modern world due to its ‘‘unique continuity from an ancient and divine origin.’’ The legacy of the imperial household on archaeology today is investigated Feminism, Timelines, and History-Making Tomomi Yamaguchi Yamaguchi observes that in the mid-1990s, notable numbers of books on the history of the women’s liberation movement (ribu) since the 1970s were published in Japan Many, if not most, included a nenpyo¯ (timeline): a chronological list of events, a style commonly used in Japanese historical writings For feminist writers, the timeline is a vehicle for producing an alternative version of existing writings on the history of the ribu movement Yamaguchi’s analysis of nenpyo¯-writing offers a significant venue to examine the philosophy of time reflected in this particular mode of history-writing, and the contested discourses on the politics of history-writing in contemporary Japan Making Majority Culture Roger Goodman Goodman poses the rhetorical question, ‘‘Who are ‘the Japanese’?’’ While there is evidence of attempts to construct ideas of Japanese ethnic identity that go back two millennia, most commentators point to the Meiji period (1868–1912) as when this process became particularly emphasized in Japan Faced by both internal and external threats, the Meiji oligarchs developed a rich litany of symbols and rituals that helped to construct the ideas of Japaneseness that were disseminated through an education system constructed, in part, for that purpose Scholarly research on Japanese ethnic identity together with popular notions of the superiority of Japanese culture came to the fore again in the 1980s as the Japanese economy went into overdrive Goodman points out the presumption, in these dominant ideas of Japaneseness, that ‘‘culture’’ is static, timeless, and self-evident Political and Cultural Perspectives on ‘‘Insider’’ Minorities Joshua Hotaka Roth Roth reminds us that there are a variety of ‘‘insider’’ minorities in Japan – the Burakumin, Ainu, Okinawans, Nikkeijin, the disabled, and atomic bomb victims These groups vary widely in size, history, consciousness as groups, and criteria for 504 INDE X Creighton, Millie 213 cuisine: global 235–7 national 415–26 regional 420–1, 422, 425 Culin, Stewart 279–80, 285, 288 cultural anthropology, see anthropology cultural properties policy 36–47 Cultural Properties Protection Act (1950) 46 culture: corporate 27, 64, 125–47 and environment 209–10 foreign 231–42 majority 59–70 and nature 186, 196 and phenotype 10–11 popular 299–311, 314–24, 411 social construction 10, 65, 67, 69–70 Western 156 see also diversity; homogeneity; uniqueness culture-sphere theory 26–7 Curtin, J S 117–18 Cwiertka, Katarzyna 235, 415–26 Cybriwsky, Roman 218–29 Daiba (Tokyo) 220, 223–5, 227, 228, 229 Dalla Chiesa, Simone 240 David, Darrell 409 Davis, Winston 440 day-care (hoikuen) 104, 115, 116, 118 diversity and homogeneity 253–6 state control 247–50, 252, 253–6 teaching and care-taking roles 251–3, 254, 257 day laborers 73–4, 111 de Alva, J Jorge Klor 456 de Vos, George 95, 125 Dean, Terrence E., and Kennedy, Allen A 137 death, as liminal 75, 78 see also brain death deBary, Brett 111 decision-making, corporate 128–9, 144 Deguchi, Yonekichi 169, 175 dependency (amae) 61, 125 and childrearing 62–3, 64, 126, 133–4, 250 and sense of self 391–2, 395 di Leonardo, Micaela 84, 112 disabled people 74, 78–9, 84, 394 discrimination: gender 117, 132–3, 475 and insider minorities 73–4, 76, 77–8, 84–5, 210, 405 and outsider minorities 93, 94, 96, 99, 272 diversity: in education 270–1, 277 in family formations 361–3, 375 social and cultural 67, 209–11, 241, 263, 266, 316 division of labor 112–13, 118, 131 divorce 117–18, 255 Doi, Takeo 59, 61, 62–3, 64, 68, 125–6, 383 domesticity 112–15, 154, 160, 163, 253–4 and food 419–20, 424 Dore, Ronald P 128, 194, 252 Douglass, Mike 112 dress: and beauty and femininity 150, 157, 158, 159, 161–2, 163–4 coming-of-age ceremony 153, 157–61, 164 and cultural identity 153–65 and female form 153–4, 159–61, 194 kimono 153, 156–7, 335 Meiji period 154–5, 335 Western 153, 154, 156, 157, 158–9, 335 Drucker, Peter 126 Durkheim, E´mile 22, 28, 65, 432 Earhart, Byron 452 earthquakes: Kobe (1995) 472 Tokyo (1923) 219, 220, 226, 282, 302, 421, 472 Easton, George S., and Jarrell, Sherry L 137 economy, see growth, economic; recession; trade patterns Edo period 40, 42–3, 300–2, 364–74, 418 education: and class 60–1, 106, 108–10, 115, 116–17, 265 costs 134, 251, 255, 274 and ethnicity 110 as gendered 249, 268, 270, 275–7, 285, 468–80 high school 104, 109, 270–2, 271, 274 higher 104, 110, 249, 274–7, 468–75 and imperialism 261–77, 262 and Meiji Revolution 207–8, 485 minority 93, 271–2 and modernization 261 and national identity 20, 261, 264–5 para-official 269–70 preschool 115, 247–50, 251–3, 257 rural 215 I ND EX scientific 274, 468–73 vocational 270, 272–3 Edwards, Elise 279–93 Edwards, Walter 36–48 egalitarianism: in education 264–5, 270–2 