Basic grammar

Để các bạn có điều kiện được ôn lại các kiến thức ngữ pháp đã học ở phổ thông, mở rộng kiến thức về cách dùng thì và câu trong tiếng Anh, và trên cơ sở đó làm nền tảng để tiếp thu các đi

BASIC GRAMMAR

BASIC GRAMMAR LỜI CỦA NHÓM BIÊN SOẠN

Qua nhiều năm giảng dạy tiếng Anh ở Đại Học chúng tôi thấy rằng không ít các bạn sinh viên thường lúng túng trong việc sử dụng đúng các thì (tenses) và các loại câu (sentences) trong tiếng Anh Để các bạn có điều kiện được ôn lại các kiến thức ngữ pháp đã học ở phổ thông, mở rộng kiến thức

về cách dùng thì và câu trong tiếng Anh, và trên cơ sở đó làm nền tảng để tiếp thu các điểm ngữ pháp mới, chúng tôi quyết định lấy đó làm tiêu chí để nghiên cứu và biên soạn cuốn giáo trình BASIC GRAMMAR có kết hợp các

kỹ năng ngôn ngữ thực hành này

Ngay khi chúng tôi bày tỏ ý định với các đồng nghiệp về việc biên soạn cuốn giáo trình này và bắt đầu bàn bạc về nội dung cũng như mục tiêu của cuốn sách và cả việc mạnh dạn áp dụng việc kết hợp bốn kỹ năng thực hành Nghe-nói-đọc-viết trong phần bài tập đã nhận được nhiều sự đồng tình và ủng

hộ Theo kinh nghiệm giảng dạy môn Ngữ Pháp của nhóm biên soạn và nhiều đồng nghiệp khác, chúng tôi thấy rằng nắm vững cách dùng thì và câu trong tiếng Anh các bạn không những sẽ thấy dễ dàng tiếp thu những kiến thức ngữ pháp mới mà còn học tết các kỹ năng khác, đặc biệt là kỹ năng viết Mặt khác, theo cảm nhận của chúng tôi lớp học ngữ pháp sẽ sinh động hơn rất nhiều khi ngữ pháp tiếng Anh được giảng dạy với phương pháp giao tiếp kết hợp bốn kỹ năng Nghe-nói-đọc- Viết

Cuối cùng, một yếu tố quan trọng nữa khuyến khích chúng tôi quyết định biên soạn cuốn giáo trình BASIC GRAMMAR này xuất phát từ tâm tư của những sinh viên của chúng tôi Thật vậy, nhiều năm qua có rất nhiều sinh viên đã trình bày với chúng tôi cùng một tâm tư của họ rằng: "Chúng em rất mong có được một cuốn sách ngữ pháp tiếng Anh không những đầy đủ, phù hợp với thực tế học tập hiện tại mà còn được kết hợp một cách có hệ thống giữa phần lý thuyết và bài tập thực hành để chúng em có thể ứng dụng những

kiến thức ngữ pháp đã học không chỉ trong nghiên cứu, công tác chuyên môn

mà còn sử dụng thuần thục trong giao tiếp hàng ngày."

Xuất phát từ những nhu cầu thiết thực của người học, chúng tôi đã cố gắng rất nhiều tìm tòi, nghiên cứu, tổng hợp và biên soạn cuốn giáo trình BASIC GRAMMAR này, những mong đáp ứng được phần nào nhu cầu học tập của các bạn sinh viên tuy vậy, những thiếu sót trong lần đầu biên soạn cuốn sách ngữ pháp này là điều không thể tránh khỏi Chúng tôi rất mong được sự đóng góp ý kiến của các bạn để cuốn sách ngày càng được hoàn thiện hơn

Ý kiến đóng góp xin gởi về địa chỉ:

Phòng 311, số 97 Võ Văn Tần, P.6, Q.3, TP.HCM

Điện thoại: 9300949

Email: ffl@ou.edu.vu

 DÀNH CHO CÁC BẠN SINH VIÊN:

Cuốn sách này được biên soạn chủ yếu cho sinh viên năm thứ nhất của Khoa Ngoại Ngữ - Đại Học Mở Bán Công TP Hồ Chí Minh học trên lớp theo sự hướng dẫn của giáo viên và tự học ở nhà Những sinh viên của các lớp thuộc năm 2, 3, 4 cũng có thể sử dụng để tham khảo hay củng cố phần kiến thức ngữ pháp chưa nắm vững Ngoài ra, những sinh viên lớp tiếng Anh Không Chuyên trình độ A3, A4 của Trung Tám Anh Ngữ cũng có thể sứ dụng

để tham khảo và tự học thêm ở nhà

 CẤU TRÚC CỦA SÁCH:

Cuốn sách này được chia thành hai phần bao gồm 20 đơn vị bài học (unit)

Phần 1 (Part One: Tenses: Review and expansion)

Những bài học trong phần một này trình bày các hình thức cấu tạo và cách dừng đa dạng của các thì trong tiếng Anh (vừa ôn tập vừa mở rộng) Phần bài tập được thiết kế và sắp xếp theo hai loại Focused Practice (giúp sinh viên áp dụng lý thuyết đã học một cách nhuần nhuyễn trong các tình

huống đa dạng của cuộc sống) và Communication Practice (ứng dụng các kỹ năng giao tiếp Nghe-nói-đọc-viết) Ngoài ra, những bài tập với nhiều cách dùng tương tự nhau còn giúp khuyến khích sinh viên tự luyện tập thêm ở nhà

