December 21, 2013 - January 3, 2014 HOLIDAY SPECIAL How to train a dragon / The master of lucid dreams / Party like it’s n =1999 Goodwill to all ants / Your own personal cheeses / To catch a caveman Wired Wild West / The noble origins of swearing / Viruses from space Plus EAS THE IDW L THAT ERILIN T T MA 14 20 Science and technology news www.newscientist.com Careers Guide 2014 No2948/2949 US$5.95 CAN$5.95 British chic, Swiss excellence: Breitling for Bentley combines the best of both worlds Style and performance Luxury and accomplishment Class and audacity Power and refinement Perfectly epitomising this exceptional world, the Bentley B06 chronograph houses a Manufacture Breitling calibre, chronometer-certified by the COSC (Swiss Official Chronometer Testing Institute), the highest benchmark in terms of precision and reliability It is distinguished by its exclusive “30-second chronograph” system enabling extremely precise readings of the measured times A proud alliance between the grand art of British carmaking and the fine Swiss watchmaking tradition For your nearest stockist in Great Britain and Ireland telephone 020 7518 7010 breitling for bentley.com THE ESSENCE OF BRITAIN Made in Switzerland by BREITLING BENTLEY B06 JOIN US AT THE 3RD A FREE EVENT USA SCIENCE & ENGINEERING FESTIVAL APRIL 23-27, 2014 WALTER E WASHINGTON CONVENTION CENTER, WASHINGTON, D.C FEATURING: MIKE ROWE THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS W E N G N I H T E M DISCOVER SO CRYSTAL LEE, MISS CALIFORNIA FEATURING B ILL E SCIENCE GU E TH Y™ NY SCHEDULE OF EVENTS: APRIL 24: X-STEM presented by Northrop Grumman Foundation and MedImmune APRIL 25: Sneak Peek Friday LINE-UP OF SPEAKERS INCLUDES: APRIL 23-25: U.S News STEM Solutions Conference BERNARD HARRIS, M.D Physician, NASA Astronaut and Venture Capitalist APRIL 26 -27: GRAND FINALE EXPO ALFREDO QUIÑONES-HINOJOSA, M.D Immigrant Worker Turned Neurosurgeon and Researcher J CRAIG VENTER, PH.D Bored Science Student turned Genomics Pioneer, Biologist, and Entrepreneur FIND OUT MORE AT: AMERICIUM BOCKIUM NOBELIUM FOUNDING & PRESENTING HOST: EINSTEINIUM KRYPTON PLATINUM Agilent Technologies, PBS Kids, CrazyEngineers.com, Forbes/Wolfe, The KidWind Project, Physics Today, U.S News STEM Solutions, Illumina, Inc., Washington FAMILY Magazine, National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute (NAMII), American Architectural Foundation Center for Biotechnology Education at Johns Hopkins University, CERVIS Technologies, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), SpaceX, Department of Defense, Northern Virginia Technology Council, Xconomy, Children’s National Medical Center, Constellation, FEI, Purdue University, Genentech, Celestron, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, SCOPE, U.S Department of State, The Scripps Foundation for Science and the Environment, TeenLife Media CONTENTS Volume 220 No 2948/2949 This issue online newscientist.com/issue/2948 News News THIS WEEK The first animals were made of jelly Chikungunya virus invades the Americas Climate change is shifting Earth’s axis FIELD NOTES Picking up a physics Nobel 12 INSIGHT Nature trumps nurture when it comes to school grades 15 IN BRIEF Alligator tool trick US phases out antibiotics for fattening cattle Europa’s watery plume China lands on the moon A rush of robotic prospectors and geologists will follow Technology DAVID COLE/ALAMY 19 Brain monitor keeps you in the zone What will Google with its robots? How to spot a false rumour on Twitter 2014 preview 23 Ten ideas that will matter in the coming year 2013 review On the cover 34 From the Chelyabinsk meteor to Syria 46 36 Snow monkey leaps into hell Aperture Happy holiday reading Opinion Kick back and relax with our festive features 38 Get thinking Forget the scientific pipeline, just create agile minds, says Michael Brooks 39 One minute with… John Pendry Why I love – and hate – my invisibility cloak 40 A man for all reason Richard Dawkins on loving science and living with controversy 42 Is ET a virus? A likely alien life form is always overlooked, says Ken Stedman 44 LETTERS Safe reactors Right to retract 48 The master of lucid dreams 51 Rudolph to the rescue 53 Choco-lite 56 How to train your dragon 58 Party like it’s n = 1999 Features 62 Goodwill to all ants 46 Happy holiday reading (see left) 64 To catch a caveman 66 Whisky makes you frisky… CultureLab 68 All spruced up 70 No great flakes 72 Origins of swearing Cover image Brett Ryder 74 Shoestring physics 