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Lecture Marine environmental studies Topic: Introduction. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: Why study (marine) environmental studies? The marine environment, uses of the marine environment, what is marine pollution? Implicit in the definition,... Lecture Marine environmental studies Topic: Introduction. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: Why study (marine) environmental studies? The marine environment, uses of the marine environment, what is marine pollution? Implicit in the definition,... Lecture Marine environmental studies Topic: Introduction. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: Why study (marine) environmental studies? The marine environment, uses of the marine environment, what is marine pollution? Implicit in the definition,...
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Gohoho Emmanuel Sena Course Outline Objective 5/18/17 Topic Total Hours Introduction The Marine Environment 3 Marine Pollution Tropical Issues on Marine Pollution Air Pollution & the Marine Environment Land-based Marine Pollution Relevant Pollution Prevention Conventions, codes, etc Management Strategies GRAND TOTAL 32 Ports and Shipping Department Course Format Course will be delivered through Interactive Lectures, PowerPoint presentations, Video Clips Students are free to ask questions and contribute at any time of their choice Enjoy everyone Thanks Why study (marine) environmental studies? • Throughout our existence, human beings have taken advantage of the resources that the ocean provides – food, transport, minerals, etc • As a result of global industrialization and a boom in population size, this once seemingly inexhaustible resource has become threatened by human activity • Oil spills and pollution, careless commercial fishing practices, and general disregard for delicate marine ecosystems has given rise to several serious problems, which we shall study this semester DEFINITIONS Environment • It is all the conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting the growth of an organism or a group of organisms • The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates Ecology It is the study of the relationship between living organisms and the environment DEFINITIONS – continued Ecosystem It is an assembly of plants, animals and bacteria which are interacting with one another in such a way as to maintain the integrity of the whole THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT • The marine environment is home to many organisms • The ocean covers 70 – 71% of the world and its depth is about 3000 metres • The oceans are separated into three major ocean basins: Atlantic, Pacific & Indian • There are two minor ocean basins: Antarctic and Arctic The marine environment itself is divided into two: i Pelagic: Water column ii Benthic: Ocean Bottom Uses of the Marine Environment • • • • • • • • Food (fish, shell fish, etc) Recreation Oil and gas exploration Seabed mining Transport Salt extraction Energy generation etc… What is Marine Pollution ? According to GESAMP: “It is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances and energy into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living organisms, hazard to human health, hindrance of marine activities (including fishing), impairment for use of quality of sea water and reduction in amenities” Implicit in the Definition The definition implies a distinction between contamination and pollution • With contamination, the concentration of a substance can be raised above natural levels but does not result in any measurable effects • But with pollution, the concentrations must be raised to such a level as to result in measurable effects on the environment Sources of marine Pollution • • • • • Direct Outfalls River Inputs Shipping Offshore Inputs Atmospheric Inputs Direct Outfalls It involves the discharge of waste through pipes directly into the sea • Estuaries - Urban and industrial waste is discharged directly into estuaries and this ultimately is deposited at sea This can result in marine bodies becoming stinky and later lifeless Direct Outfalls - continued • Coastal towns - are huge culprits when it comes to indiscriminate discharge of sewage and garbage • They discharge sewage and garbage through pipes (mostly untreated) directly into the sea • This affects tourism because the sea and beach become very foul and dirty Direct Outfalls - continued Coastal industries - most industries cited along the coast tend to require large quantities of water for cooling purposes and also for waste disposal This results in destruction of marine life and general pollution to the marine environment River Inputs • Rivers enter the sea via estuaries, so any pollutant along the entire path of a river, enters the river and ultimately, enters the sea - Organic matter enters the sea through the river - Pesticides and fertilizers from agriculture and forestry are washed off into rivers and then into the sea - Petroleum and oils can be washed off roads, into rivers and into the sea SHIPPING It contributes to marine pollution in two ways: • • Routine operations Accidents ACCIDENTS Ships carry different items (cargo), which inherently are pollutants and they can get into the sea as a result of ship wrecks, grounding, collision, etc Routine Operations Ships also discharge pollutants into the sea during their normal operations They discharge: • Oily ballast water • Bilge water • Tank washings • Garbage Most of these are done illegally OFFSHORE INPUTS • Dredge spoil: it serves as a mechanism for transporting pollutants from near shore to offshore • Sewage sludge: the solid part of sewage which is discharged into the sea mostly untreated • Offshore industrial activities: these include exploration of petroleum, and gravel and sand extraction Atmospheric Inputs • Anything discharged into the atmosphere comes back to land or into the sea through rainfall and sometimes through some gases dissolving into the atmosphere • Most of the lead in the sea comes from the atmosphere Lecture Notes available at: sites.google.com/site/gohohoslectures/ akpe na mi! ... Objective 5/18/17 Topic Total Hours Introduction The Marine Environment 3 Marine Pollution Tropical Issues on Marine Pollution Air Pollution & the Marine Environment Land-based Marine Pollution... Interactive Lectures, PowerPoint presentations, Video Clips Students are free to ask questions and contribute at any time of their choice Enjoy everyone Thanks Why study (marine) environmental studies? ... Energy generation etc… What is Marine Pollution ? According to GESAMP: “It is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances and energy into the marine environment (including estuaries),