Phần 2 (Part Two: Clallses and Sentences: Review and expansion)

Phần này trình bày các dạng câu cơ bản trong tiếng Anh như câu đơn (Simple Sentences), câu ghép (Compound Sentences), câu phức (Complex Sentences), và các lội thường gặp khi viết câu tiếng Anh (Sentence Problems) Các loại mệnh đề tạo nên các loại câu cũng được trình bày theo những đơn vị bài học riêng

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

Phần này được tổng hợp từ nhiều giáo trình ngữ pháp khác nhau bao gồm các sơ đồ về hình thức của các cấu trúc ngữ pháp, những cách dùng, những điểm đáng lưu ý, và đặc biệt là những ví dụ cụ thể minh họa các cấu trúc ngữ pháp đó

FOCUSED PRACTICE

Các bài tập trong phần này giúp cho sinh viên thực hành cách dùng của tất cả các cấu trúc ngữ pháp được trình bày trong phần GRAMMAR PRESENTATION Bài tập được chọn lọc từ nhiều sách ngữ pháp khác nhau

với các chủ đề phong phú nhằm giúp sinh viên thực hành ngay tại lớp và luyện tập thêm ở nhà để có thể sử dụng nhuần nhuyễn phần bài học đã được học Ngoài ra, những bài tập trong phần này còn được sắp xếp theo thứ tự từ

dễ đến khó giúp sinh viên dễ dàng tiếp cận và áp dụng các lý thuyết đã học theo phương thức vừa ôn lại cái cũ vừa thực hành những cái mới

COIVIMUNICATION PRACTICE

Bài tập trong phần này được sắp xếp theo thứ tự các kỹ năng Nghe, Nói, Đọc, Viết (Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing) Phần Nghe (Listening) giúp sinh viên có thể vừa thực hành bài học vừa kiểm tra lại và phát triển khả năng nghe của mình Phần thực hành Nói (Speaking) gồm các tình huống thực tế trong cuộc sống sinh hoạt và học tập hàng ngày của sinh viên Sinh viên được được chia thành cặp hay nhóm thực hành nói theo chủ điểm, sử dụng các điểm ngữ pháp đã học trong phần bài học Hai phần bài tập Đọc (Reading) và Viết (Writing) giúp sinh viên thực hành ngữ pháp kết hợp với phát triển kỹ năng Đọc và Viết

Giáo trình này dự kiến dùng giảng dạy trong một học kỳ gồm 15 tuần, mỗi tuần học 1 buổi (3 tiết)

Unit 19 và unit 20 trình bày về các câu phức kép các lỗi về câu thường gặp và cách đồng thời giúp sử dụng đúng các loại câu trong tiếng Anh Hai đơn vị bài học này dành cho sinh viên tự học ở nhà có sự hướng dẫn của giáo viên

Xin chân thành cảm ơn các bạn đồng nghiệp, tổ bộ môn viết Khoa Ngoại Ngữ

- Đại Học Mở Bán Công TP.Hồ Chí Minh đã nhiệt tình giúp đỡ chúng tôi hoàn thành cuốn giáo trình này Đặc biệt, xin cám ơn Ban Giám Hiệu Trường và Ban Chủ Nhiệm Khoa Ngoại Ngữ: Tiến sỹ Lê Thị Thanh (Khoa trường), Thạc

sỹ Lê Văn Khuê (Phó Khoa Trường), và Thạc sỹ Đinh Trọng Kháng (Nguyên Phó Khoa Trưởng) đã tạo điều kiện tết nhất cho chúng tôi trong suốt thời gian

làm việc, và luôn kịp thời giúp đỡ, hỗ trợ, góp ý, động viên chúng tôi hoàn thành việc biên soạn cuốn giáo trình BASIC GRAMMAR này.

Nhóm biên soạn

Lệ Hoa-Hoài Minh-Xuân Lan

Part 1: TENSES - REVIEW and EXPANSION

Unit 1 - SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT CONVERSATION

Betty : Hi, Ellen Let's have coffee, okay?

Ellen : Hi, Betty Sure, that sounds great Where do you want to go?Betty : Let's get a cup from the vending machine The snack bar is too

Betty : I like them all, except for math I don't like the instructor He's

terrible!

Ellen : Why is he terrible?

Betty : Well, he talks fast all the time, and he doesn't talk loud enough

He has terrible handwriting, and he makes mistakes on the board every day And he never takes breaks

Ellen : Does he ever give homework?

Betty : Sure he does He gives an assignment every night, and it's

really hard We don't understand a thing, but he doesn't care He also makes bad Jokes in class!

Ellen : Let's see maybe you need to get a tutor Don't wait until

finals

Betty : That's a good idea Who can I get?

Ellen : I know someone He never talks fast He always speaks clearly

He says funny things all the time He seldom gets angry And he teaches math too!

Betty : I like him already Please tell me his name!

Ellen : Mr Michaels He's my adviser

Betty : Mr Michaels? He's my math teacher!