76 The wired Wild West 78 Your own personal cheeses Coming on January Broken relativity The celestial signals that defy Einstein Surgery with sound 80 Images of Undiluted Love A short story by Joanna Kavenna 83 Whale time A colossal replica still thrills 84 All shook up Why Elvis outranks Descartes 85 Rebuild your childhood Lego competition Regulars 44 88 89 86 EDITORIAL Humanity’s place in the world is changing – as it always has ENIGMA FEEDBACK The camel of beauty END OF YEAR QUIZ How well you remember the science? JOBS & CAREERS Put down the scalpel and turn up the volume 21/28 December 2013 | NewScientist | new year, new scientist Are you looking for a new start? Whilst you’re enjoying the holiday season, make sure you check out the latest opportunities from top employers in our bumper Holiday Special Don’t miss out to ensure you get to the best positions first and ensure you’re top of the recruiters list in the New Year 2012 T GUIDE TO next year THE SMAR understand u’ll want to yo at th s Ten idea 24, 2011 December - January 6, turn to the back 2012 ECIAL HOLIDAY SP ed Quick-wsitt tortoise es Apps for ap photos Phantom ift off! 3, 2, Dr reality es leak into When gam man ’s invisible Antarctica 03 hack of 19 The great ) motion (the laws of Poetry in grow cle ici y m How does fights Buffet food dust ndium of The compe mple zone cru e th Into m sli f sel Shiver your s best book Win 2011’s nt treasure hu Enter our Visit newscientistjobs.com for the latest opportunities re , much mo And much No2844/284 $5.95 US$5.95 CAN news technology Science and ntist.com scie www.new nce scie in s job US 17:33:31 16/12/11 EDITORIAL LOCATIONS USA 225 Wyman 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advertising Tel 781 734 8770 displaysales@newscientist.com Recruitment advertising Tel 781 734 8770 nssales@newscientist.com Newsstand Tel 212 237 7987 Distributed by Time/Warner Retail Sales and Marketing, 260 Cherry Hill Road, Parsippany, NJ 07054 Syndication Tribune Media Services International Tel 213 237 7987 © 2013 Reed Business Information Ltd, England New Scientist ISSN 0262 4079 is published weekly except for the last week in December by Reed Business Information Ltd, England Reed Business Information, c/o Schnell Publishing Co Inc., 360 Park Avenue South, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10010 Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY and other mailing offices Postmaster: Send address changes to New Scientist, PO Box 3806, Chesterfield, MO 63006-9953, USA Registered at the Post Office as a newspaper and printed in USA by Fry Communications Inc, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 Perpetual motion Humanity’s place in the universe is changing fast Ìas it should QEB@efkbpbol_lqkltolsfkdqeb 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^dbk`fbp)tfqeqebbu`bmqflklcqebRP) t^kqqlpbka^pqolk^rqpqlqebjllk+ Lk`b^d^fk@efk^j^v_bib^afkdqeb obkbtba`e^odb)tfqe^mlppf_ib`obtba jfppflk^cqbo/-/2+ÎFmboplk^iiv_bifbsb qe^qqefpfpqeb_bdfkkfkdlcqebbml`e lcqebmboj^kbkqpq^vlcerj^kplk qebjllk)Ïp^vpJfqolc^kls+N In this section NClimate change is shifting Earth’s axis, page 12 NWhat will Google with its robots? Page 20 NTen ideas that will matter in the coming year, page 23 THE INTERNATIONAL LUNAR LINE-UP Between 1966 and 1976, only the US and the Soviet Union successfully placed spacecraft on the lunar surface China’s Chang’e-3 mission marks the first (non-crash) landing in 37 years – but several international and private efforts are hot on its heels Luna USSR, 1966 Astrobotic private, 2015 First successful lander, in the A Google Lunar X Prize contender, Ocean of Storms possibly going to the north pole Apollo 17 US, 1972 Luna-Glob Most recent human mission, Russia/Sweden/Switzerland, 2016 Taurus-Littrow Valley Planned lander, possibly going to Luna 24 USSR, 1976 the south pole Most recent lander (before China), Chandrayaan-2 India, ~2017 Sea of Crisis Planned orbiter, lander and rover, Chang’e-3 China, 2013 destination unknown China’s first lander and rover, Sea of Rains North pole Astrobotic SELENE-2 Japan, 2018 Planned orbiter, lander and rover, destination unknown Shackleton Energy Company private, ~2018 Planned set of rovers, possibly going to the south pole Resource Prospector US, maybe also Canada/Japan, 2018 Planned lander and rover, possibly going to the north pole Resource Prospector Chang’e-3 Sea of Rains Sea of Serenity Apollo 17 Ocean of Storms Sea of Tranquility Sea of Crisis Luna 24 Luna