Acknowledgments “Today is Very Boring” from THE NEW KID ON THE BLOCK by Jack Prelutsky Text Copyright © 1984 by Jack Prelutsky Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc “The Family Car” by Tom Absher from PEELING THE ONION, An Anthology of Poems selected by Ruth Gordon, published by A Charlotte Zolotow book, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers Copyright © 1993 Original copyright © 1985 by Monitor Book Company Reprinted by permission of Monitor Book Company “Instructions for Earth’s Dishwasher” by Lisa Westberg Peters from EARTHSHAKE, POEMS FROM THE GROUND UP Copyright © 2003 published by Greenwillow Books, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc “Eletelephony” from TARRA LIRA by Laura E Richards Copyright © 1930, 1932 by Laura Richards; copyright © renewed 1960 by Hamilton Richards Reprinted by permission of Little Brown and Company “Roller Coaster” from THE KITE THAT BRAVED OLD ORCHARD BEACH by X.J Kennedy Reprinted with the permission of Simon and Schuster Children’s Publishing Division “No More Water” from THE ALIENS HAVE LANDED AT OUR SCHOOL! Text copyright © by Kenn Nesbitt published by Meadowbrook Press Used by permission Photography Credits Book Cover: (c) John Lund/Sam Diephuis/Blend Images; (tr) Corbis/Premium RF/Alamy Contributor © Time Inc All rights reserved Versions of some articles in this edition of TIME For Kids originally appeared in TIME For Kids or timeforkids.com B Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121 Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning Printed in The United States of America ISBN: 978-0-02-207795-2 MHID: 0-02-207795-2 10 WEB 13 12 11 10 09 Contents Issue Main Idea and Details • Prefixes • Bar Graphs (c) Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; (tr) Farjana K Godhuly/AFP/Getty Images Dollars and Sense Small Loans Make a Big Difference Class Safari Temperatures of Cities in Kenya CHARTS 12 A journey to Africa teaches kids about this fascinating nation A3TFK_TXNA_I1FP_RD11.indd 1/20/09 12:28:12 PM Issue Cause and Effect • Unknown Words • Maps Making Maps Green Machine! (c) AFP/Getty Images; (tr) Geography and Map Division/Library of Congress A free laptop is changing the way kids around the world learn A3TFK_TXNA_I2FP_RD11.indd 13 Two Maps: One New, One Old 14 Learning with Laptops 16 All-American Tall Tales MAPS 20 1/23/09 1:29:30 PM Issue Main Idea and Details • Synonyms • Photos and Captions (c) Detlev van Ravenswaay/Photo Researchers; (tr) Global Image Express/Li Jiangsong/Newscom Light Building Scientists learn new facts about the sun A3TFK_TXNA_I3FP_RD11.indd 21 1/20/09 12:29:57 PM Sunlight and Shadow 22 Great Ball of Fire 24 Today Is Very Boring POETRY 28 Issue Compare and Contrast • Context Clues • Skimming and Scanning (c) Michel Setboun/Corbis; (tr) Marissa Roth/The New York Times/Redux A Rich Legacy Lady Liberty The Statue of Liberty welcomes visitors and immigrants to America A3TFK_TXNA_I4FP_RD11.indd 29 1/20/09 12:31:59 PM A Lifetime of Treasures 30 Open Liberty! 32 Let’s Celebrate! TABLES 36 Issue Make and Confirm Predictions • Suffixes • Charts (c) Tony Dejak/AP Images; (tr) Kyodo News/Newscom Cars Are “Celling” New roller coasters are bigger, faster, and scarier than ever A3TFK_TXNA_I5FP_RD11.indd 37 1/20/09 12:32:45 PM The Car of the Future? 38 Wild Rides 40 The Family Car POETRY 44 Issue Sequence • Compound Words • Maps Great Gulf Coast (c) Lana Slivar/Reuters/Corbis; (tr) George H.H Huey/Corbis Life on the Gulf 46 Building a Tsunami Warning System 48 Instructions for Earth’s Dishwasher POETRY 52 A tsunami warning system may save lives A3TFK_TXNA_I6FP_RD11.indd 45 1/23/09 1:32:16 PM Issue Draw Conclusions • Context Clues • Graphs (c) Ariel Skelley/Getty Images; (tr) Gates Foundation/Corbis Gates Is Generous Legacy of Dreams 54 A Helping Hand 56 Top U.S Foundations GRAPHS 60 Businesses help people make their dreams come true A3TFK_TXNA_I7FP_RD11.indd 53 1/23/09 1:33:03 PM Issue (c) Bowers Museum of Cultural Art/Corbis; (tr) The Granger Collection Friends of Freedom Inside the United States are hundreds of independent nations A3TFK_TXNA_I8FP_RD11.indd 61 1/23/09 2:04:11 PM Main Idea and Details • Context Clues • Time Lines Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass 62 American Indian Nations 64 Mary Youngblood TIME LINES 68 Author’s Purpose • Context Clues • Maps Mysterious Pyramids! This Flower Stinks 70 Secret at the Heart of a Pyramid 72 Eletelephony POETRY 76 (c) Scott Barbour/Getty Images; (tr) Michael T Sedam/Corbis Not all flowers are sweet Take a whiff of the world’s smelliest bloom A3TFK_TXNA_I9FP_RD11.indd 69 1/26/09 12:02:55 PM Issue 10 Author’s Purpose • Context Clues • Photos and Captions (c) Koji Sasahara/Wide World Photos/AP Images; (tr) LEGO Teen EMTs Prince Hisahito could one day become Emperor of Japan A3TFK_TXNA_I10FP_RD11.indd 77 1/28/09 11:40:45 AM Teens to the Rescue! 