in popular music 308, 310 postwar 104, 107–12 Egami, Namio 27, 31 Egara, Ayako 423 Ehara, Yumiko 174 elders: and graying of population 134, 215, 234–5 and ie 368–9, 373 Elderton, Ethel 338, 339 Eliade, Mircea 434, 455 Embree, John 3, 4–7, 171, 338, 347 n.16, 348 n.28 employment: company unionism 64, 67 female 66, 106–7, 112–19, 140, 154, 171, 174, 473–4; and childcare 115–16, 133–5, 249, 250, 473 and globalization 139–40 lifetime 64, 67, 112, 125, 126, 128, 132 and masculinity 131, 141 part-time 7, 113–14, 119, 132, 136, 144, 202, 467 see also seniority principle endogamy 63, 329, 337–40, 343–4 Engels, Friedrich 25, 26, 27 Engle, David 79 English language 144, 145–6 entertainment, popular 239–40, 297–311 and food 416–17, 424 modernization 300–2 studies 299–300 and technology 302–6, 309–11 see also idols; karaoke environment: built 218–29 concern for 185–6, 191, 193–6 and culture 209–10 Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1986) 132 Esaji, Sho¯go 286–7 essentialism: and ethnic identity 65, 403 and gender 174, 460, 462 esthetics 185–96, 409, 417 ethics, and biotechnology 483–97 ethnic files project 29 ethnicity: and education 110 and gender 175 and globalization 400–1 505 and heterogeneity 404–5 and identity 59–70, 265–6 as socially constructed 65, 70 ethnology: and anthropology 19–20, 31–2 and colonization 20–2, 38 early 3, 5–6, 9–10, 405 and outsider minorities 95–6 sexual 167, 168–70, 175–7 and sport 280–4, 292 wartime uses 28, 29–33 etiquette 158, 159, 162, 316–18 Eto, Jun 129 Eugenic Protection Law (1948) 331–2 eugenics 329–45 and consanguinity 338–40, 342, 343, 344–5 and eugenic marriage 335, 340–4, 476–7 and insider minorities 78, 346–7 n.13 and kinship 331–2 and pure vs mixed blood 332–7, 344 and science 329–30, 332–4, 476 and sport 284–5 examinations 109, 117, 264–5, 269, 270–1 exercise, see sports and recreation exogamy 63, 343–4 familism: corporate 61–2, 64, 66–7, 126, 129–31, 139, 141, 202–3 state 68, 330, 333, 343, 400, 486 family (kazoku): and meals 415–16, 419–20, 424 modern 355–75 nuclear 160, 235, 249, 252, 356, 486, 488 size 249, 255, 362–3, 485 stem, see ie; stem family technologically assisted 486–8 and women scientists 473 see also headship; ie; reproduction fast food 235, 415, 416, 417, 419, 424 Fawcett, C 47 femininity: and dress 158, 159, 161–2, 163–4, 165 and education 268 and self-help literature 317 and sex 174 and sport 291 feminism 135, 162 and eugenics 331, 332, 337 and history 50–6 and sexuality and gender 171, 174–5 and sport 288, 291 506 INDE X fertility 254–5, 485 and marriage age 359, 370, 371, 374 Field, Norma 94 Fields, Mark 144 fieldwork 10–11, 23, 28, 29, 169, 281, 292 and religion 433, 443, 445, 456 fishing: and national identity 209, 211 technology and ritual 189–94, 196 Folbre, Nancy 112 folk religion 433, 452–63 and Buddhism 436, 453 and role of women 459–63 see also kami folklore studies 25–6, 29, 209–10, 452–3, 457 critique 456–9 and role of women 459–63 and sexuality 167, 168–9 food: and affluence 417, 424–6 and class 117, 420 contemporary attitudes 415–18 foreign 231, 232–3, 235–7, 415, 419, 421, 422 and national cuisine 415–26 and nutrition 422–3 pre-modern attitudes 418–20 and religion 416 war and democratization of taste 417, 420, 421–4 form, importance 163–5 Foucault, Michel 345 n.1, 346 n.9, 495 Fowler, Edward 73, 111 Frazer, J G 25, 26, 28 freeters/furiitaa 113, 136, 147 n.3 Fru¨hstu¨ck, Sabine 167–78 Fujimura, Toyo 285 Fujioka, Nobukatsu 267–8 Fujita, Mariko 251 Fukuoka, Yasunori 94 Fukutake, Tadashi 362 Fukuzawa, Yuchiki 382 functionalism 20, 65–6, 286 Furukama (Hida region) 212–14 Furuno, Kiyoto 28 furusato (native place) 51, 187, 210, 213, 292–3, 424 Fusako, Kushi 83 Fushimi, Noriaki 176 gaikokumura (foreign villages) 232–4 Galton, Francis 333, 339, 341 games 279–80 Gamo, Masao 362 geisha 170, 171, 173 Gellner, Ernest 261 gender: and class 106–7, 112–19 construction 172, 173 and discrimination 132–3, 475 and dress 153, 158–64 and magazines 321–2 and reproduction 112–13, 133–5 roles 131, 174–5, 420, 479 and selfhood 394 and sport 287–8, 291–2 see also education; science; sex gender studies 167–78, 322 Germany, influence on anthropology 22, 24, 26 Gerow, Aaron 400–12 Ghosn, Carlos 144, 145 Giddens, A 380 Gill, Thomas 111 globalization: and architecture 231, 237–9 economic effects 138–45 and ethnicity 400–1, 412 and food 231, 232, 235–7, 415 and foreign management 143–5 and language 144, 145–6 and popular culture 231–42, 315 glocalization 232, 408–9, 412 Goffman, Erving 257 Goldstein-Gidoni, Ofra 153–65 Gonda, Yasunosuke 281, 293, 299 Goodman, Roger 59–70 Gorai, Shigeru 433 Gordon, Andrew 105–6 Gowland, William 37 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 19–20, 27, 330, 410 Griffis, W E 169 group: and childcare 248, 250, 252 and individual 60, 61–2, 64–5, 126, 203, 205, 210 groupism 126, 127, 128–9, 130, 202–3 growth, economic 46, 59, 69, 79, 108 and cuisine 417 and entertainment industry 