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(BQ) Part 1 book Manual of botulinum toxin thera presentation of content: The pretherapeutic history of botulinum neurotoxin, pharmacology of botulinum neurotoxins, treatment of cervical dystonia, botulinum neurotoxin in oromandibular dystonia, treatment of focal hand dystonia,...
Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy Second Edition Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy Second Edition Daniel Truong The Parkinson and Movement Disorder Institute Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center Fountain Valley CA USA Mark Hallett Department of Neurology The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DC USA Christopher Zachary Department of Dermatology University of California Irvine Irvine CA USA Dirk Dressler Movement Disorders Section Department of Neurology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany Mayank Pathak University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107025356 © Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2013 1st edition 2009 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd Padstow Cornwall A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Manual of botulinum toxin therapy / [edited by] Daniel Truong … [et al.] – 2nd ed p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-107-02535-6 (hardback) I Truong, Daniel, M D [DNLM: Botulinum Toxins – therapeutic use Neuromuscular Agents – therapeutic use Botulinum Toxins – pharmacology Movement Disorders – drug therapy Neuromuscular Diseases – drug therapy QV 140] RL120.B66 615′.778–dc23 2013014807 ISBN 978-1-107-02535-6 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use To my wife, Diane Truong and my children, Karl, Christian, and Gianni, whose love I cherish; to Norman Seiden, whose idealism I adore; and for Thomas Collins, for whose support I am grateful Daniel Truong To my wife and family and to the patients whose participation in research helps to move knowledge forward Mark Hallett To my wife Janellen, and to my children Laura, George, Cameron, Tague and Alexa, all of whom make my life so entertaining Christopher Zachary I am most grateful to my colleagues for their discussions, my patients for their encouragement and most of all to my wife, Doctor Fereshte Adib Saberi, for her professional and emotional support Dirk Dressler Contents List of contributors Preface 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 The pretherapeutic history of botulinum neurotoxin Frank J Erbguth Botulinum neurotoxin: history of clinical development Daniel Truong and Mark Hallett Pharmacology of botulinum neurotoxins Daniel Truong and Mark Hallett Immunological properties of botulinum neurotoxins Hans Bigalke, Dirk Dressler and Jürgen Frevert Treatment of cervical dystonia Daniel Truong, Karen Frei and Cynthia L Comella Examination and treatment of complex cervical dystonia Gerhard Reichel Ultrasound guidance for botulinum neurotoxin therapy: cervical dystonia Katharine E Alter Treatment of blepharospasm Carlo Colosimo, Dorina Tiple and Alfredo Berardelli Botulinum neurotoxin in oromandibular dystonia Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Francisco Cardoso and Daniel Truong Treatment of focal hand dystonia Barbara Illowsky Karp, Chandi Das, Daniel Truong and Mark Hallett Botulinum neurotoxin therapy for laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes Daniel Truong, Arno Olthoff and Rainer Laskawi The use of botulinum neurotoxin in otorhinolaryngology Ranier Laskawi, Arno Olthoff and Oleg Olegovich Ivanov Treatment of hemifacial spasm Karen Frei Spasticity Mayank S Pathak and Allison Brashear The use of botulinum neurotoxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy Ann Tilton and H Kerr Graham The role of ultrasound for botulinum neurotoxin injection in childhood spasticity Bettina Westhoff The use of botulinum neurotoxin in spasticity using ultrasound guidance Andrea Santamato, Franco Molteni and Pietro Fiore The use of botulinum neurotoxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor Joseph Jankovic Treatment of stiff-person syndrome with botulinum neurotoxin Diana Richardson and Bahman Jabbari Botulinum neurotoxin applications in ophthalmology Peter Roggenkamper and Alan Scott Cosmetic uses of botulinum neurotoxins Joshua Spanogle, Dee Anna Glaser and Christopher Zachary Hyperhidrosis Henning Hamm and Markus K Naumann Botulinum neurotoxin A treatment for ischemic digits Michael W Neumeister and Kelli Webb Botulinum neurotoxin in wound healing 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Holger G Gassner Use of botulinum neurotoxin in neuropathic pain Szu-Kuan Yang and Chaur-Jong Hu The use of botulinum neurotoxin in the management of headache disorders