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S PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI TOÁN HÓA (GV: Trương Châu Thành-Trường THPT Chuyên TG)  A-GIẢI NHANH BÀI TOÁN TRẮC NGHIỆM 1/    →     →  ↑  !→   !    VD1: "#$%&'()*   + #,#-./01234562789::;!00<     :#%-= >?8!';?8@A4..B"4."00<! 8C8    D:#:9D   E  D:#%     D   :#%:#:9;"! ;;?8D;"F8.G;H.""F8.I;?4F8.D#$%G:#:9=%J:#:9=KJDJ#$%4; VD2: "$&'(LM.N8;!O48-2)*./01P.27800< !.QR."/. 49#J!8.  S5N.=>?8!';?8.B"4."00<! 8C8  D:#9E !D !D:#9=D:#9=;;?8D$:#9=+9#9D9#T94; VD3 "%%4;&'(N8;!"B8.4"."." !0.QRU$#KJ!V.NV ."/.4H5NI200W#XB00W.YN?8!'&'(;?8N4.5'! H4;I 8C8   D:#E !D !   D:#=D:#$= ;;?8DN!N8;!"B8N!8" !  D%%:#$=+9#+D+K#4; 2/ Axít + Ocid bazơ ( kể cả ocid bazơ không tan) VD1)*   + →4;"!  ZC[00< ! )* F  R →L;"! 8C8   D+4LR→    →   J4RL←+4RL VD2".4#;M."F8.@\.23456K:;!00 !%-= X.[64"F8.@\.U8.]! 8C8O8 Z"F8.@\.!)*FR→4;"!  !D:#:K;"!     →   :#:K:#:9;"!   D4RD:#:9H%I 9J4%JR4D#HI F4D:#:+→FRD+→ Z!)*   + VD 3: ";4;&'(^;)*#)*   + #2)* +   2"00 !5_(C[FCR4 "."5'00= 84.(`La4=  Z`%XB.5'; % ;?8N4= Z`@1NV!"2"5P0^8;U8XB.Y.5';  ;?8N4= b8P.;  G; % D:#T%4;2."&'(5`.c!d;"!8e4)*2)*   + !%%=;U 8/.<"@45Rf =#TJ4; b=K#$4; =K#$$4; =9#J4; % m muối = m Kim Loại + m gốc axít m M 2H + + O 2- → H 2 O S 8C8".c!d;"!8e4)*2)*   + !%%]"8"F8.R!)* +   = )* +   $ !→)* !  )* ! +    Z%^;;?8UN!!; % 4; Z^;%;?8UN!!;  4;)* !   !  →)* ! + 2a a ;  G; % D4=T%D:#T% →4D:#:%→;D=4=+DK#$4; 3/ Axít + Bazơ ( kể cả bazơ không tan)  VD 1  0<    (C[278g'()*HI + 4;"!#!HI + L;"!# HI  ;"!    D+4+LD    VD 2  >8.X h !i+::;!008 h X j ; !:#-24 j     :#%-2 k 8::;! 008 h bX j ;4:#-24 j b4HI  :#%-.l j .5 h 008 h =08 h  " k  =(DT b=(mT =(ET =Tm(m%: 8C8  D:#+=:#:#+=:=%=D:#%;"!   D:#=:#:#=:#=D:#%J;"!   0D:#:→(ET VD3_.n400<[4:#%;"!42:#%9;"!b4HI  `L4"8] !V.00<&'([4 !:#%-2    :#:9-f =%!V. b=!V. =+!V.=!V. 8C8  D:#%:#%9=D:#   DH:#%:#:9=I=D:#D:#→D!V. 4/ Axít + Kim Loại → Muối và giải phóng khí H 2  4→→o   -→→   !→+→+p  VD1: "$=+&'(!#)*./01P.27800< !=4(C[N?8 !' !.q.];T=$=>?8!';&8;?8.B"4."00<2N!;&8N8; !"B8." 8C8  DH$#+T#$ID:#9 +p4LD:#9 T49JLD$#+E4DLD:#%;"! VD 2: ";4;X;#-48]#@\.2"9:;!00W[44FV. !