Shackleton Energy Company Near side of the moon DAVID COLE/ALAMY Luna-Glob South pole 21/28 December 2013 | NewScientist | THIS WEEK FIELD NOTES Nobel Prize Award Ceremony and Banquet Dboe^oaÑqEllcq)teltlkfk 666cloq^jfkdqebpq^ka^oa jlabiÑprktfbiavbnr^qflkp)^ka A^sfaDolpp^kaCo^khTfi`wbh teltlkfk/ 1cloqebfotloh lkqebpqolkdclo`b)tef`eeliap qebcfopqmolqlkppbqlccfk/ 5) qldbqebo^qljf`kr`ibf+ Valerie Jamieson, Stockholm Ft^p_^`h^d^fk+>qqbkafkd Qebpbjfkap_rfiqqebpq^ka^oa P@FBKQFPQPaob^jlc^`^iicolj qebKl_bi`bobjlkvt^pqeb jlabiÌ_rqfqt^pfk`ljmibqb Pql`helij+Jfkb`^jbtebkF kbuq`e^mqbo+ rkqfiqebEfddpt^pafp`lsboba+ t^ps^`rrjfkdqebifsfkdollj+ >pF^oofsb^qqebPql`helij 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efde)qe^qtlriadllkqlbkpk^ob qebEfddp+>kalc`lropb)tebk | NewScientist | 21/28 December 2013 Physics meets festivity: “They wanted us in ridiculous shoes” GUIDO OHLENBOSTEL/DDP/CAMERAPRESS Peter Higgs gets the Nobel prize for solving a deep cosmic mystery VALERIE JAMIESON I was a guest at the party of the universe GlbFk`^kabi^lc@JP^kaC^_fli^ Df^klqqflc>QI>P+Pfk`bqebfo ^`efbsbjbkqqofddbobaqeb ^t^oafkdlcqebmofwbqlEfddp^ka Bkdiboq)pelriaqebve^sbpe^oba fkqebKl_biicobaKl_biÑp molcfibao^tkfk`el`li^qb+>p > ^ÑpFE^sb>Aob^jpbdrbp fkqlKbpprkaloj^)Fk`^kabi^) Df^klqqf^kaFq^ih^_lrqqeb crqrob+ QelrdeqebEfddpe^p_bbk clrka)fqe^pkÑqdfsbkrm^iifqp pb`obqp+Qebelmbfpqe^qfqp molmboqfbpÌql_bfksbpqfd^qbafk jlobabq^fitebkqebIE@ptfq`ebp _^`hlkfk/-.2^cqbo^qtl*vb^o rmdo^abÌtfiiobsb^ieltqlbuqbka qebpq^ka^oajlabiqlfk`irab qefkdpifhbdo^sfqv^kaa^ohj^qqbo+ Lkblmqflkfpprmbopvjjbqov) ^j^qebj^qf`^iiv_b^rqfcri buqbkpflkqe^qdfsbpb^`elcqeb `roobkqm^oqf`ibp^Îprmbom^oqkboÏ+ Plc^oqebEfddpe^pkÑqdfsbk j^kvprmbopvjjbqof``irbp+ Fcfqalbp)Fk`^kabi^glhbpqe^qeb ^kaDf^klqqftfii_b_^`h^qqeb _^knrbqÌlk`b^d^fk`bib_o^qfkd ^klqeboqeblofpqtfkkfkd^Kl_bi mofwb+Pbbvlrqebob+N To join the debate, visit newscientist.com/letters pr`e^pb^ope^mb%0-Klsbj_bo) m//&+Fe^sbilkdobd^oabad^fq^p^ probcfobfabkqfcfbo+ J^kvmblmibclrkajv fabkqf`^iqtfkpfpqbope^oaql afpqfkdrfpe+QeblkivqfjbFe^a afccf`riqvt^ptebkqebvtbob^q^ afpq^k`b)_rqfqlkivobnrfobalkb lcqebjqlpq^kalot^ih^t^v^ka qebvtbobfkpq^kqivob`ldkfp^_ib+ Co^khiv)Falr_qqebob^ob^kv jlobmboplk^i`e^o^`qbofpqf`p qe^kqebj^kkbofktef`etb_b^o lropbisbp)t^ih)ork)pfqaltklo pq^karmÌlobsbkqebt^vfk tef`etbaofkh^`rmlcqb^+ Qfkq^dbi)@lokt^ii)RH `lkpfabobaobjlqb^karkpmlfiq) F^jcfiibatfqeabpm^fo+ Fkjvltkqltk)^kafkqeb pr_ro_tebobFifsb)^iiFpbbfp bsbo*_ofdeqboifdeqfkd+Qeb jlabpqplafrjs^mlroi^jmkbuq qljveljbe^p_bbkobmi^`ba_v ^tefqbifdeqqe^q`lriaalr_ib^p ^ifdeqelrpb+ ?foap`^k_bpbbkcifqqfkd^_lrq fkqebmoba^tkelrop)^kafk prjjboj^dmfbppfqfkkb^o_v qobbp^kamf`hlccqebjlqep ^qqo^`qbaqlfq+Qeb`^ok^db 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nrbpqflk^_ib^karkobif^_ib pbbhebimcoljpqo^qbdfpqp^q^kv Lomboe^mpqefpfp^mi^klc ^pprjmqflkp^_lrqerj^k t^o`liibdb+Te^qtbj^v_b pljbqefkdqe^qqebvt^kqbaql _be^sflro)^karpbprkabcfkba illhfkd^qfp^`i^ppf`mi^klc_^qqib _rfia)^kb^oivmfb`blcqltk ^kas^of^_ibrkfqplcjb^prob+ fkslisfkdqtllojlobdolrmplc mi^kkfkd+Fcpl)fqfppljbqefkd Qebobfpklp`fbk`bfkfq+ cllqpliafbop+ qe^q_lqealbpkÑqvbqbufpq)^ka E^tqelok)Plrqe>rpqo^if^ Qebalqpfkqebjfaaib`lria `lrialkba^v_bob^i+ obmobpbkq^hkltkkrj_bolc E^q`eBka)Jfaaibpbu)RH qollmp)iba_v^_il`hfkdme^i^ku Letters should be sent to: mlppf_ivbnrfmmbatfqeilkd Letters to the Editor, New Scientist, ColjQbobk`bEliifkdtloqe pmb^op+Qebjlob^_pqo^`q_il`hp Methane storm 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8NS S^ibofbG^jfbplkfpql_bmo^fpba qlqebibcq^kaofdeqobmobpbkq Fax: +44 (0) 20 7611 1280 ColjBof`Hs^^ibk fk^asl`^qfkdqe^qtbjfkfjfpb qebmlpfqflklc^kbkbjvlc Vlrobmloqqe^qÎ^pqlojfbo>o`qf` Email: letters@newscientist.com ifdeqfkdfklroqltkpcloqebp^hb rkhkltkpqobkdqe+ lc^pqolkljv%0-Klsbj_bo) Qefpaf^do^jj^ve^sb_bbklc `lriac^pq*qo^`hjbqe^kbd^pfkql Include your full postal address and telephone qeb^qjlpmebob)mlqbkqf^iiv m13&+Fcriiv^dobbtfqeebo+Tebk ^_^qqibvbqql`ljblolkbqe^q number, and a reference (issue, page number, title) to articles We reserve the right to edit letters ^``bibo^qfkddil_^it^ojfkdÏ Fpbbmelqlpq^hbkcoljpm^`blc qllhmi^`b^kaqe^qpbosbp^p^ Reed Business Information reserves the right to %0-Klsbj_bo)m.5&+?rqte^qfp B^oqeifqrmifhb^@eofpqj^pqobb^q qrqlof^iclocrqrobbkd^dbjbkqp+ use any submissions sent to the letters column of kfdeq)bsbkfk^ob^pkloj^iiv >pafpq^pqbcri^pqefpqelrdeqfp) fjmloq^kqfpeltjr`ejbqe^kb New Scientist magazine, in any other format fqtlriaklq_b^q^iipromofpfkd dfsbkqebilkd^kambos^pfsb efpqlovlclrorpblct^oc^obql