Stephen D Silberstein The use of botulinum neurotoxin in musculoskeletal pain and arthritis Jasvinder A Singh Treatment of plantar fasciitis with botulinum neurotoxins Bahman Jabbari and Shivam Om Mittal Use of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of low-back pain José De Andrés and Gustavo Fabregat Use of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of piriformis syndrome Loren M Fishman and Sarah B Schmidhofer Ultrasound-guided botulinum neurotoxin injections for thoracic outlet syndrome Katharine E Alter Botulinum neurotoxin in the gastrointestinal tract Vito Annese and Daniele Gui Botulinum neurotoxin applications in urological disorders Brigitte Schurch and Stefano Carda Index Contributors Katharine E Alter Mount Washington Pediatric Hospital Baltimore MD USA Vito Annese University Hospital Careggi Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Gastroenterology SOD2 Florence Italy Alfredo Berardelli Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy Roongroj Bhidayasiri Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence on Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Hospital Bangkok Thailand Hans Bigalke Institute of Toxicology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany Allison Brashear Department of Neurology Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center Winston-Salem NC USA Stefano Carda Department of Clinical Neuroscience Service of Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland Francisco Cardoso Departament of Clinical Medine Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil Carlo Colosimo Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy Cynthia L Comella Department of Neurological Sciences Rush University Medical Center Chicago IL USA Chandi Das Neurology Department Canberra Hospital Garren Act Health ACT Australia José De Andrés Department of Surgical Specialties Valencia School of Medicine and Anesthesia Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care and Pain Management Valencia University General Hospital Valencia Spain Dirk Dressler Movement Disorder Section Department of Neurology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany Frank J Erbguth Department of Neurology Nuremberg Municipal Academic Hospital Nuremberg Germany Gustavo Fabregat Department of Surgical Specialties Valencia School of Medicine and Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care and Pain Management Valencia University General Hospital,Valencia Spain Pietro Fiore Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation “Policlinico Hospital” Bari and University of Foggia Foggia Italy Loren M Fishman Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons New York USA Karen Frei The Parkinson and Movement Disorder Institute Orange Coast Memorial Center Fountain Valley CA USA Jürgen Frevert Institute of Toxicology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany Holger G Gassner Department of Otolaryngology University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany Dee Anna Glaser Department of Dermatology Saint Louis University School of Medicine St Louis MO USA H Kerr Graham University of Melbourne Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia Daniele Gui Department of Surgery Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Policlinico “A Gemelli” Rome Italy Mark Hallett Department of Neurology The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Fig 17.18 (a) The thenar muscles (b) Position of probe for a transverse image (c) Ultrasound image showing the abductor brevis pollicis (ABP), flexor pollicis brevis (FPB), opponens pollicis (OP) and adductor pollicis (AP) muscles TM, thumb metacarpal Flexor pollicis longus muscle is approached from the middle to the distal third of the ventral forearm, adjacent to the medial border of the brachioradialis muscle (Fig 17.17) Adductor pollicis muscle may be approached from the dorsal surface by going through the overlying first dorsal interosseus muscle, or, more commonly, from the palmar side The other thenar muscles that may be injected include opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis brevis Into the palmar side, flexor pollicis brevis muscle lies medial and adjacent to abductor pollicis brevis muscle (Fig 17.18) O ther upper lim b m uscles Elbow extension Inject triceps brachii (Fig 17.19) Fig 17.19 Elbow extension (a) Probe position for the triceps brachii muscle (b) Transverse ultrasound image of triceps brachii (TB) muscle in the left arm H, humerus The triceps brachii muscle is injected in cases of elbow extension or to reduce co-contraction with biceps brachii and brachialis muscles Triceps brachii is approached behind the posterior surface of humerus at the third medium (Fig 17.19) Wrist extension Inject extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis or extensor carpi ulnaris (Figs 17.20 and 17.21) Fig 17.20 Wrist extension (a) Muscles of the forearm (b) Probe position for a transverse ultrasound image (c) The extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), brachioradialis (BR) and supinator (S) muscles in the left forearm R, radius Fig 17.21 Wrist extension (a) The extensor carpi ulnaris (b) Probe position for a transverse ultrasound image (c) The extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) and supinator (S) muscles in the left forearm R, radius, U, ulna In case of upper limb spasticity, it’s possible to inject extensor carpi radialis longus, brevis or extensor carpi ulnaris muscles Extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi ulnaris muscles are approached at the third proximal of dorsal surface of the forearm (Figs 17.20 and 17.21) Lower limb spasticity The most common pattern of spasticity in the lower limb involves extension at the knee, plantar-flexion at the ankle and inversion of the foot (Mayer et al., 2002) Other patterns of spasticity in the lower limbs include “scissoring” adduction at the hip joints, along with flexion or extension at the knees and spastic extension of the great toe An kle: plan tar-flexion position Inject lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius and soleus (Fig 17.22); optional injection of the tibialis posterior Fig 17.22 Plantar-flexion position of the ankle (a,b) The plantar flexor muscles of the left calf (c) Transverse ultrasound image of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and soleus (SOL) muscles (d) Probe and injection for gastrocnemius medialis muscle (e) Probe and injection for soleus muscle The lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius muscle lie superficially, while the tibialis posterior muscle (injected in cases of foot inversion) lies deep in the calf Because of the great depth of the tibialis posterior muscle, it is better to put the probe on the middle third of the anterior and medial surface of the leg to facilitate its identification (Fig 17.23) Fig 17.23 The anterior and medial surface of the left leg (a) The tibialis posterior muscle (b) Probe on the middle third of the anterior and medial surface of the leg (c) Ultrasound image of the soleus (SOL) and tibialis posterior (TP) muscles T, tibia Foot: exten sion of the great toe Inject extensor hallucis longus (Fig 17.24) Fig 17.24 Extension of the great toe (a,b) Muscles involved in the movement of the great toe (c) Transverse ultrasound image of the anterior surface of the right leg EHL, extensor hallucis longus muscle; TP, tibialis posterior muscle; TA, tibialis anterior muscle; T, tibia; F, fibula The extensor hallucis longus is located by palpating its tendon just lateral to the tendon of the tibialis anterior and following it about to the proximal third of the tibia At this level, its muscular belly lies one fingerbreadth lateral to the tibia (Fig 17.24) Flexion of the great toe an d other toes Inject flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus (Fig 17.25) Fig 17.25 Flexion of the toes (a) The flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus muscles (b) Transverse ultrasound image of the left calf showing the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscles and the tibia (T) (c) Probe and injection for the flexor digitorum longus muscle (d) Probe and injection for the flexor hallucis longus muscle Both flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus are below the soleus muscle in the calf, between the tibia and fibula Flexor hallucis longus is approached adjacent to the posterior distal fibula, while flexor digitorum longus is adjacent to the medial posterior tibia (Fig 17.25) O ther low er lim b m uscles som etim es in jected Thigh: hip adduction Inject adductor muscles: longus, brevis and magnus (Fig 17.26) Fig 17.26 Hip adduction (a) The adductor muscles (b) Position of probe for transverse ultrasound image of the anterior and medial surface of the left thigh (c) Ultrasound image showing the adductor longus (AL), adductor brevis (AB), adductor magnus (AM) and gracilis (G) muscles We prefer that the patient lies in the supine position with thighs flexed, abducted at the hips and the knees flexed The adductor muscles (longus, brevis and magnus) are found proximally in the anteromedial thigh approximately a handbreadth distal to the groin fold, where they are superficial and the separation (in anterior to medial progression) of the adductor longus and gracilis muscles are palpable The magnus adductor muscle lies deep in the medial part of the thigh; the longus adductor muscle is approached superficially while the brevis adductor muscle is between magnus and longus