306 and management culture 64, 67, 129, 131–2 and reconstruction of Tokyo 219, 222 and sport 290, 291 Guichard-Anguis, Sylvie 141 I ND EX Haga, Manabu, and Yumiyama, Tatsuya 440 hair: traditional 161, 335 Western 155, 335 Hajnal, John 359, 360, 361, 374 Hakamaya, Noriki 435 Hamada, Ko ¯ saku 38 Hamada, Tomoko 125–47 Hamagushi, Eshun 126 Hanasawa, Seiichi 133–4 Hanley, Susan 359 Harajiri, Hideki 95 harmony (wa) 64, 65, 67, 211–12 with nature 60, 156, 185–96, 209 Hase, Masato 409 Hasebe, Kotondo 24, 30 Hasegawa, Kozo 236–7 Hata, Hiromi 67–8 Hawkins, Joseph R 319 Hayami, Akira 363, 364–5, 370–1, 374 Hayashi, Kaname 283 Hayashi, Makoto 454 Hayes, Sharon 115 Hazama, Hiroshi 127 Hazumi, Tsuneo 407 headship 62, 63, 202, 204, 355 female 368, 373 and retirement 357, 359, 362, 366, 367, 371–3, 374 Heidegger, Martin 197 n.2 Hendry, Joy 14 n.9, 161, 231–42, 248, 348 n.28 heredity, and blood 266, 329–45 hibakusha (atomic bomb victims) 77–8, 84, 401, 477 Hida region 205–7, 211, 212–15 hierarchy 6, 60, 61–4, 68, 310 Higashi, Sayoko 423 High, Peter 410 Higuchi, Kiyoyuki 156 hijiri 436 Hiraiwa, Gaishi 139 Hiratsuka, Raicho¯ 171, 476–8 Hirschfeld, Magnus 169–70 history: as change (ugoki) 51, 53–4 and culture 69–70 and education 266–8 as flow (nagare) 51–2, 53–4 historical amnesia 32, 89, 344–5 and imperial ideology 40–4, 45, 206–7 importance 10, 201–2, 209 and nationhood 45, 401–6 507 of sport 291–2 see also timelines Hobsbawm, Eric 67, 402, 404 Hochschild, Arlie 118 hoikuen, see day-care Holloway, Susan D 256, 257 homogeneity: and class 108, 408 and gender 175, 401 and globalization 240, 400 in Japan studies 7–8, 47, 402, 404 and minorities 73, 85, 89, 95–6, 99 and nature 185–6, 189 in nihonjinron literature 60, 64–5, 67 and popular culture 300, 320 as postwar myth 263, 265–6, 268 homosexuality 168–9, 176, 412 honorifics 317–18 Hori, Ichiro¯ 455 Horio, Teruhisa 264 Ho ¯ seikai 439 Hoshino, Eiki 438 Hosoi, Wakizo¯ 106–7, 171 Hosokawa, Shuhei 297–311 households: European 355, 358–9 regional variations 12 see also ie housing 225–6, 229, 237–8, 255 Howell, David 81 Human Relations Area Files project (USA) 29 hygiene, national 285, 291, 330, 334–5, 340, 342, 477 identity: construction 154, 291–3 cultural 153–65, 201, 355–6 and dress 153–65 and education 20, 261, 264–5 and gender 153, 172, 174 individual 61 and majority culture 59–70 national 45–7, 206–7, 209–10, 261, 405 and nationality 97–9 and outsider minorities 96, 97–8 personal, see self regional 100, 214–15 sexual 174 and sport 283–4, 288–91, 292 identity formation 11, 12 and blood 266, 329–45 and company 203 and education 264–5, 266 508 INDE X idols (aidoru) 306–9 ie (household) 355–75 as basic social unit 204, 356–7, 404 and blood 334 corporate group as 63, 64, 67, 126, 129–31, 202–3 and the elderly 368–9, 373 global context 356–7 and hierarchy 63 household size 362–3, 365–6, 366 as non-stem family 358–9 and regional diversity 361–3, 375 research 363–71 and rice cultivation 204, 355, 364 as stem family 202, 355–6, 357–8, 359–61, 373–5 structure 366–8, 373 and women 133, 154, 163 see also headship; marriage; service migration Iguchi, Akuri 285 Ihara, Saikaku 323 Iijima, Ai 319 Ijichi, Susumu 336 Ikeda, Daisaku 319 Ikeda, Shigenori 334, 340–2, 344 Ikegami, Naoki 494 Ikegami, Yoshimasa 454–6, 462–3 Imaizumi, Yoko 338 Imanishi, Kinji 26, 28 Imperial Ancient Sites Survey Society 39 imperialism 405 and cuisine 424 and culture-sphere theory 27 and ethnology 5, 19–33 and eugenic marriage 343–4 and historical amnesia 32, 89, 344–5, 402 and identity 209 legitimization 206–7 and popular entertainment 303 and post-compulsory education 261–77 and prewar archaeology 40–4 and sport 291 individual: and dependency 62–3 and group 60–2, 64–5, 126, 203, 205, 210, 380 individualism 126, 440, 488 industrialization 106, 128, 171, 194–6, 302–4 infanticide 370, 374 Ino ¯ , Kanori 21 Inoue, Nobutaka 438 Inoue, Shun 300 Inoue, Tadashi 415 Institute of Ethnology 27, 29–31 instrumentalism, and ethnicity 59, 65, 70 interdependence, and rice cultivation 204–5 irrigation 45, 204–5 Ishida, Baigan 318 Ishida, Eiichiro¯ 25–6, 27, 32, 210 Ishida, Hiroshi 108–9, 112 Ishida, Mizuho 471, 472, 474 Ishige, Naomichi 419 Ishihara, Shintaro¯ 267, 305 Ishihara, Yu¯jiro¯ 304 Ishii, Shihoko 474 Ito¯, Satoru 176 Ivy, Marilyn 197 n.5, 213 Iwakura, Tomomi 43 Iwamura, Shinobu 30 Iwata, Ryushi 126–7 Iwatake, Mikako 457–8 Izumi, Seiichi 23, 31 Jaeger, Alfred M 128 Japan: and Asia 27, 69, 89 as nation 400–12 rural 19, 172, 187, 189–94, 195–6, 201–15 seen as mirror-image of USA 6–8 Japanese: honorific speech 317–18 knowledge of 5, 8–9, 177, 315 and nationhood 402–4, 405–6 Japanese Society of Ethnology 19–20 Japanese Studies 10, 59, 96 Jimmu, emperor 40, 41, 44 Johnson, Richard T 128 joint ventures, auto industry 143–5 jo¯min (ordinary folk) 209–11, 459 Jo¯mon period 45, 80 Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon 20–2 ju¯do¯ 284–5, 288, 290 juku (cram schools) 108–9, 116, 