plisbqboofqlof^iloobplro`b afpmrqbp+ K^mbosfiib)Fiifklfp)RP 21/28 December 2013 | NewScientist | 45 Have you herd? It’s that time of year again Time to sit back with a drink (careful what you choose) and perhaps a plate of body cheese and enjoy our bumper 32-page holiday features section Including dream hackers and caveman trackers, dragon trainers and mathematical no-brainers – not to mention how reindeer really are the saviours of Christmas… 48 HEIDI BRADNER/PANOS PICTURES Emperor of the night 51 Rudolph to the rescue 46 | NewScientist | 21/28 December 2013 53 Choco-lite 56 How to train a dragon 58 Party like it’s n = 1999 62 The gallant ant 72 64 Rude awakenings 66 Shoestring physics 68 The wired Wild West 70 Curd your enthusiasm Walking with cavemen Whisky makes you frisky… All spruced up 74 76 78 No great flakes 21/28 December 2013 | NewScientist | 47 Emperor of the night Modern dream research is finally waking up to the nocturnal exploits of an eccentric French nobleman, says David Robson I 48 | NewScientist | 21/28 December 2013 El_plklcE^os^oaJbaf`^iP`elli+ Ob`loaplcqebj^onrfpÑpt^hfkd a^vp^obmboe^mpibppsfsfaqe^kefp aob^jaf^ov+Ebt^p_lokfkql^k ^ofpql`o^qf`c^jfivfkM^ofpfk.5//^p J^ofb*Gb^k*IlkIb`ln+>_ofdeqpqrabkq) ebi^qbo_b`^jb^obpmb`qbap`eli^olc qebLofbkq^kaqo^kpi^qlolc@efkbpb ifqbo^qrob+>p^.0*vb^o*lia)qelrde) ebt^pb^pfivafpqo^`qba+Tebkefpbvbp tbobkÑqaofcqfkdcoljqebtlohplcQ^`fqrp qlqeb^qqo^`qfsbcilofpqÑp^ppfpq^kqm^ppfkd ^ilkdqebpqobbq)ebqllhqlao^tfkd p`bkbpcoljefpaob^jp+ Fq_b`^jb^`lkprjfkdm^ppflk)ql qebmlfkqqe^q)^cqbo/ pqo^fdeqkfdeqp lcl_pbos^qflkp)ebclrkaefjpbic ”Awareness soon stirred in his sleeping mind: he began to lucid dream” fkqebmb`rif^opfqr^qflklcaob^jfkd ^_lrqob`loafkdaob^jp+Eb^tlhb corpqo^qba7te^qfceb`lriae^sb dlkblkbpqbmcroqebo^kad^fkbacrii ^t^obkbpplcefpaob^jpq^qbtbbhi^qbo)qeb p^jbsfpflklcob`loafkdefpaob^jp `^jbqlefj^ka)qefpqfjb)^t^obkbpp pqfoobafkefppibbmfkdjfka+ÎFe^a^ abcfkfqbpbkp^qflkqe^qFt^paob^jfkd+Ï Cfcqbbkjlkqepi^qbo)ebt^pir`fa aob^jfkdbsbovkfdeq+ Ir`faaob^jfkd)^kaqeb^_fifqvlc fkafsfar^ipqlfkar`bqebpq^qbfk RONALD KURNIAWAN QT>P^a^kdbolrprkaboq^hfkd)_rq qebJ^onrfpaÑEbosbvabP^fkq*Abkvp t^pklqefkdfcklqa^ofkd+T^ihfkd ^ilkdqebpqobbq)ebbkqbobaqebq^iibpq _rfiafkdeb`lriacfka)^ka`ifj_baql^ tfkaltfkfqpefdebpqollj+Qo^knrfiifqv pbqqibalkefj^pebm^rpba^jljbkqql ^ajfobqebÎmbocb`qflkÏlcqebp`bkb _bilt+Qebkebgrjmba+ @lkcrpflkcliiltba)_rqtfqefk^ jfkrqbebt^p_^`hlkqebdolrka) ^mm^obkqivrkp`^qeba+ÎFclrkajvpbic fkqebpnr^obfkcolkqlc^`^qebao^i) ^jlkd^`roflrp`oltatef`ee^a d^qeboba^olrka^ab^aj^k)Ïeb tolqb+ÎQebvqliajbqe^qqebj^ke^a qeoltkefjpbiccoljqeb`^qebao^i qltbo)^kaFp^tefp_lav_bfkd`^oofba ^t^vlk^pqobq`ebo+Ï Tofqfkdfkqeb.6qe`bkqrov)qeb j^onrfpt^p^jlkdqebcfopqqlpboflrpiv bu^jfkbqeb_fw^oobtloialcaob^jp+ ?rqtebob^plqebop`lkcfkbaqebjpbisbp qlm^ppfsbl_pbos^qflk)ebe^a^o^obqof`h rmefpkfdeqpefoqpibbsb+Eb`lria `lkp`flrpiv`lkqoliefpkl`qrok^i t^kabofkdp7ebt^p^ir`faaob^jbo+ ?bpfabpcfiifkdqebkfdeqtfqemib^pro^_ib bk`lrkqbop^ka^asbkqrobp)qefp^iiltba efjqlbumbofjbkqtfqeqebt^vqeb jfka`lkpqor`qpaob^jpÌcoljqeb fkpfab+Grjmfkdlcc_rfiafkdpt^pgrpq 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dreamscape >qpljbmlfkqefppt^pe_r`hifkd ^asbkqrobpfkpmfobaqebj^onrfpqlq^hb ^jlobp`fbkqfcf`fkqbobpqfkefpaob^jp+ Qebcfopqmpv`elildfpqptbobgrpq _bdfkkfkdqlbumilobqebk^qroblcqeb pibbmfkdjfka)_rqebob^ifpbaqe^qefp phfiipd^sbefj^rkfnrblmmloqrkfqvql mol_bqebaob^jp`^mbcoljtfqefk+ Qlmlcefpfqfkbo^ovt^pfabkqfcvfkd tebobaob^jp`ljbcolj+Pmfofqr^ifpqp ^qqebqfjbqelrdeqqe^qaob^jptbob prmbok^qro^ifklofdfk)_rqqebj^onrfp molmlpbaqe^qqebvtbobm^q`eba qldbqebocoljliaob`liib`qflkp+Qlqbpq qebfab^)ebtlriam^rpbfkefpir`fa aob^jpqlklqbabq^fiplcefp proolrkafkdp)pr`e^ppqobbqpfdkp^ka pelmcolkqp)^kaqebk)lkt^hfkd) `ljm^obqebjtfqeaf^ofbplcefpa^fiv ifcb+Probbklrde)qebobt^p^o^qflk^i plro`bclo^iiqe^qebp^t7bsbkqeb `^sloqfkdjlkpqboplcefpkfdeqj^obp `lria_bqo^`baqldlqef`_^p*obifbcpeb e^apbbklkqebpfablc^`^qebao^i+ Fqt^pkÑqnrfqbqeb`ifk`efkdmollceb t^kqba)eltbsboÌtef`et^ptev)fkefp aob^jp)ebi^rk`ebaefjpbiccoljqe^q q^ii_rfiafkd+ÎGrjmfkdlrqlc^cfcqe*cillo tfkalt)_iltfkdjv_o^fkplrqlo `rqqfkdjvqeol^qtfqe^o^wlotbob bsfabkqivpfqr^qflkpFe^akbsbo bumbofbk`ba)Ïebtolqb`ebbocriiv+ ÎQebobclob)_v^qqbjmqfkdqlfkar`b qebjfk^aob^j)Fpelria_bpbqqfkdjv > 21/28 December 2013 | NewScientist | 49 ”When his servant sprinkled the perfume on his pillow at night, the marquis was back in the landscapes of his earlier travels” `ljmobebkpfsbqeblovlcpibbmfkd^kafqp obi^qflkqlt^hfkdqelrdeq+Efp.534 j^dkrjlmrpAob^jp^kaEltQlDrfab Qebjt^pbppbkqf^iiv^k^ajfppflklc