Source: Kirn, Elain and Jack, Darcy.A Communicative Grammar Interactions One 3nd ed (Singapore, 1996)

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION FORMS

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT

NEGATIVE STATEMENT

*”You” is both singular and plural

Spelling rules (3rd person form):

- With most verbs, we add -s to the verb in the 3 rd singular person, and make

no other changes:

- With verbs that end in –o, -ch, -ss, -sh, and -x, we add -es:

goteachmissrushfix

goesteachesmissesrushesfixes

- A few verbs have irregular forms:

behave

am/is/arehas

- With verbs that end in a consonant +y, we remove the -y and add -ies:

try but: obey

triesobeys

USES and EXAMPLES

There are 11 basic uses of the simple present tense

1) repeated or habitual actions

Examples: Bob works in Avonmaeth He usually drives to work

She goes to church on Sunday

The old man takes the dog for a walk every morning

We do a lot of things in our spare time

Ann doesn’t often drink tea

She never relaxes

Adverbs of frequency are used with the Simple Present tense to express how often something happens

always usually often sometimes rarely/seldom never

/ -/ -/ -/ -/ -/

Typical time expressions with the simple present tense are adverbs of frequency

always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, hardly (ever), ever, never,

or adverb phrases, such as: on Monday(s), twice a year, every week, every (six months), m the morning(s) / evening(s), at 10 o’clock, etc

2) scientific facts, and physical laws

Examples: Summer follows spring.

The earth goes around the sun

Water boils at 1000C

3) states, or situations staying the same We often use stative verbs to describe these states/ situations

Examples: The flat is clean

The farmer owns the land

Mr Adams loves Shakespeare

Who knows the answer?

I think it s a good idea

This book belongs to my sister

Note:

Stative verbs are usually verbs that:

a describe a state of being (be, feel)

Example: Jane is tired but happy She feels good

b express emotions (hate, like, love)

Example: Do you like my new dress? I love "!

c describe mental states (know, remember, believe/think, suppose, understand)

Examples: I know a lot of good recipes

Ari remembers your number

I think you re right

d show possession (have, own, possess, belong)

Examples: Cesar has a headache

Some students own laptop computers

e describe perceptions and senses (hear, see, smell, taste, feel, notice, seem/ /look, appear, sound)

Examples: I hear the telephone

Dina seems tired

f describe needs and preferences (need, want, prefer)

Example: I need a pen

g describe measurements (weigt, cost, contain)

Example: How much does " cost?

4) facts or things that are true for a long time

Example: My parents live in London They have been there for 20 years

5) generalization, definitions, observations and declarations

Examples: Infants usually take two naps a day toddlers take only one

Begonias are garden plants with brightly colored leaves and flower

They grow in shade or partial sun

I promise I’ll pay you back

It says in the paper that there s going to be a strike

The notice warns passengers to take care

I declare this exhibition open

6) Imperatives: to ask and give instructions, orders or commands, requests, advices or suggestions, warnings, and invitations

Examples: - "How do I get to the station? "

- “Go straight on for half a mile Then come to a garage, and take the first way.” (The subject "you" is implied.)

- Don’t move! (order)

- Please read this article (request)

- Don’t exercise when you re sick (advice)

- Be careful Don’t trip (warning)

- Work out with us tomorrow (invitation)

7) actions as they happen, for example in commentaries on radio or television, announcements, and in newspaper headlines for recent actions

Examples: Smith his that one off the back foot, and the ball goes

straight to the boundary(The speaker sees these actions as instant happenings in a moment.)

This park opens half an hour after sunrise and close half an hour before sunset

8) We can also use the present (instead of the past) to tell a

story, or actions in films, plays and books It makes the action seem more direct, as if happening now

Example: When Hamlet meets his father s ghost, he learns the truth about his uncle Claudius

9) planned future actions (a part of a fixed timetable, programs, etc., e.g for

public transport, cinemas)

Examples: The concert begins at 7:30 next Friday evening

We leave London at 10:00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13:00

10) conditional clauses, type 1

Examples: If he runs, he’ll get there m time

The cat will scratch you if you pull its tail.

11) time clauses

Examples: I’ll stay here until you get back…

When he arrives, he’ll tell us about the match

Examples: Claire is very sociable She knows (know) lots of people.

We've got plenty of chairs, thanks We don’t want (want) any more

1 My friend is finding life in Paris a bit difficult He _ (speak) French

2 Most students live quite close to the college, so they (walk) there

3 My sports kit is really muddy This shirt (need) a good wash

4 I've got four cats and two dogs I _(love) animals

5 No breakfast for Marks, thanks He (eat) breakfast

6 What's the matter? You (look) very happy

7 Don't try to ring the bell It _ (work)

8 I hate telephone answering machines I just _ (like) talking to them

9 Matthew is good at chess He _ (win) every game

10 We always travel by bus We _ (own) a car

Exercise 3: Read this advertisement for a martial arts school Complete

it using the affirmative or negative imperative forms of the verbs in the box.

become choose decrease increase learn

MARTIAL ARTS ACADEMY

Don’t think (1) that martial arts is only about physical training A good

martial arts program offers many other benefits as well _ (2) self-defense and more at the Martial Arts Academy:

_ (3) stress Martial arts helps you relax

_ (4) concentration Martial arts helps students focus better

_ (5) fit Strength and flexibility improve as you learn

We are offering an introductory trial membership _(6) this special opportunity _ (7) classes with Master Lozeno Gibbons, a ninth-level Black Belt Master _ (8) classes from over convenient schedule (9)! _ (10) now for a two-week trial Only $2O Uniform included

Exercise 4: Put in if or when with the present tense of a verb from the box.

be come not find grow up pass rain say not want

1 What are you going to be you _?

2 We won't play it _

3 I’ll try again I _ older

4 I'll be surprised she _ the exam

5 _ you _ your keys, you can use moin

6 I’ll hit you _ you that again

7 Pete will take the job Ann _it

8 We'll be happy the weekend _

COMUNICATION PRACTICE

Exercise 1: LISTENING

Listen to the family Who is hungry? Choose the correct answer

A the mother, the father, and the son

B the son, the daughter, and the dog

C the mother and the son

D the father, the daughter, and the dog

Student's Name: Paul Gerard

Teacher’s Name: Rosa Parker

Class: S-l

Mathematics A Physical ducation A

Teacher’s CommentsPaul loves school He studies hard He gets good grades in all subjects and all his homework on time He asks good questions He sometimes stays late after school and helps classmates with their assignments He teaches math very well? Paul always has a friendly smile, and he never complains We know he

often goes to museums and concerts because he shares his after- school experiences with the class It is a pleasure to be Paul's teacher!