269–70, 270 jus sanguinus 92, 333 kabuki theater 300–1, 407, 408 Kaeriyama, Norimasa 408 Kakeguda, Hiroko 176 Kalland, Arne 187, 188, 196 Kamaei, Masao 128 I ND EX kami (power/spirit) 187–8, 191, 193, 406, 452 Kanda, Yoriko 460–1 Kaneko, Yo¯bun 283 Kanezaki, Takeo 23–4 Kang, Sang-jung 94, 405–6, 409 Kano ¯ , Jigoro¯ 284–5 karaoke 239, 309–11 Karatani, Kojin 403–4 Kashiwagi, Keiko 133, 134 Kataoka, Teppei 283 Kato¯, Hiroyuki 335–7, 344 Kato¯, Takako 474 Kawada, Minoru 197 n.5, 458 Kawahashi, Noriko 452–63 Kawakita, Jiro¯ 28 Kawamura, Kunimitsu 169 Kawamura, Nozomu 68 Kawashima, Takeyoshi 126 Kayano, Shigeru 82 Keil, Charles 309 keiretsu system 141, 144 Keizai, Doyukai 139 Kelly, William W 14 n.8, 212, 213, 290 Kelsky, Karen 173 Kenyon, Gerald 286 kimono: costs 159–61 experts 153, 156–7, 159–61, 162, 165 and female form 153–4, 163–4, 194 schools 153, 159–60, 163 as shaping beauty and femininity 157, 158, 159, 161–2, 163–4, 165 symbolic role 153–4, 156–7, 164, 335 kindergartens (yo¯chien) 115–16, 252, 253 and state control 247–50, 252, 253–6 Kinmonth, Earl H 318 Kinoshita, Futoshi 371 kinship, and blood 330–1, 332, 487 Kinzley, W Dean 66–7 Kira, Tatsuo 28 Kishimoto, Shigenobu 108 Kita, Toyokichi 283–4 Kiyose, Ichiro¯ 267 Kluckhohn, Clyde Kofun period 37–8, 40–2, 46 Koganei, Yoshikiyo 21 Koike, Kazuo 128 Koima, Hiroshi 383 Koizumi, Junichiro¯ 121 n.8, 348–9 n.29, 425 kokutai 267, 333, 405–6, 409–10 509 komori (childminders) 106 Ko ¯ moto, Mitsugu 436 Kon, Wajiro¯ 299 Kondo, D K 202, 384 Korea: Japanese colonialism 20, 22–3, 267–8, 330 postwar division 90–1, 99 Korean War 91, 93 Koreans: and colonialism 89–90, 266, 267 and education 271–2 future prospects 99–100 and nationhood 97–8, 401, 411–12 as outsider minority 69, 84, 89–100, 110 research trends 94–6 support for North Korea 90–3, 97 Kosugi, Reiko 136 Krauss, Friedrich Solomon 168–9 Kumazawa, Makoto 107–8 Kume, Kunitake 43 Kuraishi, Atsuko 560–2 Kuroda, Chika 469–70, 473, 474–5, 479 Kuroda, Toshio 446 n.3 Kurosawa, Kisho¯ 222 Kusama, Tomoko 471 Kuwabara, Takeo 300 Kyoto vegetables 425–6 labor relations 66–7, 105, 107, 130 landscape: reshaping 39, 197 n.10 rural 210–13 urban 218–29 Laslett, Peter 357–8, 359, 361, 362, 366 Law for the Preservation of Historic Sites (1919) 39, 44 layoffs 140, 144 Le Play, Frederic 356, 358, 361, 362 League of Koreans in Japan 91, 92 Lebra, Takie S 113, 129, 173, 346 n.10, 383–4, 392 Lee, Changsoo 95 Lee, James 370 Lee, Yeounsuk 403 leisure: cultural importance 279–93 and globalization 231–42 LeVine, Solomon 128 Lie, John 112 life-cycle rituals 153, 157–9 life expectancy 104, 135 Lincoln, James R 128, 129 Linke, Uli 350 n.36 510 INDE X Lock, Margaret 483–97 Long, Charles 453 Long, Susan Orpett 380–97, 494 Louame´, Nathalie 438 love hotels 238–9, 322 Low, Morris 467 Loy, John 286 loyalty: to company 62, 64, 68, 126, 141, 144, 203, 257 to family 62, 204 to state 45, 68, 405–6 luck, in fishing communities 189–90, 191–2 Lunsing, Wim 176 Mabuchi, To¯ichi 23, 25, 27 Machida, Hisanari 39, 44 McLelland, Mark 176 McLendon, James 132 McVeigh, Brian J 261–77 Maeda, Takashi 437 magazines 319–24 Makino, Tatsumi 30 Makita, Raku 469, 473 Malinowski, Bronislaw 23, 24 management 125–47 compared with Western 126–8, 127, 140 cultural effects 64, 126–30, 131, 136 and discrimination 132–3 foreign 143–5 and gender 112–13, 131–5 and language 144, 145–6 and recession and globalization 138–42, 146–7 studies 125–32 total quality 125, 136–8, 146 and trade patterns 142–3 and universalism 128–9, 130, 136 and youth employment 136 Manchuria, colonialism 20, 23, 28, 31, 107, 330, 424 manga (comics) 300, 314–16 Mannari, Hiroshi 127–8 marriage: age at 359, 360, 367, 369–70, 370, 371, 374 arranged 203, 333, 344 and blood 333–4, 335, 337–44 consanguineous 338–40, 342, 343, 344–5 eugenic 335, 340–4, 476–7 in ie household 63–4, 133, 135, 202, 359, 369–70, 374 and matchmaking 164, 341, 344 and monogamy 112, 340, 419 in women’s studies 173 Marsh, Robert M 127–8 martial arts 90, 204, 284–5, 288–9, 290–1 Martin, Emily 480 Martinez, D P 185–96 Maruyama, Masao 319, 382, 402, 406 Marxism 25–8, 104, 283 masculinity 131, 141, 175, 322 matchmaking 164, 341, 344 Maternal Protection Law (1996) 332 Mathews, G 384 Matsui, Akira 24 Matsumoto, Shiro¯ 435 Matsunaga, Ei 345 media: and food 415–16 and organ donation 495–6 and popular culture 283, 314–24 see also nonfiction Meguro, Yoriko 134 Meiji Civil Code 204, 331, 332, 355–6, 361–2 Meiji period: and class 60–1, 104, 106, 204 and cultural properties management 38–9, 40–4 and domesticity 112–14, 154, 419–20, 424 and dress 154–5, 165 and entertainment 301 and eugenics 333 factory management 66 and family 485 and food 420 and ie 355–6, 404 and imperial ideology 40–4, 68 and Japanese language 315, 403–4 and marriage 112 and minorities 76, 81, 82–3 and modernization 36–9, 40–1, 155, 194, 206–9, 227, 404–5 and national identity 206–7 and religion 38–9, 435 and zaibatsu 147–8 n.4 see also samuraization