adductor muscles (Fig 17.26) In this mode, it is possible to treat all adductor muscles with only one BoNT administration by varying the depth of needle insertion into the muscle tissue Leg: knee flexion Inject hamstring muscles (Fig 17.27) Fig 17.27 Leg flexor muscles (a) The hamstring muscles (b) Position of probe for transverse image of posterior surface of the left thigh (c) Ultrasound image showing biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles The hamstring muscles are biceps femoris, semimembranonus and semitendinosus muscles The semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles are medial in the posterior surface of the thigh, while the long and short heads of biceps femoris are lateral Leg: knee extension Inject extensor muscles (Fig 17.28) Fig 17.28 Leg extensor muscles (a) The extensor muscles (b) Position of probe for transverse image of the anterior surface of the right thigh (c) Ultrasound image showing the vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI) muscles F, femur It is sometimes useful to inject the extensor muscles of the leg to improve gait and balance The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles are readily approached in the anterior thigh (Fig 17.28) Foot: eversion position Inject peroneus muscles (Fig 17.29) Fig 17.29 Foot eversion position (a) Probe position on the proximal one-third of the fibula of the right leg (b) Transverse ultrasound image showing the peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) muscles Peroneus longus and brevis are approached from the proximal one-third of the fibula The peroneus tertius is approached at the distal one-third of the fibula References Bradley M, O’Donnell P (2002) Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Anatomy Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Berweck S, Schroeder AS, Fietzek UM, Heinen F (2004) Sonography-guided injection of botulinum toxin in children with cerebral palsy Lancet, 17, 249–50 Childers MK (2003) The importance of electromyographic guidance and electrical stimulation for injection of botulinum toxin Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 14, 781–92 Cosgrove D (1992) Ultrasound: general principles In Grainger RG, Allison DJ (eds.) Diagnostic Radiology Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp 65–77 Heckmatt JZ, Dubowitz V, Leeman S (1980) Detection of pathological change in dystrophic muscle with B-scan ultrasound imaging Lancet, i, 1389–90 Kwon JY, Hwang JH, Kim JS (2010) Botulinum toxin A injection into calf muscles for treatment of spastic equinus in cerebral palsy: A controlled trial comparing sonography and electric stimulation-guided injection techniques: A preliminary report Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 89, 279–86 Mayer NH, Esquenazi A, Childers MK (2002) Common patterns of clinical motor dysfunction In Mayer NH, Simpson DM (eds.) Spasticity: Etiology, Evaluation, Management and the Role of Botulinum Toxin New York: WE MOVE, pp 16–26 Pillen S (2010) Skeletal muscle ultrasound Eur J Transl Myol, 1, 145–55 Py AG, Zein Addeen G, Perrier Y, Carlier RY, Picard A (2009) Evaluation of the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections in the lower limb muscles of children with cerebral palsy Preliminary prospective study of the advantages of ultrasound guidance Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 52, 215–23 Westhoff B, Seller K, Wild A, Jaeger M, Krauspe R (2003) Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injection technique for the iliopsoas muscle Dev Med Child Neurol, 45, 829–32 Wild JJ, Neal D (1951) Use of high-frequency ultrasonic waves for detecting changes of texture in living tissues Lancet, i, 655–7 Willenborg MJ, Shilt JS, Smith BP et al (2002) Technique for iliopsoas ultrasound-guided active electromyographydirected botulinum a toxin injection in cerebral palsy J Pediatr Orthop, 22, 165–8 Yang EJ, Rha DW, Yoo JK, Park ES (2009) Accuracy of manual needle placement for gastrocnemius muscle in children with cerebral palsy checked against ultrasonography Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 90, 741–4 ... and most of all to my wife, Doctor Fereshte Adib Saberi, for her professional and emotional support Dirk Dressler Contents List of contributors Preface 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23... history of botulinum toxin J Neural Transm, 11 5, 559–65 Erbguth F, Naumann, M (19 99) Historical aspects of botulinum toxin: Justinus Kerner (17 86 18 62) and the “sausage poison.” Neurology, 53, 18 50–3... uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves FEBS Lett, 580, 2 011 14 Merson MH, Dowell J (19 73) Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory aspects of wound botulism N Engl J Med, 289, 11 05 10