Parents' CommentsPaul never cleans his room He doesn’t answer me if I ask him a question He likes junk food, and he doesn’t eat any fruits or vegetable He doesn’t talk much After school he comes home and just watches TV

1 Does Paul enjoy school?

2 Does Paul eat well?

3 Does Paul talk to his mother?

4 Does Paul get good grades?

Unit 2: PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

CONVERSATION

Hiroshi : Oh, thank goodness There's Paradise Cove at last

Julie : Oh, my back is killing me I have to rest again

Ellen : That backpack is very heavy Carlos, please carry Julie's pack

back to camp She's really having trouble

Carlos : Sure

Julie : Oh, thank you, Carlos Aren't you getting tired, too?

Carlos : Well, yes I am a little tired But we're getting close now

Ellen : Hey! Look at the campground! What's going on down there?Julie : Hiroshi's tent is falling down

Hiroshi : Oh, no! (He sits down on a big rock)

Ellen : Hiroshi, don't stop now We're almost there!

Hiroshi : These aren't my boots, and they're killing me Jim's feet are so

small I’m going barefoot the rest of the way

Carlos : Look at the river? There's a book floating away! It's Anita's

She's sleeping!

Julie : Oh, dear Let's hurry Everything is going wrong!

Source: Kirn, Elain and Jack, Darcy A Communicative Grammar Interactions One, 31nd ed(Singapore 1996)

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

FORMS

The present continuous is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb be and the –ing form of the verb

Examples: I am (not) really having trouble

He / she / it is not (isn’t) having trouble

You / we / they are / are not (aren’t) having trouble

Are you really having trouble? (Yes, I am /No, I’m not)

Is he / she / it having trouble ? (Yes, he/she/It is / No, he/she/It isn’t.)

Are you/we/they having trouble? (Yes, you/we/they are /No, you/we/they aren’t.) Why are you / they / we having trouble ?

Spelling rules for -ing Verbs:

- With most verbs, we add -ing to the verb and make no other changes

Build - buildingTry - trying

- With one-syllable verbs that have a short vowel sound, and end in a consonant, double the consonant and add -ing

Sit - sittingrun - runningHowever, do not double the last consonant in words that end in w, x, or y

sew - sewingfix - fixingstay - staying

- In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant, double the last consonant only if the last syllable is stressed

admit - admittingbut: visit - visiting

- If the vowel sound is long, we do not double the consonant

read - readingspeak - speaking

- If the verb ends in a silent -e, we delete the -e and add -ing

take - taking

drive - driving

- If a verb ends in -ie, change the -ie to -y before adding -ing

die - dyingtie - tying

USES and EXAMPLES

We often use the Present Continuous with these words: (right) now, at the (this) moment, at present, these days, nowadays, today, this week/month/year, this semester/quarter, always, forever, constantly, etc

There are 7 uses for this tense

1) an action that is actually going on at the moment of speaking

The Time expressions often used include now, right now, at the moment

Examples: "What are you doing?" - "Reading a newspaper

now "

I’m not wearing a coat as it isn’t cold

2) an action happening these days (in the extended present) but not necessarily at the moment of speaking

The time expressions used include today this week (month, year), these days, currently, nowadays

Examples: He is teaching French and learning Greek

He’s taking math this semester

3) a definite arrangement in the near future and is the most usual way of expressing one's immediate plans The time of the action must always be mentioned (a specially pre-arranged plan)

Example: I'm meeting Peter tonight He’s taking me to the theatre

4) with always or similar adverbs that mean all of the time such as constantly, forever, continually for a frequently repeated action, often one which annoys the speaker or seems unreasonable to him

Example : He s always buying cigarettes He smokes a lot – perhaps

20 cigarettes a day

5) a temporary or repeated action It depends on the way that you are thinking about the particular situation

Example: He usually drinks tea for breakfast, but today he’s

drinking coffee instead

Compare:

They spend a lot of money on improving their house

(permanent action)They are spending a lot of money on improving their house

(temporary action)6) for changing and developing situations

Examples: The climate is getting warmer

That child’s growing bigger every day

The universe is expanding, and has been since its beginning.7) for a continuous action at the same time as another action (We often use this tense after the word "while" )

Examples: While his brothers are helping the passenger on the boat

Mark just sits there and does nothing (Notice the comma)Mark just sits there and does nothing while his brothers are helping the passengers (no comma)

Note:

a Some verbs can be used in base forms and continuous forms with different meanings: taste.

smell, feel, look, think, have, weigh

Examples: I smell gas There must be a leak somewhere (I notice

gas.)Why are you smelling the fish? Has it gone bad?

What do you think of it? (opinion)

- "What are you thinking about? "

- "I’m thinking about the play we saw last night.”

I can’t open the door I’m having a bath

Don’t you feel the house shaking?