men: and dress 153–5, 158–9, 165 and magazines 322 and modernization 155 see also sarariiman mental illness 78–9 mentors, for women scientists 474–6 I ND EX mergers: in auto industry 143–4, 146 in finance sector 138–9 meritocracy 108, 265 methodology 9–10 community studies approach 172 genealogical 23 participant observation 23, 467 questionnaires 30, 281 surveys 286–7, 433 see also fieldwork Meyer, John W 256 Michiaki, Nagai 285 Micronesia, Japanese control 20, 24, 330 middle class 104, 108, 110, 111, 119 and childcare 115, 250 and education 106, 116–17, 262, 265 and entertainment 301–2 and food 419–20 and magazines 321–2 and nuclear family 160 prewar 105–6 and self-help literature 316–19 women 112–18 see also sarariiman migrants, in labor force 112, 171, 240, 467 Mihashi, Osamu 74 militarism 282, 286, 291, 303, 361, 402, 411 Miller, Laura 314–24 Milly, Deborah J 104 Minamata, mercury poisoning 195, 424–5 Minami, Hiroshi 300 Mindan 91 Minjo¯n (Democratic Front) 91, 92 minorities, insider 73–85, 210, 268, 272 see also Ainu; Burakumin; disabled people; hibakusha; Nikkeijin; Okinawans minorities, outsider 24, 29, 73, 271–2 see also Chinese; Koreans minzoku (ethnic group) 263, 265–6, 333–4 minzoku shu¯kyo¯ (folk religion) 453–4 Mita, Munehiro 300 Mitterauer, Michael 360 Miyake, Hitoshi 433–4 Miyamoto, Musashi 64 Miyata, Noboru 197 n.5 Miyske, Yasuo 475 Mizoguchi, Kenji 409, 411 mobility, social 104, 108, 204, 318 modernity: and eugenics 329–30 and nationhood 3, 261, 401–3 modernization: and capitalism 194–5 511 and education 261 and Meiji period 36–9, 40–1, 155, 206–9, 227, 404–5 and pollution 191, 194–5 and popular entertainment 300–2 and sport 282–3 Moeran, Brian 320 Mongolia, colonization 25, 28, 31 Morgan, Lewis Henry 25, 26, 27, 340 Mori, Arimasa 383 Mori, Iwao 408 Mori, Yoshiro¯ 267 Morioka, Kiyomi 355 Morioka, Masahiro 495 Morita, Akio 139 Morris-Suzuki, Tessa 81, 345 n.5, 400, 404 Morse, Edward S 21, 36–7 Mouer, Ross, and Befu, Harumi 59, 64, 65 mountain communities: and agriculture 210–11, 365 early 205–9 and religion 188, 433–4, 436 multiculturalism 82, 89, 112, 417–18, 457 Murai, Osamu 457 Murakami, Kijo 355 Murakami, Yasusuke 108 Murayama, Tomoyoshi 283 music, popular 232, 297–311 and authorship 301 and fabrication of idols 306–9 and globalization 239–40 modernization 300–2 and new technology 302–6 see also karaoke myths, national 205–6 Nagai, Hisomu 477 Nagai, Kafu¯ 282 Nagai, Michio Nagai, Nagayoshi 474–5, 476 Nagai, Yoshikazu 300 nagare (flow) 51–2, 53–4 Nagashima, Nobuhiro 239 Nagata, Masaichi 410 Nagatsuka, Takashi 208–9 Nakamura, Keiu 382 Nakamura, Yoichiro¯ 316 Nakane, Chie 31 and ie 126, 133, 356–7, 359, 362 and nihonjinron 59, 61–5, 67–8 512 INDE X Nakao, Katsumi 19–33 Nakasone, Yasuhiro 59, 73, 85, 99, 191, 267–8 Nakayama, Shinpei 301–2, 303 Nakazato, Hideki 368 naming, and politics 19–20 Naoe, Hiroji 31 Nara period 40, 46, 47 Narimatsu, Saeko 364 Naruse, Jinzo¯ 285, 474, 476 nation-building: and cinema 406–12 and cuisine 417 and ethnology 20 and eugenics 329–45 German influence 24 and history 69–70, 291–3, 401–6 and imperial ideology 40–1, 43, 45 and language 402–4, 405–6 National Character Studies 3, 5, National Eugenic Law (1940) 339, 477, 486 nationalism: and cinema 409–12 economic 263, 264–5, 269 ethnic 7, 209 and history 401–6 Meiji 206–7, 333 nostalgic 267–8, 290 postwar 266–7, 304 and Shinto 38, 187 and sport 291–2 nationality: and blood 329–45, 408 and ethnic identity 97–9, 405 see also jus sanguinus Natsume, So¯seki 207–9 nature: and Buddhism 187 and capitalism 194–6 and class 185–6, 188, 194–6 and culture 186 in Japanese culture 60, 156, 185–96, 209, 383 and Shinto 187–8, 191–2, 195–6 Neary, Ian 76 NEET (No Education, Employment or Training) youths 136 Nelson, John 436 nenpyo¯, see timelines Nevskii, Nikolai Aleksandrovich 25–6 New Age religions 440–1 New Year ceremonies 192, 416, 434 Nihon shoki (Chronicles of Japan) 206 nihonjinron 59–70, 316, 318 critiques 64–8, 194 and ethnic identity 7, 69–70, 209–10, 289 and history 201–2, 402 and kimono 156, 160 and management 125, 130, 146 Nikkeijin 79–80, 84 Nintoku, Emperor 206 Nippon Steel, Japan: the Land and its People 60–1, 68, 129–30 Nisbet, Robert Nishida, Tomomi 330–1 Nishikawa, Keiko 474 Nishitani, Keiji 383 Nissan Motors, restructuring 144–5 Nitobe, Inazo¯ 168 Noda, Kazuo 128 Nomura, Chiichi 85 nonfiction, popular 314–24 magazines 319–24 by religious sects 319 self-help books 316–19, 324 for women 318–19 Norinaga, Motoori 405–6 North Korea 90–3, 97, 272 Nottage, Luke 425 nuclear weapons, and female activism 477–8 Nudeshima, Jiro 490, 491 Numata, Ken’ya 438 ¯ ba, I 46 O obi 161–2, 335 Occidentalism 69, 492–4 Ochiai, Emiko 355–75 office ladies 132, 316 Ogawa, Hiroshi 300 Ohmae, Kenichi 141, 317 Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko 75, 235, 397 n.5 ¯ i, Misao 471 O Oka, Masao 25, 26–7, 29–30 Oka’asa, Jiro ¯ 336 Okamatsu, Sanaro¯ 22 Okano, Kaori 110, 270–2 ¯ kawa, Ryuho 