abcb^q7ÎFpe^ii`lkqof_rqbpljbj^qbof^ip clo^qeblobqf`^ipqor`qrobtelpbbob`qflk ^ka`ljmibqflkjrpq_bibcqqlpljb ^o`efqb`qjlobdfcqbaqe^kF+Ï Rkcloqrk^qbiv)qelpbi^qbo^o`efqb`qp rpbabkqfobivafccbobkqclrka^qflkp+ PfdjrkaCobrat^p^mm^obkqivfkqofdrba _vqebj^onrfpÑp_llh)_rqc^fibaqldbq elialc^`lmv+Efpmpv`el^k^ivqf`^i qeblofbp^fjbaqlob^aaob^jpclo pvj_lifpjlcobmobppbaabpfobp)^ka bsbkqr^iivao^ddbaaob^j*ob^afkdfkql p`fbkqfcf`afpobmrqb+Fqfplkivtfqeqeb fksbkqflklcÎjfka*ob^afkdÏ qb`eklildfbppr`e^pBBD^kacJOFqe^q obpb^o`ebope^sbpiltivob_rfiqfq^p^ pboflrpafp`fmifkb+ 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l_pbosboql`lknrbo+ÏN David Robson writes features in his sleep For tips on how to lucid dream, go to bit.ly/lucid_dreams Rudolph to the rescue The Arctic has a secret weapon against climate change, says Catherine Brahic eltbsbo+Obfkabbo^kaqebfoeboabop j^v_b^krkbumb`qbatb^mlkfkqeb cfdeq^d^fkpqdil_^it^ojfkd)_v`ob^qfkd ^jf`ol*`ifj^qbqe^qpiltpqebjbiqfkd lcf`b^kapklt)^ka_vmolqb`qfkdqeb b`lpvpqbjcoljfks^afkdpmb`fbp+Qebv j^vklqciv^olrkaqebtloiaabifsbofkd dfcqp)_rqOralime^kaefphfk`lriapqfii ebimp^sb@eofpqj^pfkqeb>o`qf`+ BRYAN AND CHERRY ALEXANDER/ARCTICPHOTO.CO.UK Close bonds QRPBAqle^mmbkifhb`il`htloh+ Bsbovpmofkd)qebobfkabboeboaboplc P`^kafk^sf^tlriadrfabqebfo^kfj^ip kloqet^oapcoljqebqobbifkblcqebmli^o `fo`ibÑpplrqebokbadb)^`olppqebtfab) ci^qbum^kpblcqrkao^)qlqebpelobplc qeb>o`qf`L`b^k+Fqpp^iqvpmo^v)of`efk krqofbkqp)cboqfifpbp`l^pq^im^pqrobpqe^q ^obmbocb`qcloc^qqbkfkdrmqebvlrkd `^isbp+Bsbov^rqrjkqebeboaboptlria j^hbqebfot^v_^`hfki^ka+ I Kltqeboevqejlcqebpb^plkpfp_bfkd 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jlobqe^kqtlab`^abp+ Dfsbkeltcfkbiv^qqrkbaqebeboabop ^obqlqebfobksfolkjbkq)fqÑpkltlkabo qe^qqebve^sbklqf`bapr_qibpefcqp fkqebfotfiabokbpplsboob`bkqvb^op+ Ob`loappeltqe^qqbjmbo^qrobp^`olpp qebobdflk^obofpfkdqtf`b^pc^pq^pqeb dil_^i^sbo^db+Qebjlpqtfabivobmloqba `lkpbnrbk`bfpeltqebtfkqbo_i^khbqlc pklt^kaf`bpeofkhptfqebsbovm^ppfkd vb^o+?rqqlqebeboabop)lqebo`e^kdbp pq^kalrq+T^ojpmofkdqbjmbo^qrobp^ob _ob^hfkdqebf`vdofmlctfkqbob^oifbo) clo`fkdqof_bpqlib^sbpllkbocloqeb >o`qf`pelob+Fkqebprjjbo)mi^drbp lcjlpnrfqlbpaofsbqebobfkabboql afpqo^`qflk+Orkkfkdtfiab^`eqfjbqebv ^ob_fqqbk)qebobfkabbo_roklccpljr`e bkbodvqe^qqebv^obpljbqfjbpqll > 21/28 December 2013 | NewScientist | 51 qefkqlprosfsbqebcliiltfkdtfkqbo+ Qebeboabope^sb^iplklqf`ba^pefcq fkqebsbdbq^qflklcqebqrkao^^pqebilt peor_pj^hbt^vcloqobbp+Qe^qj^hbpfq e^oaboqleboaqebfo^kfj^ip^pqebvilpb pfdeqlcpqo^vp_il`hba_vqebclif^db+ Qebpb`e^kdbpe^sbklqbp`^mbaqeb klqf`blc`ifj^qbp`fbkqfpqp+Pqrafbp `lj_fkfkdp^qbiifqbfj^dbov^kadolrka* _^pbaa^q^coljqebm^pqcfsbab`^abp peltqebbkqfobobdflkfpdbqqfkddobbkbo) crbiiba_vt^ojboqbjmbo^qrobp)peloqbo tfkqbop^ka`e^kdfkdtb^qebom^qqbokp+ Qefpfpkl`lpjbqf`qtb^h+Qebdobbkfkd lcqeb>o`qf`fpmrqqfkdil`^i`ifj^qb `e^kdblkqro_l*_llpq+Q^iibopeor_p mlhbqeolrdeqebqrkao^Ñptfkqbo_i^khbq) `^pqfkdpe^altpteboblk`bqebobtbob klkb+Qeba^ohm^q`ebp^_plo_jloblc ”The greening of the Arctic is putting local climate change on turbo-boost” qebprkÑpt^ojo^vpqe^kplifatefqb `lsbo)jb^kfkdqe^qpkltjbiq ^``bibo^qbp^kaqbjmbo^qrobpofpb croqebo+>pib^sbprkcroifkpmofkd)qeb a^ohclif^db`^k_ofkdt^ojboprjjbo qbjmbo^qrobpqll+Dolrkaobcib`q^k`bfp plfjmloq^kqqe^qpljb>imfkbphfobploqp ^ob`lsbofkdqebfodi^`fboptfqetefqb c^_of`fkbccloqpqlbuqbkaqebfoifcbpm^kp+ Fkqeb>o`qf`)^ibppao^pqf`^mmol^`e `lria_bq^hbk+Obfkabbo^obo^sbklrpiv erkdovcloqebat^oc_fo`e^ka`olt_boov _rpebpqe^q^ob`obbmfkdqeolrdeqeb i^kap`^mbÌpltevklqibqqebjdo^wb^q qebp^mifkdp_bclobqebmi^kqp^obq^ii bklrdeql_ob^hqeolrdeqebpklt`lsbop bumb`qba)qebdo^wba^ob^pobcib`qjlob pli^obkbodv+Qebafccbobk`bpj^v_b pj^ii)_rqqb^j*jbj_boGrs^i@lebklc qebCfkkfpeJbqblolildf`^iFkpqfqrqbÑp >o`qf`Obpb^o`e@bkqob^odrbpqe^qfq Herders and the herded form a kind of symbiosis `lriapqfii_bbklrdeqlpiltqeb peofkh^dblcqebobdflkÑppklt`lsbo+ ?bpfabp`ob^qfkd^`llibojf`ol* `ifj^qb)qebdo^wfkdobfkabbojfdeq^ipl ebimmolqb`qil`^ipmb`fbpcoljfks^abop+ >pqeb`ifj^qbt^ojp^kaplrqeboiv mi^kqp^kaqobbpj^o`ekloqe)qeblmbk qrkao^`lria_b`ljb^_lob^iclobpq) abpqolvfkdqebb`lpvpqbjlctfiaciltbop+ Qlcfkalrqfcqebobfkabbo`^kebim mobpbosbqebil`^ib`lildv)Gle^kk LilcpplklcRjbRkfsbopfqvfkPtbabk WON’T YOU GUIDE MY SLEIGH TONIGHT Rudolph’s glow is legendary – but the question of whether reindeer really have red noses has only just been answered The first clues appeared in 2007, when Stewart Teece and Bernard Foëx of Central Manchester University Hospitals in the UK published a tongue-in-cheek report in the Emergency Medical