He feels/ is feeling much happier now (feel + adjectives of emotions or physical or mental condition can be used with simple present or present continuous tense.)

b Some stative verbs that express physical sensations (feel, hurt, ache, tingle, and itch) can be used with either the simple present or the present continuous, without changing the meaning

Examples: My foot hurts - My foot is hurting

I feel sick - I’m feeling sick

c Am being, is being, or are being plus adjective expresses a more temporary meaning than am, is, or are plus adjective

Example: Two mothers are describing their children:

- The kids are being so good today! I’m really surprised They don’t usually behave well in restaurants

- The kids are so good we can take them any where without worrying about their behaviors

We use am being, are being etc for actions and behaviors, but not feelings These examples with the verb “be” are about how people behave:

Examples: Mary is a very sociable person (permanent quality)

Mary is being very sociable today (temporary behavior)The children are quiet (They usually play quietly.)The children are being quiet (They are playing quietly now, which

is unusual.) You re being stupid (You are doing stupid things.)

I was being careful (I was doing something carefully.)

d Verbs of emotion: want, desire, refuse, forgive, wish, care, love, hate, adore, like, dislike, detest, object to, and so on are verbs without continuous forms

Example: He wishes luck (not: He is wishing luck.)

1. you _ (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight

2 - “ you _ (see) my car keys anywhere?”

- “No, I _ (look) for them, but I _ (not see) them

3 - " you (recognize) that man?"

- "I think that I have seen him before, but I (not remember) his name."

4 Look at that crowd! I wonder what they (wait) for

5 This message has just arrived, and the man (wait) in case you (want)

to send a reply

6 - "Stop! _ you _ (not see) the notice?"

- "I (see) it, but I can't read it because I _ (not wear) my glasses What _ it (say)?"

7 She (always, borrow) from me, and she (never, remember) to pay me back

8 I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July

9 He _ (never, listen) to what you say He _ (always, think) about something else

10 Jack _ (smoke) a lot In fact, whenever I _ (see) him, he (smoke)

11 John often _ (stay) in a hotel when he (come) to town, but tonight he (stay) with us

12 We (have) a party next Saturday Would you like to come?

13 My parents _ (live) in Bristol They were born there and have never lived anywhere else

14 -“ _ you _ (play) football tomorrow?”

- “Yes, but Tom (not play) He has hurt his leg.”

15 This story is about a boy who (make) friends with a snake which

he (find) in his garden Then he _ (go) away, but he (not forget) the snake and for years later he _ (return) and _ (look) for it He (find) the snake who (recognize) its old friend and _ (coil) him affectionately Unfortunately, the snake is by now a full-grown boa-constrictor, and its embrace _ (kill) the boy

Exercise 3: Read this conversation Put the verbs in parentheses in the present continuous or the simple present tense.

A: Hi, Ana Mm, something (smell) good! What's wrong?

B: Fish soup I (taste) see if it (need) more garlic

you (want) to try it?

A: Mmmm It _ (taste) good, but I (think) it needs salt.

B: OK I _ (think) about adding canned tomatoes too, even though it (not be) in the recipe

A: That (sound) like a good idea, but wait a minute

I (look) at the recipe, and it says you can add milk How about that? B: I _ (not know) if the milk - (be) fresh

A: I'll check Hmm I _ (smell) it, but I (not be) sure Let's add the tomatoes instead

B: OK I (love) cooking! The whole house (smell) great when you cook And it always puts me in a good mood

A: I (know) _ what you (mean) _ (feel) the same way

Exercise 4: Put the correct form of "have" into the following sentences.

1 Don't disturb him He a rest

2 It's difficult to learn a language when you (not) an opportunity of speaking it

3 Jack likes to keep fit, so he a swim every day

4 Come in We a debate

5 The farmers _ a lot of trouble with foxes at present

6 On the whole, women drivers (not) so many accidents as men drivers

7 – “Are you enjoying your self?”

- “Yes, I _ a wonderful time.”

8 He an operation next week

9 I _ my house painted That's why there is all this mess

10 My hair looks dreadful I think I _ it set tomorrow

Exercise 5: Put in the correct form of be.

1 Darren is doing some of the work He very helpful at the moment.

2 I _tired I want to go home

3 The children _ very polite today They don't usually behave so well

4 I'm afraid Smith can't come home because she ill

5 Of course you can understand it You stupid, that's all

6 We interested in doing the course here

7 Lucia _ very lazy at the moment She's done no work at all today

8 I _ better now, thanks

9 That man an idiot

10 You an idiot this morning

Examples: My father is always smoking a cigar

My next-door neighbour is constantly exaggerating

The teacher is always losing his temper

Exercise 3: Reading

Complete this magazine article with the correct form of the verbs from the box

Lenny Kramer is in a sports store He _ (1) flowers, but he isn't paying attention to the aroma very much because he _ (2) at a pair of running shoes They (3) a lot more than he usually (4), but Lenny really, really (5) those shoes He's the victim of “smart scents”, aromas that stores use to make customers buy more.

Unit 3 - PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT CONVERSATION

Estella: We haven't gone out in a month

Julie: I know There hasn't been a good movie in town for weeks

Kathleen: And I've been sitting by this phone for hours, but no one has called Estella: We've been living in this apartment since January and we haven't gotten to know our neighbors yet

Julie: How long has the lesbian couple next door been living here?

Kathleen: I don't know: The old couple upstairs has been here for years, but I haven't seen them since last week

Julie: I've heard the family with three kids every day for a month They've been playing a lot of music

Estella: Have the three guys in Apartment 2-G been here long?