319 O Okinawans 69, 73, 80, 82–3, 84, 272 and nationalism 401, 404–5, 412 Old Shrines and Temples Preservation Law (1897) 38, 39 ¯ mori, shell middens 21, 37 O Ono, Shinobu 30 ¯ no, Susumu 318 O I ND EX Ooms, Herman 75–6 Orientalism 69, 213, 285, 407, 456 Origuchi, Nobuo 25–6 Origuchi, Shinobu 211, 405, 462 ¯ sawa, Mari 118, 174 O Oshima, Nagisa 411 ¯ ta, Yoshinobu 456 O Other: in cinema 412 Japan as 185–6, 336 minorities as 8, 81–2, 84, 339 West as 156, 165 Otsubo, Sumiko 467–80 Ouchi, William K 128 ownership (zaibatsu) 138–9 pacifism, postwar 262–3, 266 parenting, see childrearing Parkes, G 383 patrilineality 204, 331, 343, 358–9 Pempel, T J 266 ‘‘pensions,’’ tourist 237–8 Pernick, Martin 334 personhood, see self Peters, T J., and Waterman, R H Jr 137 phallicism 168–9, 170 Pharr, Susan 132 physical anthropology: and colonialism 20, 21–4 and sport 279–93 physical education 283, 284–6, 287, 291–2, 334, 340, 469 pilgrimages 192, 213, 437–8 place, see furusato Plath, David 257 play, cultural importance 256–8, 279–93 politics: cultural 212 of identity 11, 76, 84–5, 176 of naming 19–20 and religion 445 of reproduction 484–6 of sport 291–2 Pollack, David 112 pollution: and blood 330, 332 environmental 185, 191, 194–5, 401 and food 424–5 social 74, 75–6, 78, 79–80, 84–5 Popham, Peter 221 population: aging 120, 134, 215 rural 195, 201–15 postcolonialism 456–8 513 preschools: assumptions and practices 249–51 diversity and homogeneity 253–6 religious 253 and state control 247–50, 252, 253–6 teaching and care-taking roles 251–3, 257 primogeniture 204, 332, 362 primordialism, and ethnicity 59–60, 70 prostitution 170, 176, 334 publishing industry 314–19 Pure Film Movement 407, 408 puritanism, Western 168 purity, and minorities 74, 75, 78, 79–80, 84, 85 Purity Society (Kakuseikai) 170 race: and minorities 78, 85 and physical education 284–5, 334, 340 see also blood; eugenics Rath, Eric 425–6 Raz, Aviad 234 Reader, Ian 431–46, 453, 458 recession, 1990s 69, 80, 138, 161 and class 105, 111, 119–20 and cuisine 417, 425 and female employment 132, 268 and leisure industry 234, 236 and management culture 128, 138–42, 143–4, 146 and publishing 315–16 and trade 141–3 relationships, vertical 60, 61–3, 68, 126 relativism, cultural 130, 189 religion 431–46 and brain death 491 Buddhist studies 434–5 future research 443–6 historical 434–8 and interaction and meanings 435–7 new 438–43, 445–6 and secularization 434, 441, 545 studies 28–9, 431–4 see also folk religion; pilgrimages repatriation of Koreans 90–1, 93, 266 reproduction: and biotechnology 174, 484–9 and eugenics 333–4, 337–8, 475, 476, 486 and gender 112–13, 133–5 restaurants 415, 419, 421 and foreign food 231, 232, 235–7, 424 514 INDE X Ri, Takanori 404 rice consumption 415, 418–19, 422 rice cultivation 201, 204–5, 318 in antiquity 37, 45–6 and cooperation 45, 60, 210 and ie 204, 355, 364 and national identity 209–11 status 205 ringi system 128–9 Rissho¯ Ko ¯ seikei 445 ritual: fertility 205 and fishing 189, 191–3 life-cycle 153, 157–9 studies 435–6 Rivers, William H R 23, 24, 26 Roberson, James 110–11, 175 Roberts, Glenda S 104–20 Robertson, Jennifer 51–2, 176, 177, 213, 290, 329–45, 406, 424 Robins-Mawry, Dorothy 164–5 Rohlen, Thomas P 109–10, 132, 202 Rosenberger, N R 384, 392 Roth, Joshua Hotaka 73–85, 112 Ryang, Sonia 89–100, 110 Sadakichi, Kita 43 Said, Edward 69 Saito, Osamu 360–1, 367 Sakai, Junko 322 Sakai, Naoki 403, 458 Sakamoto, H 264 Sakamoto, Kazue 319–20 Sakurai, Tokutaro¯ 433, 453 samurai: and ie 60, 63, 203–4 and personhood 382 and self-help 318 see also martial arts; patrilineality samuraization 63, 68, 204, 331, 420 Sano, Shin’ichi 319 Sano, Toshiyuki 256 sarariiman 159, 310 and corporate familism 131, 136, 141 and effects of recession 119–20, 131 prewar 105–6 and self-help literature 317 as stereotype 111, 160, 175, 316 Sargent, Dudley 285 Saruhashi, Katsuko 468, 470–1, 473, 474, 475–6, 477–8, 479 Sasaki, Ko¯kan 454, 459 Sassen, Saskia 218 Sawada, Toshio 283 Schama, Simon 196 Schmidt, Wilhelm 25, 26, 30 Schmithausen, Lambert 197 n.3 Schnell, Scott 201–15, 436 schools: high schools 104, 109, 270–2, 271 miscellaneous (ethnic) 272, 273–4, 274 non-compulsory 262 para-official 269–70 private 120, 263 vocational 272–3, 272 Schwartzman, Helen 257 science: and education 274, 468–73 and eugenics 329–30, 332–4, 476 gender and research 467–80 and social activism 476–8 Scott, George Riley 170 secularization 434, 441, 454 Seidensticker, Edward 219 seijin shiki, see coming-of-age ceremony Seki, Harunami 291–2 self 6, 380–97 constraints and agency 380–1, 384, 385, 395–6 construction 380–97, 494 historical discourses 381–2 Japanese and Western ideas 129, 210, 382–4 and nature 186–7 and Other 84 personal narrative 384, 391–4 see also individual; preschools; socialization self-help books 316–19, 342 seniority principle 125, 144, 146 and promotion 64, 66, 126 and wages 107, 112, 119, 126, 128, 131, 139 Senju, Katsumi 276–7 Sered, Susan 