78 Long Live the Emperor! 80 Mighty Monarchs MAPS 84 Issue 11 Draw Conclusions • Context Clues • Diagrams (c) Sylvain Cazenave/Corbis; (tr) Tom Hanson/Wide World Photos/AP Images Kids Give a Hand Freedom Fighter 86 Surf’s Up! 88 Roller Coaster POETRY 92 R ide t h e Wave Learn about the science behind surfing It may keep you afloat! A3TFK_TXNA_I11FP_RD11.indd 85 1/23/09 2:05:55 PM Issue 12 Author’s Purpose • Context Clues • Time Lines The Final Frontier (c) NASA; (tr) Bettmann/Corbis R ide t h e Issue Where No People Had Gone Before 94 Mysterious Mars 96 How Spirit Landed DIAGRAMS 100 All Eyes on Mars NASA spacecraft are giving us the closest looks ever of the Red Planet A3TFK_TXNA_I12FP_RD11.indd 93 1/30/09 9:22:40 AM Issue 13 Cause and Effect • Context Clues • Charts Water Troubles Water Troubles 102 Kaboom! Volcanoes Are a Threat 104 No More Water POETRY 108 (c) Jim Sugar/Corbis; (tr) Rao Guojun/China Foto/Getty Images Kilauea volcano in Hawaii has been erupting almost nonstop since 1983 New tools are helping to predict when volcanoes will blow A3TFK_TXNA_I13FP_RD11.indd 101 1/30/09 9:23:18 AM Issue 14 Sequence • Context Clues • Maps (c) Chris Nash/Getty Images; (tr) Osvaldo Stigliano/Wide World Photos/AP Images Inca Mummies Welcome to India 110 Faces From the Past .112 The Inca Empire MAPS 116 Big Country! Explore the success and challenges of the world’s largest democracy A3TFK_TXNA_I14FP_RD11.indd 109 1/30/09 3:49:32 PM Issue 15 Cause and Effect • Homophones • Diagrams Dead Zones Trouble in the Ocean .118 One Giant Squid! 120 How Diamonds Form DIAGRAMS 124 (c) Franck Robichon/EPA/Corbis; (tr) Robert Simmon/NASA Tsunemi Kubodera takes the first photos of the ocean giants A3TFK_TXNA_I15FP_RD11.indd 117 1/30/09 1:00:47 PM (c) Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; (tr) Farjana K Godhuly/AFP/Getty Images Dollars and Sense A journey to Africa teaches kids about this fascinating nation Farjana K Godhuly/A FP/Getty Images Muhammad Yunus won the Nobel Peace Prize Microcredit offers a chance to succeed by Lorin Driggs M uhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank help bring millions of people out of poverty Yunus is from Bangladesh He founded the Grameen Bank to help his community Yunus wanted to give the poor the power to change their lives for the better Small Loans, Big Gains Since Muhammad Yunus founded Grameen Bank in 1983, the bank’s size and impact in Bangladesh have grown This graph tells the story Loans Help Poor Escape Poverty In 1983, Yunus founded Grameen Bank It loans small amounts of money to people to start businesses These loans are called “microcredit.” They are given to people who are unable to get loans from regular banks Most microcredit loans are very small, around $130 Most of the borrowers are women This is odd because women not usually have jobs or run businesses in Bangladesh Then and Now at Grameen e a d oBank at G a ee Percentage of borrowers that are female In 1983 46 97 Now 1,249 Number of villages served 83,178 86 Number of bank branches 2,530 6• Key a Time For Kids 100 500 1,000 2,500 5,000 10,000 30,000 60,000 90,000 Yunus’s idea caught on Microcredit is now available in more than 100 countries, including the United States With their microcredit loans, millions of people have brought themselves and their families out of poverty One woman in Bangladesh borrowed $120 to buy a cow A year later she had repaid the loan and bought chickens Nine years later she moved from a shack to a brick house and owned land In the United States, a microcredit loan of $2,500 helped an unemployed woman to open a day-care center Yunus didn’t stop with the Grameen Bank He started a company to provide cell phone service in rural areas Another business makes solar panels in areas where there is no electricity Yunus has also started a food company and an eye hospital Nicholas Pitt/Getty Images In Bangladesh microcredit is helping some people start strong businesses These Bangladeshi women are receiving loans from the