Julie: Hmmm I think they've been around since April

Kathleen: I've got an idea! Let's have a party next weekend We'll invite all the neighbors

Source: Kirn, Elain and Jack, Darcy, A Communicative Grammar Interactions One 3nd ed (Singapore 1996)

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

The present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary have and the past participle

S + have / has (not) + past participle

Examples: I/you/ we/ they have taken / have not (haven’t) gone

out in a monthHe/she/it has taken / has not (hasn’t) gone out in a month

- Have I/you/we/they been here long?

- (Yes, I/you/they have / No, I/you/ we/ they haven t.)

- Has he/she/it been here long?

- ( Yes, he/she/it has / No, he/she/it hasn’t )

USES and EXAMPLES

This tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past It tells us about the pa8t and the present There are 10 uses for this tense

1) actions or situations that happened at an unspecified time in the past

(when you don’t know when something happened or when the specific time is not important)

Example: I have read the instructions, but I don’t understand them

2) repeated past actions at unspecified time

Examples: I’ve gone there five times

My sister has visited Spain many times

3) recently-completed actions This is not normally used in the negative

(used with just recently, or lately)

Examples: He has just gone out (= He went out a few minutes ago.)

4) an action that began in the past and has lasted up to the present time, and may continue in the future (used with for and since, ever, never, and

how long in questions)

Examples: He has been in the army for two years (He is still in the army)

He has smoked since he left school

- "Have you ever won an award?"

- "No, I've never won one."

- "How long have you been married?"

- "Oh, for about three years."

5) an action which began in the past and finishes at the moment of speaking It is chiefly used with the verb "be" and with negative verbs.

Examples: It has been very cold lately, but it s beginning to get warmer

This room hasn’t been cleaned for months (We are cleaning now.) I haven’t seen you for ages (but I see you now.)

6) an action that began in the past at an incomplete period of time

(used with today, and phrases with this, e.g this morning, this week, etc.) Examples: (at 11 a.m.) Tom has rung three times this morning

(at 2 p m.) Tom rang three times this morning

We've done quite a tot of work today

I haven’t watched any television programs so far this week

"Have you had a holiday this year? " - "No, not yet."

7) when we use the present perfect, we see things as happening in the past but have a result in the present.

Examples: It has rained (The ground is still wet.)

We've washed the dishes (They are clean now.)You’ve broken this watch (It isn’t working.)

8) present perfect tense is used in adverbial clauses of time referring to future The conjunctions commonly used to introduce time clauses are: when,

as soon as, before, after, until, once, by the time (that), the moment (that).Examples: I’ll leave as soon as the meeting has ended

We can go out when we have had dinner

9) after It’s / This is the first / the second time, we use the present perfect.

Examples: This is the first time we've been to Scotland, so it’s all new to us

I love this film I think it’s the fourth time I've seen it

10) the present perfect is often used to draw conclusions about recent actions based on present results.

Example: Result: The doorbell is ringing

Conclusion: I think the guests have (just) arrived

Note:

Study the difference between have/has gone and have/has been:

Examples: Ann is on holiday She has gone to Italy

(She is there now or she is on the way to Italy.)Tom is back in England now He has been to Italy

(He was there, but now he has come back The visit to Italy is over.)

FOCUSED PRACTICE

Exercise 1: Underline the present perfect verb phrases in the conversation in

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

Example: We haven't gone out in a month

Exercise 2: Read each numbered sentence Write T (True) or F (False) for

the statement that follows

1 I’ve recently joined the show.

T I am a new cast member

2 I have never been to Los Angeles

_ I went to Los Angeles ạ long time ago

3 I've just finished Jimmy's book

_ I finished it a little while ago

4 Have you ever seen this movie?

_ I want to know when you saw the movie

5 Arlene asks you, "Have you read any good books lately?"

_ Arlene wants to know about a book you read last year

6 She's visited New York several times

_ This is her first visit to New York

7 She has become very popular

_ She is popular now

Exercise 3: Some of the sentences are correct, and some have a word which

should not be there If the sentence is correct, put a tick () If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space

Examples: Suzan has lost her keys She can’t find them anywhere 

Kelly has hurt his hand, but it s OK now has

1 The directors arrived half an hour ago, but they didn't stay long _

2 It's raining, and Sony has left his umbrella behind, look

3 It's a long time since your friends have last visited us

4 None of you have called me for weeks Aren't we friends anymore?

5 We can play tennis now The others have finished

6 The company bought some land, but then it sold it

7 The computer isn't on now Someone has turned it off

8 Ted has posted the parcel It's on its way to you

9 Several car accidents have happened at this comer of the street

It has happened an hour ago

10 Sony has left He and Ted have left for lunch

Exercise 4: Complete the conversation Put in gone or been.

Linda: Hi Where's Lisa?

Mary: She's (1) to the supermarket to get something for a meal

Linda: But I've got some chicken for tonight I've just (2) to a supermarket on my way home, that new one near the university

Daisy: I haven't (3) to that one yet

Mary: Where's Henry? Isn't she there?

Linda: No, she's (4) to her aunt's She's be back tomorrow

COMMUNICATION PRACTICE

Exercise 1: LISTENING

Listen and complete the missing information

1 People _ to make clothing for centuries

2 The night is It's _ now The

3 I _, but I’d like to It

4 Our team is great They _so far this year

They a

5 Amy must be She to me all evening I wonder what _

6 must be He for two days We'd better call the _

7 Our teacher _ a lot of _since the beginning of the term

8 We put _in our _ every month We _, but we _ yet We'll .

9 for an entire night? I mean without a _, with nothing between _ and ?