Journal, investigating the reindeer’s rosy complexion With the alleged assistance of “Santa’s Little Helpers”, Teece and Foëx reviewed nine papers and concluded that the animals had erythema – a term used to describe redness of the skin They suggested it came through dense facial veins, which might help cool reindeer being chased by wolves before their brains fry “In winter, resting reindeer will not have a red nose, but when frantically circumnavigating the globe their noses will glow as they try to lose heat,” wrote Teece and Foëx It is not all jest Last year, Arnoldus Blix at the University of Tromsø in Norway and his colleagues took close-up footage of reindeer noses using video microscopes They found that the network of blood vessels is 25 per cent denser than in humans The same was also true of the reindeer’s rear, suggesting Rudolph could still guide the sleigh even if Santa mistakenly hitched him to it the wrong way around after one too many glasses of festive cheer Choco-lite HEIDI BRADNER/PANOS PICTURES Half the fat, all the taste? Can it really be true, squeals Caroline Williams ^kaefpqb^je^sbibqobfkabboillpb lkql^i^kap`^mb^oqfcf`f^iivfjmi^kqba tfqet^ojqe*ilsfkdpmb`fbp+Mobifjfk^ov obpriqpprddbpqqe^qqebkbt`ljbop^ob rk^_ibqltfqepq^kaqeb^kfj^ipÑdo^wfkd qbbqe+ÎQeb_bpqp`fbkqfcf`drbpp^qqeb jfkrqbfpqe^qobfkabbodo^wfkdfp molsfafkd^s^ir^_ibb`lildf`^ipbosf`b)Ï ebp^vp+ Fqobj^fkpql_bpbbkeltqebpb cfkafkdppelria_bqrokbafkql^`qflk+ Klq^iiobfkabboeboabopaofsbqebfopql`h qeolrdeilkdjfdo^qflkpÌpljbpmbka jlpqlcqebvb^otb^sfkdfk^kalrqlcqeb pm^opbclobpqplcqeb>o`qf`Ñpplrqebok ofj+Lilcpplkp^vpmboe^mpqelpbeboabop `lria_bbk`lro^dbaqlpmbkajlobqfjb lkqebqrkao^)_rqebfpt^ovlcjbaaifkd fkP^jf^kaKbkbqqo^afqflkp+ÎJvgl_fp qlob`ldkfpbqe^qqebvmolsfab^pbosf`b ^kaqebjlobqfjbqebvpmbkafkqeb qrkao^)qeb_fddboqebpbosf`b)Ïebp^vp+ >fhfltbi`ljbpqebcfkafkdpqe^qefp mblmib`^kebimpe^mbqebb`lpvpqbj) _rqebalbpkÑqalr_qqebobfkabboÑp^_fifqv qlprosfsb+ÎQebobfkabbofpsbovtbii ^a^mqbaql^iihfkaplc`e^kdbp)bsbkfctb ^obpmb^hfkdlc`ifj^qb`e^kdb+ÏCloqeb 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qebjqlobmi^`b^pfdkfcf`^kqmolmloqflk p`fbkqfpqpqldo^mmibtfqeqeb`e^iibkdblc lcqebc^q)^kaqeb`el`li^qb_bdfkpqlcbbi eltqlj^hbilt*c^q`el`li^qbqe^qjbiqp rkp^qfpcvfkdivifdeq+ fkqebjlrqe^kaq^pqbpofdeq+>qvmf`^i T^qbo_r ibpc^obakl_bqqbo+Tefib `el`li^qb_^o)jfihlomi^fk)`lkq^fkp fqebimpobq^fkqeb`el`li^qbÑpebcq) ^_lrq0-mbo`bkqc^q+Qe^qc^qb^okpfqp t^qbo`^oofbpqebrk^mmbqfpfkdofphlc hbbm+Qeb`l`l^_rqqbo^kajfihc^qp^ob aolmibqpglfkfkdrmqlclojmraaibplo te^qdfsb`el`li^qbfqpq^pqb^kaqbuqrob+ pfkhfkdqlqeb_lqqljlcqeb_^o+Fk^kv Q^hbqebjlrq)^kavlrdbq`el`li^qbqe^q `^pb)^aafkdbsbk^pj^ii^jlrkq > W ”The sweet spot comes when the fat is tightly packed, melting at close to body temperature” 21/28 December 2013 | NewScientist | 53 SPENCER WILSON a^jmbkpqe^q`ofpm_ob^hfkdplrka ^ka`^k`^rpb^Î_illjÏÌqeb mltabov*tefqb`l^qfkdqe^q`^kclojlk qebproc^`blc`el`li^qbtebkfqe^pkÑq _bbkpqlobamolmboiv+ Qebk)i^pqvb^o)cllap`fbkqfpqMbqbo Covbo^kaefpqb^j^qqebRkfsbopfqvlc ?fojfkde^j)RH)j^ab^_ob^hqeolrde tfqet^qboaolmibqp+Qebv^a^mqba^ qb`eklildvkloj^iivrpbaqlj^hb ilt*c^qj^od^ofkb)^aafkddbi^qfkql hbbmqebjbiq*fk*qeb*jlrqecbbitefib pqlmmfkdqebt^qboaolmibqpcolj mllifkd+Qebobpriqptbobdllabklrdeql `lksfk`bpljblkb7qebqb^jpliaqeb m^qbkq)tef`efpklt_bfkdabsbilmbafk pb`obq_vqebcllafkarpqov+ 54 | NewScientist | 21/28 December 2013 Lc`lropb)klqbsbovlkbifhbpjb^q fkqebfoptbbqp7dbi^qfkfpj^abcolj ^kfj^iphfk^ka_lkbp+Pl?lkpq^oqba fksbpqfd^qfkd^afccbobkq^mmol^`e)rpfkd ^qof`hcoljqebm^fkqfkarpqov+TfqeQlj Phbielk)^ipl^qT^otf`h)eb`o^cqba k^klp`^ib_r ibprpfkd^`lj_fk^qflk lc^clla^aafqfsb`^iibacrjbapfif`^ ^ka`efqlp^k)^`^o_levao^qbabofsba coljqebpebiiplcpeofjmp+Vlrkbba pljbhfkalc^`faqlj^hbqebob`fmb tloh)pl?lkrpbacorfqgrf`b+Fcvlr alkÑqt^kqqeb`el`li^qbqlq^pqbcorfqv) qelrde)vlr`^krpbafpplisbasfq^jfk@ loci^q`li^+ Fqtlohba+Fk^m^mbomr_ifpebai^pq vb^o)qebvobmloqbaqe^qqebfo`el`li^qbÌ ”The unappetising contents of that blender might be all my dreams come true” MAKE IT YOURSELF With patience, a thermometer and a little agar, you too can be a low-fat chocolatier Ingredients 100 grams chocolate (milk, dark or white) 20 grams of agar solution (dried agar available online and in some supermarkets) Method Add the agar to cold water as per packet instructions Some or all of the water may be replaced by fruit juice or alcoholic spirit In a pan, heat to between 90 and 95 ˚C, until the agar dissolves and the mixture turns transparent Allow to cool Meanwhile, melt chocolate over a water bath When the agar