Grameen Bank Since the Grameen Bank began, it has lent over $5.72 billion In 2006, Yunus won the Nobel Peace Prize, one of the biggest honors in the world Microcredit loans may be small, but their impact on the world is very big Philippe Lissac/Godong/Corbis Issue •7 Class Safari A teacher from Kenya takes his American students back home Danuta Otfinowski I ↑ “I feel like teachers are role models t’s an early wake-up call for C.J Queenan It’s 5:00 A.M.! C.J doesn’t get up that early at home in Virginia Well, maybe to eat breakfast once in a while but never to herd cows! But C.J isn’t at home He is in Africa, on the plains of Kenya He is visiting the Masai people He is helping them with their cattle C.J even carries a spear to keep the lions away 8• Time For Kids Just like the elders in my village,” says Joseph Lekuton He is wearing Masai clothes and is surrounded by his students Yes, it’s a tough job for a 14year-old from Virginia, but C.J sticks it out He wants to keep up with the Masai tribesmen “The Masai can’t call people on cell phones to rescue them when they get tired,” C.J says Welcome to India Lindsay Hebberd/Corbis Some Indian women wear a silk garment called a sari India has about three times more people than the United States These are the five largest cities in India KEY = capital Delhi Kolkata (Calcutta) INDIA Mumbai (Bombay) N E Chennai Indian Ocean 110 • Time For Kids S Jean Wisenbaugh W ndia is colorful festivals and crowded outdoor markets It is the cold Himalaya Mountains and the hot Thar Desert India has large and modern cities It also has ancient villages In India it is easy to see the old and the new side by side India is also a big country— and not just in size It has more than one billion people India has over 20 official languages Its people have many cultures and religions India’s Largest Cities Bangalore I Indian civilization dates back to 2500 B.C Empires rose and fell for thousands of years Then Europeans reached India in the late 1400s They wanted to trade for spices and silk The British took control of India in the late 1700s In the 1800s, Indians fought against British rule Mohandas Gandhi led a peaceful rebellion in the early 1900s India finally won its independence in 1947 Today, India is one of the world’s most important nations It is also one of the poorest This south Asian nation has many resources However, many Indians not benefit from them The rich and the middle class live well The poor not get good health care or education Many kids have to earn money for their families So they cannot go to school India also has pollution Clean water is scarce Thick clouds of smog hang over most big cities Many kids have asthma because of the dirty air Nowadays, Indians are fighting the problem New cars must have devices to control pollution Old buses and trucks cannot use the streets if they pour smoke into the air Even with its problems, India is powerful Many cities are centers of technology India’s leaders hope the future will be brighter They are counting on young Indians to find ways to make life better Massimo Borchi/Atlantide A Land of Extremes ↑ The Taj Mahal is one of the world’s most beautiful buildings However, pollution is staining its white marble Steve Raymer/Corbis ↑ This busy street is in Bangalore It is the third largest city in India Issue 14 • 111 Johan Reinhard/NewsCom Johan Reinhard examines bundled mummies at the 22,000-foot-high site J ohan Reinhard spent years looking for ancient ruins in South America As a result of his search, in 1995 he found the 500-year-old mummy of an Inca girl The mummy was called the “Ice Maiden.” A few years later, Reinhard made another discovery He found three frozen mummies on Argentina’s Mount Llullaillaco (yew•yeye•YAH•koh) They were found more than 20,000 feet high on the tall mountain The mummies were children between and 15 years old There were two boys and a girl 112 • Time For Kids Reaching the mummies was not easy Workers had to remove five feet of earth to dig the mummies out The hole was very narrow So a worker had to be lowered into it by his ankles to lift out a mummy! Still, the mummies were in great condition They were the best preserved bodies ever found from the Inca civilization Scientists think the children were an offering to the Inca gods The mummies were wrapped in beautiful fabrics Pottery and statues made of gold, silver, and shell were around them ↑ This child was to 15 years old when sacrificed