463 n.7 service migration 360, 366, 369, 370–1, 372, 374 sex: commercialization 174 ethnology 167, 168–70 and gender 112, 173–5 and race eugenics 333–4 sexuality: and education 176 and gender 167, 323 and identity 12 in manga 314 studies 175–7, 210 I ND EX shamanism 22, 436, 441, 452, 454, 456 female 461–3 Shamgar-Handelman, Lea 254–5 shamisen 78, 300 shell middens 21, 37–8, 44 Shibata, Takeshi 318 Shigeno, Yukiyoshi 408 Shimamura, Takanori 457 Shimazono, Susumu 438–40 Shimizu, Satoshi 290 Shinjo¯, Tsunezo ¯ 437 Shinjuku (Tokyo) 220–2, 229 Shinno, Toshikazu 433, 436–7, 453–4 Shintoism: and blood 330 and Buddhism 38–9, 192, 435, 444 and food 416 and national identity 70, 207, 211–13, 431 and nature 187–8, 191–2, 195–6 studies 444–5 Shioiri (Tokyo) 220, 225–6, 229 Shiotsuki, Yaeko 158 Shirai, Yasuko 486 Shiso¯ na kagaku (Science of Thoughts) 299–300 shizen, see nature Showa period 106, 155, 281 Shugendo¯ 434 Silverberg, Miriam 281 Simonof, L A 491 Sino-Japanese War (1895) 21, 82 Skov, Lise 320 Slater, David 110 slavery, sexual 176, 267 Smith, Anthony D 401, 405 Smith, Robert J 132, 436, 444 Smith, Wendy A 67–8 soccer 240, 272, 292–3 social anthropology 27, 28, 31, 63 social sciences, and Marxism 27–8 Social Stratification and Mobility survey 108–9, 112, 120 socialization 125, 248 female 162 and identity 266, 271 and leisure 281, 286 and nonfiction 314–24 see also childcare; dependency; education society, functionalist views 65–6 Society for the Preservation of Historic Sites 39 sociology: of companies 125–8 515 of Japan 59 and Koreans 94 and popular entertainment 300 of religion 432, 434, 444 of sport 286–8, 289–90 Solomon, R C 383 So ¯ ma, Yoshie 474, 475 Sonoda, Minoru 436 Sorkin, Michael 227 South Korea 90, 92–3, 95, 97–8, 272 soy sauce 418–19, 422 space, and minority status 74, 75–6, 81 sports and recreation 232, 272, 279–93 and ethnography 279, 280–4, 292 and globalization 240 history 291–3 and minorities 272 and national identity 283–4, 288–91 sports science 284–6 sports sociology 286–8, 289–90, 291–3 SSM survey, see Social Stratification and Mobility survey state: ‘‘construction state’’ 219, 228 and dress 154–5, 165 and eugenics 343–4, 345 as family 330, 333, 343, 400, 486 and history 47, 89 and nihonjinron literature 68 and post-compulsory education 263–4 and preschools and day-care 104, 247–50, 252, 253–6 and religion 445 and sport 283–4, 291–2 status, see class Stein, Gertrude 9–20 stem family, European 355–6, 358, 359–61, 374 see also ie Steven, Rob 203 Stevens, Carolyn 111, 308 Stoler, Ann 347–8 n.22 strangers 74, 78, 81, 84 stratification, social 67, 119–20, 175 structure, and agency 64–5, 66–7, 96, 136 Suda 24 Sugimoto, Yoshio 59, 64, 203 Sugiura, Kenichi 28 Sugiura, Noriyuki 225 Suh, Kyung Sik 97–8 sumo¯ 239, 288, 290–1 Sunada, Shigetami 267 516 INDE X Suye Mura, studies 171–2 Suzuki, D T 435 Suzuki, Nobue 175 Suzuki, Shunichi 221–2 Swearer, Donald K 453 Szuki, Eitaro¯ 22 Tachibana, Takeshi 495 Tada, E 384 Tada, Michitaro¯ 300 Taguchi, Eitaro¯ 339 Taira, Koji 128 Taisho period 27, 106, 155, 281, 302, 486 Taiwan, colonialism 20, 21–2, 23, 330 Takagi, Masao 366, 371 Takahashi, Yoshio 284, 335 Takebe, Tetsuko 474, 475–6 Takeda, Akira 376 n.13 Takeuchi, Shigeyo 477 Tamanoi, Mariko 106–7, 114, 458–9, 461 Tamotsu, Aoki Tanaka, Hirohide 128 Tanaka, Stefan 68 Tanaka, Takako 460 Tange, Kenzo¯ 221–2, 225 Tange, Ume 469–70, 473, 474–5, 479 Tashiro, Yasusada 21 taste, democratization 417, 420, 421–4 tateshakai relationships 61–3, 68, 126 teachers: high-school 270, 272 preschool 249, 251–3, 254, 257 technology: and entertainment 297–8, 299, 302–6, 309–11 print 315 and sport 293 see also biotechnology technology colleges 273, 273 television 213–14, 300, 304–5, 306–7, 411 and food 415–17 theme parks (te¯ma pa ¯ku) 231, 232–4, 241 Thompson, Lee 290 threshold, and minority status 75, 78, 80 timelines (nenpyo¯) 50–6 and history 51–2, 53–4 as representing events 54–6 Tobin, Joseph J 251, 253, 256, 257 Toda, Teizo 360 Todd, Emmanuel 361 To¯go ¯ , Minoru 331, 336 Tokugawa period 63, 206, 227, 315, 400 and class 332, 346 n.13 and ie 357, 363–4 and marriage 338, 343 and minorities 75–6, 80–1, 82–3, 84, 404 and religion 437–8 and women 331 Tokyo: earthquake (1923) 219, 220, 282, 302, 421, 472 urban landscapes 218–29 Tokyo Anthropological Society 21, 37, 38 To¯kyo¯ jinruigaki zashi 20–2 Tokyo Tower 218, 228 tombs, imperial 40–4, 46 Tominaga, Kenichi 108 Torii, Ryu ¯ zo¯ 21, 26, 38, 43 Toro site (Shizuoka) 45–6, 47 Tosaka, Jun 402 total quality management 125, 136–8, 146 tourism: foreign travel 232, 240–1 and sport 293 and tradition 7, 195, 212–14, 425 trade patterns 141, 142–3 tradition: and cuisine 418–20, 425 and culture 60, 201–2, 212–13, 425 and dress 154–5, 159, 165, 335 evolution 212–13 invention 154–5, 156, 202 and management culture 126–9 reinvention 66–7 and selfhood 383 and sexuality 168 and vested interest 203 see also ie; women transplants 9, 385, 388, 489–90, 492–4 