10 My aunt _ whenever she goes out, but I _in my whole life

Exercise 2: SPEAKING

Work with a partner Use the present perfect and the adverbs in parentheses

to refuse the offers in the following conversations Then take turns practicing the conversations

1 A: Would you like to go out to lunch with us?

B: Thanks for the offer, but I’ve already eaten (already) Maybe another

time

2 A: Would you like to borrow this book after I finish it?

B: It's nice of you to offer, but _(already)

3 A: Would you like a ride home?

B: Thanks, but (already) He should be here in a few minutes:

4 A: Do you want to see Gone with the Wind with us?

B: Thanks, but _(already) It was great

5 A: Come over to my house I have a good video, and I'm making some popcom

You’ve studied enough already

B: Thanks, but _ (still)

Ursula: This is a nice restaurant _ you the steak?(1)

Jimmy: No, but I _(2) the spaghetti I always have that Actually I (3) eating meat It's not that I love animals I just hate plants you ever really _ (4) to a plant? They have absolutely nothing

to say

Ursula: Right So, you ever _ (5) to live outside of New York? Jimmy: Outside of New York? Where's that? But seriously, I _ never (6)

to try another place I love it here

Ursula: But you ever _ (7) to a different city?

Jimmy: No Why should I do that? You like it here too, right?

Ursula: It's OK, but I (8) to other places too It's a big world?

Jimmy: I like it right here Say, you _ (9) plans for tomorrow night? How about dinner? Same time, same place

Exercise 4: Editing

Find and correct the mistakes in the use of the present perfect: There are 6 mistakes in the following note from Gisela to Helmut The first mistake has already been corrected

Dear Helmut

goneI’m in a hurry I haven’t went shopping a/ready, but I’ll do it on the way home Rita have already had dinner and she’s already had her bath Have you call

Mr Jacobson yet He’s called already three times today His daughter has gotten her flu shot yet Is it too late? See you later

Gisela

Unit 4 - PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

A group of friends are in a noisy restaurant

Carlos : Nicolas, I'm glad we have this chance to talk What have you

been doing all semester~

Sally : I don't think he heard you

Carlos : (shouting) Nicolas! It's great to see you again! What's been

happening with you? Nicolas : (shouting) I've been studying in the library a lot this semester I'm still working on my thesis

Carlos : How long have you been doing this?

Nicolas : What? I can't hear you

Sally : The band has been playing for a long time, hasn't it? When are

they going to take a break?

Dean : What did you say? Is something going to break? I didn't hear

you I've been listening to the band

Carlos : (shouting) Nicolas, how long have you been writing your thesis

so far? Nicolas : Writing? Oh, I've been' writing for years In fact, I've been working on a new book since last month

Dean : What did you say? Do you have a job? Where have you been

working? Nicolas : No, I Carlos : We've been waiting for service for over a half-hour, haven't we?

What has the waiter been doing all evening?

Sally : What? What have I been doing? Well, I've been

Carlos : No, I said The waiter hasn't been paying attention to us

Dean : I don't understand Who's been paying? For what?

Carlos : I’ve been complaining about the waiter

Nicolas : What did you say?

Sally : What was that?

Dean : I’m sorry I can't hear you

Source: Kirn Elain and Jack Darcy A Communicative Grammar Interactions One 3n/ ed (Singapore 1996)

GRAMAR PRESENTATION

FORMS

Statements: S + has/have (not) been + V -ing

Example: The band has been playing for a long time

Yes / No questions: Have / Has + Subject + been + Verb-ing? Example: Have you been studying in the library a lot this semester? Wh- questions:

Wh-word + have / has + subject + been + Verb-ing?

Example: What have you been doing all semester?

USES and EXAMPLES

There are 4 uses for this tense

1) an uninterrupted action which developed in the past and has still continued to the moment of speaking.

Examples: I’ve been waiting for an hour, and he still hasn’t turned up

Go out and get some fresh air! You’ve been sitting there reading all morning

Remember! Stative verbs are usually not used m the continuous form

2) an uninterrupted action which began in the past, and has only just finished, and which has a present result We are interested in the action

itself, not the result of the action If the result of the action is emphasized, we use the present perfect tense Examples: I’m sorry I’m late Have you been waiting long?

Ann’s clothes are covered in paint She has been painting the ceiling.

He has been digging; that s why he has got such a stiff back.(The action is emphasized.)

Compare: He has dug the potato patch, so we can plant the

potatoes tomorrow

(The result of the action is emphasized.)(With the first and the second usage, verbs which can be used by either the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense including expect, feel, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, rest, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, wear, work to emphasize the length

Examples: He has lived here for six weeks

He has been living here for six weeks

3) an emphasis on the duration of an action that happened before the time of speaking and is now not taking place The present perfect continuous is open used to draw conclusions about recent actions, based on present results.

Example: Look at the mess my paper s in! Who s been reading it? (Although the activity of reading has now finished the speaker does not suggest that someone has read the whole paper (Who has read my paper?) but simply that someone has been engaged in the process of reading it for a limited period in earlier time.)

4) a repeated action in the present perfect tense which can sometimes

be expressed as a continuous action.