solution has cooled to around 50 ˚C – it should still be transparent – mix 20 grams of it into the melted chocolate using a hand blender Allow the mixture to cool to 25 ˚C and give it a good shake Pour into a mould and leave to temper in the fridge for two weeks Enjoy! tfqe2-mbo`bkqlcqebc^qobmi^`ba_v qebcorfq*grf`bjfuqrobÌe^aqebofdeq mlivjlomeSpqor`qrob+?rq?lkt^pkÑq `lksfk`baqe^qqebmr_if`)^kaebk`b `el`li^qbj^krc^`qrobop)tlria_fqb+ ÎVlre^sbqlab`i^obk^kl*fkdobafbkqp lkqebi^_bi)Ïebp^vp)tef`eqbkapql p`^oblccj^krc^`qrobopteltloovelt `rpqljboptfiiob^`q+>ka_b`^rpbfq `ljbpcoljpb^clla)`efqlp^k`lria mlpb^k^iibodvmol_ibj+Î>kvt^v)FÑj ^mbocb`qflkfpq)Ïebp^vp+ Qe^qt^ptebkebob^ifpbaqebobt^p ^klqeboj^qbof^iqe^qtlria^slfa_lqe qebpbmol_ibjp+Qefpqfjb)fkpmfo^qflk `^jbcoljqeb`lpjbqf`pfkarpqov+ÎTb mrqqfkvifqqibgbiifbpfklficlolqebo qefkdp)Ïebp^vp)pr`e^pqef`hbkbopclo _lavp`or_p+ÎTevklq`el`li^qbqqefppfwb)vlro jlrqe`^kklqqbiiqebafccbobk`b+SlfiÌ ^pjllqe)`ob^jv_^q`elcmlivjlomeS) `lkq^fkfkde^icqebc^q_vslirjb+ Te^qÑpjlob)_b`^rpb^d^ofp^_lrq 5-mbo`bkqcf_ob)fqÑp^ilqjlobcfiifkd qe^kqo^afqflk^i`el`li^qb+Plbsbk qelrde)qb`ekf`^iiv)vlr`lriab^qjlob lcqeb`el`li^qbcloqebp^jb^jlrkqlc c^q)vlrjfdeqklqt^kqql+ >kaqebobÑpvbq^klqebo_lkrp+Rkifhb pfif`^Ñp^`faf`obnrfobjbkqp)qeb^d^o`^k _bjfubatfqe^kvifnrfaÌfk`irafkd ^i`lelif`aofkhp+ÎQebslah^sbopflk afakÑqq^pqbm^oqf`ri^oivkf`b)Ïp^vp?lk) _rqebfpillhfkdclot^oaqlqovfkdlrq ?^fibvplo^j^obqql+ Cllap`fbkqfpqp^ob^iob^avp^ifs^qfkd+ ÎC^qobmi^`bofppljbqefkdqebclla fkarpqovfpsbovhbbkqle^sb)Ïp^vp Gf^kpeb@ebklcqebRkfsbopfqvlcIbbapfk qebRH+EbÑpm^oqf`ri^oivfjmobppbatfqe qebt^v?lkÑpqb^jcfkbppbaqebt^qbo fkql^`lksfk`fkd`el`li^qbqbuqrob+ ?rq_^`hqlqeb_fiiflk*alii^onrbpqflk7 eltalbpfqq^pqbkdbibpWll_fqqebcllqlckbtpm^mbo bafqloMefi?olkpqbfk)qebkerp_^kalc ^`qloPe^olkPqlkb)arofkd^qlrolc^ ao^dlkÑpbk`ilprob+Fm^vebbatebk O^g^Ñphbbmbopqbiijbklqqltb^otefqb pelbp)^pqebao^dlk`lriajfpq^hbqebpb cloqebtefqbq^odbqebe^p_bbkqo^fkba ql^ppl`f^qbtfqeclla+ Obmqfibfkqbiifdbk`bfp^qqebollq lcjv`roobkqmobaf`^jbkq+Ao^dlkp ^obbuqobjbivfknrfpfqfsb)^kaO^g^fp praabkivsbovfkqbobpqbafkqebkbt mboplktele^pgrpqpqbmmbafkqlefp bk`ilprob+Ebp`o^j_ibpqlt^oapjbql fksbpqfd^qb+WllhbbmbopDblodbPrkqbo ^kaDo^kqHlqebo_il`hefpm^qe)_rq O^g^fp`o^kfkdefpmltbocrikb`h^olrka qebj)^clohbaqlkdrbof lkfkdo^mfaiv fk^kalrqlcefpjlrqe+Qebhbbmbop qefkhebÑpjfpq^hfkdjvm^ib*`lilroba ml`hbq`^jbo^clo^q^pqvab^ao^q8qeb pqo^m`lriaobpbj_ib^q^fi+Fp`rqqib lrqpfab^kapqrccfqfkql^ml`hbqtefib qebvafpqo^`qefj+ Prkqbo^pprobpjbqe^qao^dlkpfk wllp^obdbkbo^iiv^cofbkaifbo_rk`eqe^k qelpbfkqebtfia+ÎClote^qbsboob^plk) kl_lavrkabopq^kaptev)qebvq^jb altktebkqebv^obfk`^mqfsfqv)Ïebp^vp+ Qbiiqe^qql?olkpqbfk+ VbqtebkFqbkq^qfsbivmlhbjvklpb _^`h^olrkaqeballo)probbklrde)O^g^ PHOTOGRAPHS BY DAVID STOCK FOR NEW SCIENTIST Can you get a giant carnivorous lizard to eat out of your hand? Claire Ainsworth finds out ”I pluck up the courage to run my fingers over the lizard’s back It’s like stroking a giant pineapple” fpl_bafbkqiv^``ljm^kvfkdPrkqbo ^olrkaqebbk`ilprob+EbÑpcliiltfkd^ q^odbq)^tefqb_^iilk^pqf`h+B^`eqfjb O^g^klpbpqeb_^ii)qebobÑp^jbq^iif` `if`hfkdklfpb)^kaebfpobt^oabatfqe ^ab^ajlrpb+Drim+Dlkb+ Qeb`if`hfkdfp^t^vlcpfdk^iifkd ^mmols^iqlqebao^dlktebkfqe^p `^oofbalrq^q^ph+Lsboqfjb)qeb^kfj^i ib^okpql^ppl`f^qbqeb`if`h^kaqebclla obt^oa+ÎFqÑpbccb`qfsbivifhbp^vfkd)ÐDlla _lvÑ)Ïp^vpPrkqbo)e^kafkdlrqqebjf`b tfqe^m^folcqlkdp+ Qeb^ccb`qflkO^g^Ñphbbmbopcbbiclo efjfpbsfabkq^pqebvq^odbq*qo^fkefj ^olrkaqebbk`ilprob+Î@ljblk)_fdcbii^) lkvlr`ljb)Ï`^iipPrkqbo)^aaobppfkd qefpbklojlrppi^sbofkdifw^oafkqebqlkb vlrtlriarpbqlcrpplsbo^mrmmv+O^g^ Beware of the drool _ifkhpltifpeiv)^p^pqf`hvpq^i^`qfqblc aollia^kdibpcoljefpg^tp+ Qebqo^fkfkdfpm^oqlc^tfabo moldo^jjblcÎbkof`ejbkqÏ7^`qfsfqfbp ^kal_gb`qpqe^q^iilt`^mqfsb^kfj^ipql bumobppqebfok^qro^i_be^sflro+Fqfpsfq^i qlillh^cqbo^k^kfj^iÑpjbkq^i^ptbii^p mevpf`^ieb^iqe)p^vpPrkqbo+Fq^ipl_llpqp qeb`e^k`bpqe^q_obbafkdmoldo^jjbp tfii_bpr``bppcri+ Prkqbo^kaHlqeboj^ohO^g^Ñpabk tfqe^kfj^ip`bkqqo^fip)clofkpq^k`b) ^kaobt^oaefjtfqecllato^mmbarm fk_lubpcloefjqlofmlmbk+Ebbsbk e^pao^dlk*pfwbasbopflkplcaldqlvp+ Lkbfp^eliilt_^iitfqe^elibfkfq qe^qqebao^dlk`^kklpb^olrkaql afpiladbqebqob^qpfq`lkq^fkp+Qebqob^qp ^obkÑqald_fp`rfqpÌqebv^obab^a > 21/28 December 2013 | NewScientist | 57 Party like it’s n=1999 GRANT KOTHER / ZSL Multiply your social success with some cunning calculations, says Michael Brooks Komodo dragons are curious beasts Claire Ainsworth is still more of a dog person 58 | NewScientist | 21/28 December 2013 PFCqefkdpe^sbkÑq_bbkpqo^kdb