to the Inca gods Reuters/Courtesy El Tribuno-Walter Echazu “Almost all of the statues are in a state of perfect preservation, including lids on the pottery and even food offerings of meat jerky,” said Reinhard Osvaldo Stigliano/Wide World Photos/AP Images Frozen in Time The Inca maiden on display at a museum in Salta, Argentina → Issue 14 • 113 Rob Schuster Physical Map of Argentina Other Inca mummies were found before this They were frozen by the cold, dry weather high in the Andes mountains But those mummies had dried out before they froze So they did not have any soft tissue or blood The three mummies found by Reinhard were different They froze before they dried out As a result, they still have blood frozen in their hearts and lungs Now scientists can study the blood and organs They can learn more about the health, diet, and lives of the ancient Incas The mummies are like clues to a puzzle What secrets of the Incas have been buried for 500 years? The scientists can’t wait to find out Incredible Incas ↑ Mummies were located on Mount Llullaillaco in the province of Salta, Argentina 114 • Time For Kids The Incas were an Indian group in South America They ruled in the Andes mountains about 500 years ago The empire of the Incas was one of the richest in the Americas It was also one of the largest It stretched 2,300 miles along the Pacific coast The Granger Collection, New York Most of the Incas were farmers But they were also skilled builders and craftsmen The Incas built many roads to connect the parts of their empire They also made beautiful objects from gold and silver The Inca empire lasted about 100 years The Spanish overthrew it in the early 1500s They were searching for treasure They wanted the gold and silver of the Incas So the Spanish killed Inca leaders and took over their lands The Incas did not have a written language But they spoke a language called Quechua Today some Indians of the Andes mountains still speak Quechua ↑ This drawing shows the first meeting of Pizarro and Atahuallpa, the last Inca king The Granger Collection, New York ← The Inca empire ruled ten million people Many of them were forced to make public buildings Issue 14 • 115 The Inca Empire At its peak the IInca nca e empire mpire was the largest na nation ation in the world retched down the coast of South h world IItt str stretched America from present-day Colombia to Chile This map shows the land held by the Incas from 1438 to 1525 Colombia Quito Ecuador ador Brazil Peru Lima La Paz Key Inca Empire Modern Capitals Bolivia Chile scale N Argentina Santiago Elizabeth Wolf 116 Dead Zones (c) Franck Robichon/EPA/Corbis; (tr) Robert Simmon/NASA Tsunemi Kubodera takes the first photos of the ocean giants Trouble in the Ocean What’s causing “dead zones” in oceans around the world? Robert Simmon/NASA T he world’s oceans are filled with life But it’s land-living human beings who are creating “dead zones” in coastal waters Over the past 40 years, dead zones have appeared in almost 150 places around the globe Some are small, and some are vast The dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico is as big as the state of New Jersey! No animals live in these areas There are no fish, no turtles, no crabs The reason is that the water below the surface has no oxygen in it Without oxygen, fish and other sea creatures die Too Much of a Good Thing We know what causes dead The light colors show the dead zone zones—chemical fertilizers used on farms and lawns The fertilizer helps plants and grass grow But in the ocean, fertilizer is deadly 118 • Time For Kids When it rains, fertilizer chemicals wash into rivers Rivers flow into an ocean The chemicals are dumped there Robert Brook/Photo Researchers In the ocean the fertilizer causes tiny plants called algae to grow rapidly Soon the surface of the ocean is covered with algae for hundreds of miles When ↑ Green algae on the ocean surface the algae die, they sink to the bottom There, bacteria eat them The bacteria use up all the oxygen in the water Once the oxygen is gone, nothing can live Saving the Ocean Governments around the world are trying to stop dead zones from forming One solution is to plant trees and grass next to rivers The plants will soak up fertilizer before it reaches the ocean Another important solution is to use less or stop using chemical fertilizers altogether Rob Schuster Rain washes fertilizer into river The river flows the runoff (fertilizer) into the ocean