Examples: I’ve been knocking I don’t think anybody s in

I’ve been writing 1etters since breakfast Now I’ll have something else to do

a The present perfect continuous expresses an action which is apparently uninterrupted, we do not use it when we mention the number of times a thing has been done or the number of things that have been done

Examples: I've knocked 5 times I don’t think anybody s in

I’ve written 6 letters since breakfast

b We use the present perfect simple if we are talking about a completed action, particularly if we give details of how much or how many We use the present perfect continuous when something is still going on

Examples: I’ve written a report for Janet (It is finished.)

I’ve been writing a report for Janet (I am still writing it.)The present perfect continuous tense is not normally used in the passive

FOCUSED PRACTICE

Exercise 1: Underline the present perfect continuous tense verb used in the

conversation in GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

Exercise 2: Read each numbered sentence Write T (True) or F (False) for

the statement that follows

1 Professor Owen has been reading a book about elephants

She finished the book

2 She's read a book about elephants

She finished the book

3 She's written a magazine article about the rain forest

She finished the article

4 She's been waiting for the supplies

She received the supplies

5 They've lived in Uganda since 1992

They still live in Uganda.

6 Gina has been collecting stamps since high school

Gina still collects stamps

7 Enrico has been writing an article about toys

The article isn't finished yet

8 They've been selling a lot of Pokeumon toys

The Pokémon fad is finished

9 Enrico looked out of the window and said, "It's been raining."

It’s possible that it stopped raining a little while ago

10 It’s been raining since 6:00

It stopped raining a little while ago

Exercise 3: Read these conversations and put in the correct forms of the verbs Use the present perfect continuous or present perfect.

1 Sarah: I feel really tired

Mark: It’s because you _ (do) too much

Sarah: Well, at least I _ (finish) that report now, and I can relax

2 David: Someone _ (leave) the ladder outside, look

Harriet: I expect that's Tommy He _ (clean) the windows I don't think he _ (finish) it yet

3 Laura: You’ve got mud on your shoes

Trevor: It’s all right I'll take them off I - (work) in the garden

Laura: Yes, it looks a lot tidier Well done You (do) a good job

4 Tom: I (hear) that you and Hank are building a garage

How long you - (do) that?

5 Mike: Oh, for about a month now We (do) about half of it

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences with the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense of the verbs in brackets Use the short forms of the auxiliary verbs where possible In some cases, either tense could be used.

1 Look! Somebody (break) that window

2 He (sleep) since 10 o'clock It's time he woke up

3 I only (hear) from him twice since he went away

4 I (work) for him for 10 years, and he never once (say) “Good morning” to me

5 "Why _ you _ (be) so long in the garage?" - "The tyres were

flat; I _ (pump) them up."

6 I (write) the letter, so perhaps you would post it for me

7 I _(read) the book you gave me, but I _ (not finish) it yet

8 What you (do) for the last half hour?"

- I _ (sit) here working at this problem."

9 – “How _ you _(keep)?”

- "Well, I hope."

10 Hello! I _ (clean) the windows So far (clean) five of them, and there are two more to do

11 You look very upset What (happen)?

12 There's a strange smell in here _ you _ (cook) something?

13 I'd better not drive I already _ (drink) a 1ot

14 My brother is an actor He _ (appear) in several films

15 The meat must be nearly ready It (cook) for nearly an hour

16 _ you (not finish) that book yet? You _ (read) it for more than a week

17 I wonder if Tom _ (forget) my number I (expect) him to call for the past two hours.

18 "How long _ you _ (know) the truth?" - "I _(only just, find out), but I (find out) a lot of other things just recently."

19 If he _ (ask) me that question once, he _ (ask) me a dozen times

20 The Congress (create) a new study group to discuss the problem of endangered animals The group (already meet) twice this year

Exercise 5: Put the correct forms of the verbs.

Dear Eileen,

Hope things are OK with you The doctor (come) yesterday He _ (not like) my cough I (lie) in bed looking at the ceiling since Tuesday, and I can tell you I’m fed up with it I _ (never be) ill like this before- don’t knows what happening to me And the weather’s terrible It (rain) all day, and I can’t ever have a cup of tea to cheer myself up, because the milkman (not come) this morning Don’t know why-I’m sure I _(pay) his bill

Alice _ (get) married last week, so now all Mary’s kids (leave) home She won’t know what to do with herself, will she?

Lucy Watson (move) to Doncaster Since Fred _ (die) she (be) all alone It (be) a heart attack, apparently I’m sorry she (go) –

we _ (be) neighbours for over thirty years, and she _ (always, be) friendly and ready to help out

Amy _ (leave) My cleaning lady, you remember” I’m glad She _ (not be) much use, and I _ (not trust) her since she _ (break) all those plates and (say) it (be) the cat

There (not be) much change in the village Some new people _ (talk) over the shop They seems quite nice Hope they’re more efficient than old Joe.

No more news Write when you’ve got time

Love,Emma

COMMUNICATION PRATICE

Exercise 1: LISTENING

Listen to a woman talking on the phone She has been trying to get some information for a long time What does she want to know? Choose the correct answer

A Susan's weight

B Susan's birthday

C Susan's telephone number

B Susan's present job

Exercise 2: SPEAKING

Work with a partner Reorder the words in each group to make a question in the present perfect continuous Make sure you use every word Then take turns asking and answering the questions Respond to

each question and ask What about you?

Example: (you/ how/ been/ have/ lately/ feeling)

A: How have you been feeling lately?

B: I've been feeling fine What about you?

A: I’ve been feeling great

1 (who/ you/ writing to/ have/ lately/ been)

2 (lately/ sleeping/ you/ well/ have/ been)