%-#    :#9 -#.5':#+T9;"!NV  200r=V(6400r= Giải:  L5D:#9:#9=:#9=D:#9   (D:#+T9=D:#T9   0D:#:9;"! →   D:#%→(D% 5/ CO, H 2 khử oxít kim loại sau Al tạo Kim loại + CO 2 , H 2 O   H + + OH - → H 2 O nH + + M→ M n+ + n/2 H 2 CO + O ( trong oxít) t o CO 2 H 2 + O ( trong oxít) t o H 2 O S VD1:g'(^; →4;"! )*   + →L;"! ⇒ H.""FV.I D4+L   →    4+L←4+L→4+L VD2:-M.&'(W^;)*   + #)*2-UN?8!'!#."5UU%# -=>8"W(C[278 0H(C["."I#.45'Q.\2 &'( 2   =&'(RN8s472X8.""49NP..64=W/5< N?8!')*   + #)*."&'(W= Giải: ;"F8.@\.!#G%#D+#:4;E%J:4TLD+#:    DH.""F8.@\.ID 4  + D:#:9E+4LD:#:9E4D:#:%tLD:#: VD3;M.&'()*   + 2 .";M.!^NV  0=ZC[" ."= "&'(NV.B".."(C[58s4%LY5u    5v= >?8!'64LYR.q!]T#=VN?8!')*2 .5'@4 (C[= =9#J)*2+#  b=%%#)*2J#  =9#J)*2J#  =%%#)*2+#  Giải:O84#L!`!'.!@?;"!"F8. %J:4$:LDH%I  D:#    H.""FV.I →   :#:# bR].?D+4LD:#HI 8C8H%I2/HI→4D:#tLD:#%Ob 6/ Phản ứng giữa 2 ion chỉ xảy ra khi sản phẩm chất kết tủa, dễ bay hơi, điện li yếu. VD 1 : 4    +  → 4  + ↓     +  →     ↑     →  ↑ 4   +  F NXFCR4 VD 2 0<[44;"!! ! + #L;"!  !  #;"!4 !(C[00< + 0.0;"!NP..64=-?8!8]d4#L##0  !  D+4L  ⇒  ! ↓ D !  D   (C[ D+4LD0    !  → !↓ 7/ Định luật bảo toàn khối lượng: ;  g'(N8;!"B8; % 00< !.5';  00<#; + NVb2 ;  \NX.4= 4U;; % D;  ; + ;  ⇒;  D;; % G; + G;   VDn4.4"."T#$4;&'(W^;!#-La00 !0=4(C[ .QRN?8!'00<.q.];T4;=>?8!'64-2!."&'( L45`! =#29# b=9#%2#T =29#$ =%#:92J#T9 8C8  DHT#$TID:#;"! T4LDT#$H%I %#94LD:#HI 8C8⇒4D:##LD:#% O 8/ Bảo toàn điện tích: "%00<g58d.V0D.g58d.V; VD 1 0<[44;"!! + #L;"! 4  #;"!   #0;"! !  = + S 4"+4LD0 VD 2 ;  g'()*#-#,(C[00< !0.H;; % I4;;?8= ;  g'(.](C[00< !.L4"8]4;;?8f 8C8 =; ;?8!"4 D; N8;!"B8 ; !  ⇒; !  D; % ⇒ !  D 9#+9 % m ;"! =bC"."58d.V !      H=   D !  I  9#+9 1 m → T% 1 m =;?8@A4.D; T% % m FKJ VD3: ";&'( #,#)*./0127800< +  !"w#0.5' 00<= XB00<.5'H;JI4;;?8N4=&'( ;?8N4.]5PN?8!'NX5g8.5'Q.\UN?8!'! 8C8 +  DJJD%;"!E +  E  =  D:#9;"! %;"!:=9;"! ;"F8.D;N8;!"B8;D;:#9=%JDH;$I4; Vídụ 4: ".4"."&'(^;:#%;"!)*  24;"!   2"00<  + 23456#.5'00<Wc[4;?8@A2NV0RQ.=8/.< 4! 8C800^;:#%;"!)* + #4;"!   #H:#4I;"!   = /(01!L.58d.V+=:#%=4DH:#4I→4D:#:J VD5: 84&'(N8;!"B8#bU"/.<NX5g8.(`La4=Z` %.4P.." !.B"4%#TK!8.  H5NI=Z`"F8.5'#$&'( "F8.=>?8!'&'(N8;!"B8L45`! =%#$ b=# =# =+#% Giải:   D:#:$ ⇒ !D:#%JD !   !  →   :#%J:#:$ >xN8!O48."L45`DH;"F8.G;  I=D+#%4; 9/ Bảo toàn nguyên tố +Bảo tòan khối lượng: VD 1  "%;"!   (C[%#;"!4.;  ;?8=V;f = 2 - CO OH n n D%#⇒@C(y;.B";?8 =O8 ;?84  + →4;"!bR].? 4L"4LD%   4D :#:$;"! 4   + →L;"!bR].?4.84LD%#⇒LD :#:;"! VD 2 g'(^;)*4;"!#)*   + L;"!(C[278 S. : 4".5' g'(b^;)*;"!#)*0;"!#)*   + *;"!#)* +   A;"!=-?8s4d8e4 4#L##0z 4U )* H."I  D )* H."bI    ⇔ VD 3: Q(.1".":#%;"!   2"#9!V.00b4HI  4;"!p!.5':#:$;"!NP. .64=V.<644!L4"8]=  4+LD0+*A S Giải:b4  + =:#:$ → n!B8.B"b4H  + I  D :#%  G  :#:$  D :#: → b4H  + I  D:#: →b4Db4HI  D:#:$:#:D:#%→ - D:#%p#9D:#:- VD 4n4.49#J4;)*2"00    0.0'00W=00W(C[23456278 !V.00>-  :#9-8/.<64!f Giải: )*D)*  D:#%;"! →-  D:#%=%p9D:#:H5!b*!*."I→D:#::=9D:#: !V. VD5:u8d(C[8d.X;2789&'(^;!2)*   + .5' &'(b= "b./0127800<405'%=$&'( #NX .QRNV."/.4=Z`.q;N?8!')*   + ."&'(! =$J={b=$=J{ =T$={=T=${ Giải: xb>x;D;bD94; b004NX.QRNV]bNXU!0=>?8!'b8C;V! !   += ;!   + D9G%#$D%:#⇒!   + D:#%;"!⇒!D:#;"!O 10/ Bảo toàn Electron : = c@|015?8278(C["F8U4N| =Z(/(W/5<Q.N|F/5<Q."F8U4 8P.s/.Y5<!}.LC"."~!*." *"  D *} VD 1 : :#+;"!)* F  R (C[27800 + 0.5':#%;"!NV=W/5< )* F  R = 8C8F)* RpF GH+FRI→F)* +  )*FR D:#+⇒ )* RpF D:#+F  ⇒  FD+ :#+F→:#+H+FRIRD"v FDRD%  9 +*→  :#+=H+FGRID:#+⇒+FGRD% :#+ :#% }R Z)* +   "v)* VD2>85_;4;@\."8NXNV;M..•884.YL<"F8U4.$#4; &'(^;/"F8.@\.2;M.(`@\.n!B8= "./01"."278 00 + .Y.5'+#+J!V.H5NI=8/.<64;! =%K#J4; b=$#4; =%4; =#4; 8C8xb*!." )*+*→)* +  ;p9J+;p9J   *→  H$#G;Ip+H$#G;Ip$  9 +*→  :#9:#%9 4U+;p9JD:#9H$#G;Ip$⇒;D#4; 11/ Xác định CTPT chất : %"FV.64@\.U{;)*8P;T:{=W/5< Z64"FV.= O8 64"FV.!)* F  R ⇒ = y x == JJJ#: %Jp+: 9JpT: +  ⇒)*   + 9 . S PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI TOÁN HÓA VÔ CƠ (GV: Trương Châu Thành-Trường THPT Chuyên TG)  A-GIẢI NHANH BÀI TOÁN TRẮC NGHIỆM VÔ CƠ 1/  .  DH:#%:#:9=I=D:#D:#→D!V. 4/ Axít + Kim Loại → Muối và giải phóng khí H 2  4→→o   -→→  

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