and definitions of death 388, 490–2, 494–6 Traweek, Sharon 467 Tsuboi, Hirofumi 210–11 Tsuboi, Sho¯goro¯ 21, 24, 37–8, 43 Tsuchiya, Motonori 110, 270–2 Tsuda, Masui 127 Tsuda, Takeyuki 79–80, 112 Tsuge, Azumi 487 Tsunoda, Tadanobu 61 Tsurumi, Kazuko 195 Tsurumi, Shunsuke 299–300 Tsurumi, Yoshi 128 Turnbull, Stephen 289 Turner, Victor 438 Tylor, Edward Burnett 21, 24, 279 I ND EX Ueno, Chizuko 174, 204 ugoki (change) 51, 53–4 Ukai, Masaki 300 Umehara, Sueji 44 Umemura rebellion 207, 213 Umesao, Tadao 26, 28 unemployment 119, 138, 141, 146 unionism, company 64, 67, 108 uniqueness, cultural 7, 10, 47, 89, 456 and endogamy 344 and globalization 240, 407 and ie 356, 357, 404 and kimono 153, 156 and management culture 130–1, 146 and nature 185–6 and physical exercise 288–91 in print media 69–70, 316 United States: and cultural anthropology 19–20, 21, 29 and globalization 232 Japan seen as mirror-image 6–7, 8, 290, 407 and Korea 90 management 140 and occupation reforms 266–7 and pollution 194, 195 and popular culture 289–90, 304–5 and total quality management 136–7 and trade 142 wartime studies of Japan 3–6 universities 104, 264, 274–5, 275 and archaeology 36 and class 120 colonial 22–4 and gender 274, 468–75, 479 religious 432, 435 Uno, Enku¯ 28–9 Uno, Kathleen S 253–4 Upham, Frank 76 Utsurikawa, Nenozo¯ 23 values, situational 126–7 vegetables, heirloom 425–6 Verdon, Michel 358–9 Vienna School 26–7 villages: foreign 232–4, 241 Meiji period 206–8 in mountain areas 205–15, 365 Vogel, Ezra 126 von Baelz, Erwin 284–5, 335, 347 n.22 517 Wada, Yoshihiro 144 wafuku, see dress; kimono merit-based 139–40 seniority-based 107–8, 112, 119, 126, 128, 131 Wakamatsu, Motoko 134 Waley, Paul 225 Walker, Brett L 81, 197 n.10 Wall, Richard 358, 360 war, and national cuisine 421–4 Washitani, Hana 410 Waswo, Ann 208–9 Watanabe, Takenobu 411 Waters, Thomas 228 Watsuji, Tetsuro 197 n.2, 209–10, 382–3 Weber, Max 66, 196, 432, 440 Weiner, Michael 347 n.21 White, Merry 416 Whiting, Robert 289–90 Wiswell, Ella Lury 171–2 Wolf, Arthur 359 women: and corporate familism 131 effects of divorce 117–18 in employment 66, 106–7, 112–19, 140, 154, 171, 174, 473–4; and childcare 115–17, 133–5, 249, 468, 473; part-time 113–14, 119, 467 and eugenics 333–4, 337–8, 341–2, 476 and female form 153–4, 159–62, 194, 341 and gender studies 173–5 good wife, wise mother ideology 268, 342, 468, 485; and childcare 249–51; and class 106, 112–15, 117; and food 416, 419–20; and kimono 163–4; and management culture 131 and ie ideology 133, 154, 163 and junior colleges 275–7, 276 and magazines 320–3 in management 132–5 and physical education 285, 291, 469 religious power 459–63 rural 106–7, 113–14, 172, 202 as scientists 274, 467–80 and self-help books 316–19 and sexuality 170–2, 323 and social activism 476–8 and sport 287–8, 292 and tradition 107, 153–4, 155, 159, 268, 335 518 INDE X women: and corporate familism (cont.) see also dress; femininity; middle class; working class Women’s Action Group (Tokyo) 50–1, 52–4 women’s studies 170–3, 175 work ethos 60–1 workers: contingent/peripheral 112–13, 119, 132–3, 140, 145, 146–7 migrant 112, 171, 240, 467 working class: and childcare 115–16, 253 women 106–8, 110, 113–19 Yagi, Sho¯taro¯ 21 Yagi, So¯saburo¯ 38 Yahata, Ichiro¯ 24 Yamada, Masahiro 318–19 Yamada, Waka 171 Yamaguchi, Masao 188, 239 Yamaguchi, Tomomi 50–6 Yamakawa, Hitishi 283 Yamakawa, Kikue 171 Yamakawa, Tokio 283 Yamamoto, Saeko 124 Yamamoto, Senji 169, 175 Yamamoto, Takayo 319 Yamanaka, Norio 156 Yanagawa, Keiichi 434, 436 Yanagida, Kunio 495–6 Yanagida, Seizan 434 Yanagita, Kunio: and folk religion 453–4, 455 and folklore studies 25, 26, 45, 197 n.5, 209–11, 456–9 and minorities 405, 419 and women 459–62 Yang, T’ae-ho 94 Yasuda, Satsuki 171 Yasuda, Tokuyaro¯ 169 Yasui, Kono 468–9, 470, 473, 476, 478, 479 Yawata, Ichiro¯ 27 Yayoi period 40, 45 Yebisu Garden Place (Tokyo) 220, 222–3, 228, 229 yobiko¯ (preparatory schools) 269 yo¯chien, see kindergartens Yoder, Robert 110 yo¯fuku, see dress, Western Yoneyama, Shoko 270–1, 274 Yonezawa, Fumiko 471–2, 473, 474, 479 Yosano, Akiko 171 Yoshie, Akiko 460 Yoshimoto, Mitsuhiro 410 Yoshino, Kosaku 68, 130, 265–6 Yoshino, Michael 128 young people: and employment 136, 146, 147 n.3 and popular music 232, 304–6 zaibatsu 138–9 Zen Buddhism 187, 234, 382, 434 Zhang, Chengzhi 30 .. .A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan Edited by Jennifer Robertson A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan Blackwell Companions to Anthropology Blackwell Companions to Anthropology... ethnographic representation, and anthropological theory Japanese imperialist designs in Asia and the Pacific, and the attack on Pearl Harbor; the Axis Alliance; the internment of Japanese Americans;... attempt to explain a hitherto inscrutable Japan to a hostile American audience as it was an effort to evince and highlight American national character against the foil of Japan Benedict’s humane