bklrde)qebobfppljblkbpfqqfkd) pjfifkd)^qqeballolcqebdbkqÑp qlfibq+FqÑp^iob^av_bbk^tbfoabklrde m^oqvÌtbfoaive^mmv)dfsbkqe^qfqfp `bib_o^qfkd^afslo`b+Qeblkivmblmib telillhe^ppiba^kapboflrp^obqeb mblmibjlsfkdqeolrdeqeb`olta) `ifm_l^oapfke^ka+>mm^obkqiv)qebv^ob pljbqefkdqlaltfqeelttb^ob^iidlfkd qlq^hblroib^sb^qqebbkalcqebkfdeq+ Qebpjfifkdqlfibq^qqbka^kq^iple^p ^`ifm_l^oa)^kakltebfplrqlcefppb^q+ ÎBu`rpbjb)pfo)Ïebp^vp)_ofdeqiv+Eb fkqolar`bpefjpbic^kapeltpjbqeb `ifm_l^oa+?bclobFdlfk)Bs^kdbilp Ho^k^hfpt^kqpqlt^ihjbqeolrde qeblmqfj^irpblcqebrofk^ip+Qeobb jfkrqbpi^qbo)Flmbkqeballotfqe^ `lkcfabkqmrpe+Ffke^ibe^mmfivÌqebobfp klkblcqebrpr^itefcclc^kufbqv+Bsbov j^kfkebobhkltpbu^`qivtebobqlmbb+ Ho^k^hfp)lc@^oibqlkRkfsbopfqvfk Lqq^t^)@^k^a^)tlohbatfqeA^kkv Hofw^k`lcTbpibv^kRkfsbopfqvfk Jfaaibqltk)@lkkb`qf`rq)qlploqlrq qefpm^oqf`ri^omol_ibj+C^`batfqe^ ilkdoltlcrofk^ip^ka^pqb^avcilt lcrpbop)qebfab^ip`bk^oflfpql^slfa e^sfkd^kfjjbaf^qbkbfde_lrocloqeb aro^qflklcvlrosfpfq+Î>iijbkhklt qefp)Ïp^vpHo^k^hfp+Pljbqfjbp)eltbsbo) lmqfjfpfkdvlrorofk^i`elf`bfk^_rpv jbkÑpolljfpafccf`riq+ Fqqrokplrqqe^q_bfkdcfopqfkqlqeb _^qeolljfp^_fdobpmlkpf_fifqv+Qebkbuq j^kfktfii^it^vpqovqlj^ufjfpbqeb afpq^k`b_bqtbbkefj^ka^kvlqebop+ A LAURENT VILLERET/PICTURETANK jf`b+ÎE^sfkd^df^kqHljlalao^dlkfp ifhbe^sfkd^kfkarpqof^i*pqobkdqeald)Ï p^vpHlqebo+ FqÑpqorb+TebkPrkqbopnr^qpaltkql pqolhbO^g^Ñpeb^a^kaj^pp^dbefp_^`h) qefpao^dlkalbppbbj`^kfkb+Tfqeefp bvbpe^ic*`ilpba)_lavobi^uba^kaibdp pmi^vbalrq_befkaefj)O^g^e^pqeb `lkqbkqba^folc^jrqqtelÑpe^sfkdefp b^opp`o^q`eba+ Qefpdbkqib`lkq^`qfp^rpbcrit^v lcobi^ufkdefjplqe^qebifbppqfiiclo mol`barobppr`e^pU*o^vp)p^vpHlqebo+ Fkc^`q)fq`efiipO^g^lrqpljr`eqe^qefp hbbmbop`^kj^kf`robefp`i^tptfqelrq e^sfkdqlobpqo^fkefj+ TfqeO^g^pl`^ij)Fmir`hrmqeb `lro^dbql^phclo^pqolhb+Prkqbopq^qflkp efjpbic_vO^g^Ñpeb^a)grpqql_blkqeb p^cbpfab)^pFdfkdboivorkjvcfkdboplsbo qebifw^oaÑp_^`h+ Ebfp^_b^rqv+Efpphfk)`l iba tfqe`lrkqibppqfkv_lkvafp`p`^iiba lpqblabojp)cbbipaov^kaolrde+FqÑp ifhbpqolhfkd^df^kqmfkb^mmib+Fpifab jve^kadbkqivlsboqebdk^oiba_biiltp lcO^g^Ñpci^khpqlcbbiqebofpb^kac^ii lcefp_ob^qefkd+Qebao^dlkqrokpefp eb^a^kacfubpjbtfqe^nrbpqflkfkdbvb+ Fkqbobpqba+ Q^jb^pebfp)FÑjklqdlfkdqlmrpejv ir`h+Clo^iiefpfkqbiifdbk`b^kaqo^fkfkd) qefpfppqfii^mltbocri_b^pqqe^qfphfkdlc efpfpi^kaclla`e^fk+Fcvlrcfkavlropbic fk^pq^ofkd`lkqbpqtfqe^ao^dlk)fqÑp mol_^_ivtfpbql_bqebcfopqql_ifkh+N Qefpib^apql^`ljmibubnr^qflktelpb lrq`ljbabmbkaplkqe^qcfopq`elf`b+ @ellpb_^aiv^kapljbmlloj^kÌ j^v_bbsbkvlrÌtfiiprccbo^ilpplc mofs^`v_bclobfqt^pj^qebj^qf`^iiv kb`bpp^ov+ Qlpbbtev)ibqÑppq^oqcolj^kbjmqv oltlckrofk^ip+Qefkdp^obqof`hfbpqtebk qebobfp^klaakrj_bolcrofk^ip+Fcqeb cfopqj^kfk`ellpbp^klaa*krj_boba mlpfqflk)qebk%k(.&,/jbk`^kbkglv pljbmofs^`v+Vbqfceb`ellpbpbsbk) lkbcbtboj^k`^k_^d^pb`irabapmlq _bclobqebdolrmob^`ebpÎp^qro^qflkÏ+ Qefpabp`of_bpklqqebpq^qblcqebcillo) ”It turns out that being first into the bathroom is a big responsibility” _rqqebmlfkq^qtef`eqebkbuqabpmbo^qb _^qeolljbkqo^kqe^pkl`elf`b_rq qlsfli^qbpljblkbÑpmofs^`v+Tfqe ^kbsbkkrj_bolcrofk^ip)fqalbpkÑq j^qqbofcqebcfopqmboplkpbib`qp^k bsbklolaamlpfqflk)qebp^qro^qflk mlfkqfpk,/bfqebot^v%pbbÎQebrofk^i mol_ibjÏ)m^db3.&+ Lk`bp^qro^qflkfpob^`eba)^kacroqebo jbkq^hbmlpfqflkp^qo^kalj)Ho^k^hfp `^kqbiijbeltilkdjvmofs^`vtfiii^pq+ Qebbkarofk^ip^obvlrop^cbe^sbkÌ^ka qebc^obkafpqebp^cbpq+Qe^qÑp_b`^rpbfc vlr^ob^q)p^v)rofk^i.lc2)`ilpbpqqlqeb allo)^clroqej^kfpifhbivqlq^hbqeb `ilpbpqcobbpilqÌrofk^i/Ìfks^afkdvlro mofs^`v+E^avlr`elpbkrofk^i2)vlro mofs^`vtlriae^sbi^pqba^ifqqibilkdbo+ ÎFqalbpe^sb^mmif`^qflkpbipbtebob)Ï Ho^k^hfp^pprobpjblkqebt^vlrq+ Î>promofpfkdkrj_bolcqefkdpfkslisb lmqfjfpbam^`hfkd+Ï>mm^obkqiv) bccf`fbkqivob`lj_fkfkdpqo^kaplcAK> lo`lkkb`qfkdjvof^atfobibppabsf`bp ql^olrqboÑpkbqtloh^obbppbkqf^iivqeb p^jbmol_ibj^pcfkafkdmofs^`vfkqeb jbkÑpollj+ M^oqv*dlbop^obkÑqqeblkivlkbpql e^sbpr`eqelrdeqp+Fk.651)`ljmrqbo p`fbkqfpqAlk^iaHkrqelcPq^kcloa > 21/28 December 2013 | NewScientist | 59 ... newscientist.com/contact Who’s who newscientist.com/people General & media enquiries Tel 781 734 8770 enquiries@newscientist.com Editorial Tel 781 734 8770 news@newscientist.com features@newscientist.com... visit newscientist.com/subscribe Customer and subscription services are also available by: Telephone 1-888-822-3242 Email subscribe@newscientist.com Web newscientist.com/subscribe Mail New Scientist, ... & CAREERS Put down the scalpel and turn up the volume 21/ 28 December 2013 | NewScientist | new year, new scientist Are you looking for a new start? Whilst you’re enjoying the holiday season,