The fertilizer causes algae to grow, covering hundreds of miles of ocean The algae dies off and sinks to the bottom, bacteria eat the algae and use up all the oxygen in the water Issue 15 • 119 William West/AFP/Getty Images One GIANT Squid! Scientists now have photos of one of the world’s most mysterious creatures By Jill Egan Reuters/Corbis M any strange creatures lurk deep in the ocean One of the most mysterious is the giant squid Some had been caught in fishing nets or found washed up onshore No one had ever seen a giant squid alive up close—or had even gotten a picture of one That all changed a few years ago Researchers got the first pictures of a giant squid alive and swimming in the deep ocean This giant squid, found in New Zealand, was over 20 feet long! → 120 • Time For Kids ← Scientist Tsunemi Kubodera points to a giant squid It is on display at the National Science Museum in Tokyo, Japan Oshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images Tracking the Giant Squid Scientists didn’t know just where to look for the squid It lives in the ocean, about 660 to 2,300 feet deep Then the scientists had a bright idea They knew sperm whales like nothing better than a tasty squid dinner Why not follow the whales? Scientists, led by Tsunemi Kubodera, followed some sperm whales off the coast of Japan Their idea turned out to be correct Just as they thought, the whales led them to a giant squid Thomas Gagliano • GIANT SQUIDS are invertebrates, or animals without backbones They are the largest invertebrates on Earth • GIANT SQUIDS can grow to be 59 feet long! • GIANT SQUIDS (and colossal squids) have the largest eyes of any animal—about 10 inches across • GIANT SQUIDS have eight arms and two tentacles The tentacles bring food to their mouths • GIANT SQUIDS are hard for scientists to study because they live in deep, very dark parts of the ocean Issue 15 • 121 This photo shows the giant squid attacking the bait → National Science Museum/Wide World Photos/AP Images The squid wasn’t going to come to the scientists So they used a baited fishing line to draw it in The bait was a single small squid and chopped up shrimp Scientists dropped a remote-control camera into the ocean Then they used the bait to attract the squid The trick worked As the squid went after the bait, the scientists snapped hundreds of pictures Eventually the squid swam away When the scientists raised the fishing line, they discovered something amazing The squid had left a piece of itself “It went after some bait that we had on the end of the camera and became stuck, and left behind a tentacle,” said Kyoichi Mori, a researcher The tentacle was about 18 feet long It helped scientists learn more about the giant squid Thanks to Kubodera and his team of scientists, the giant squid is a little less mysterious 122 • Time For Kids Getting to Know a Giant Scientists are learning more and more about the giant squid They study the bodies of dead squid as well as photographs of living ones For example, scientists have learned that the giant squid’s tentacles have suction cups lined with sharp rings These rings help the squid attach to its prey They also can protect the squid—causing large scars on their main predators, sperm whales Mantle Funnel Tentacles Head Arms Mike Maydak Issue 15 • 123 How Diamonds Form Diamonds are rare and hard to find They form deep inside Earth The process takes thousands and thousands of years Pressure and heat deep inside Earth turn carbon into diamonds Magma carries diamonds ttoward the surface, sometimes in volcanoes 100 miles Magma Diamond 124 Argosy P Pipes of rock rich in diamonds are lleft behind Diamond mines grow around these deposits Erosion E can wear away the rock that holds h diamond deposits Pieces of diamond break away Water can carry the pieces of diamond to other places, such as riverbeds or beaches ... RF/Alamy Contributor © Time Inc All rights reserved Versions of some articles in this edition of TIME For Kids originally appeared in TIME For Kids or timeforkids.com B Published by Macmillan/ McGraw-Hill,... 110 Faces From the Past .112 The Inca Empire MAPS 116 Big Country! Explore the success and challenges of the world’s largest democracy A3TFK_TXNA_I14FP_RD11.indd 109 1 /30 /09 3: 49 :32 ... Foundations GRAPHS 60 Businesses help people make their dreams come true A3TFK_TXNA_I7FP_RD11.indd 53 1/ 23/ 09 1 :33 : 03 PM Issue (c) Bowers Museum of Cultural Art/Corbis; (tr) The Granger Collection