Đại từ tiếng anh
1 Định nghĩa đại từ Đại từ từ thay cho danh từ, tránh lặp lại danh từ Phân loại đại từ 2.1 Đại từ nhân xưng (personal pronouns) - Đại từ làm chủ ngữ gồm: I, you, he/she/it, we, they - Đại từ làm tân ngữp: me, you, him/her/it, us, them Chức năng: – I, he, she, we, they chủ ngữ động từ: He has lived here for years – Me, him, her, us, them tân ngữ trực tiếp động từ I saw her at the party last night – Me, him, her, us, them tân ngữ gián tiếp động từ Hoặc tân ngữ giới từ: Ann gave him a book We couldn’t it without them Chú ý: - Vị trí chủ ngữ câu đứng sau động từ be, đằng sau phó từ so sánh than, as, that The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I It was she who called you - Ngay sau số nhiều we, you bạn dùng danh từ số nhiều để làm rõ we, you We students are going to have a party (Sinh viên .) - We/ You/ They dùng với all/ both Trong trường hợp câu có động từ đơn chúng liền với nhau, all both với đại từ dạng câu có trợ động từ all both đứng sau trợ động từ (All Both phải đứng sau động từ to be, trước tính từ) We all go to school now We will all go to school next week We are all ready to go swimming - Dùng he/she thay cho vật nuôi chúng xem có tính cách, thông minh tình cảm (chó, mèo, ngựa ) Go and find the cat if where she stays in - Tên nước, tên tàu thay trang trọng she (ngày it dùng) England is an island country and she is governed by a mornach - Đằng sau us dùng danh từ số nhiều trực tiếp, giống đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students 2.2 Đại từ bất định (indefinite pronouns) • Ví dụ: Nhóm kết hợp với some: something, someone, somebody Nhóm kết hợp với any: anything, anyone, anybody Nhóm kết hợp với every: everything, everyone, everybody Nhóm kết hợp với no: nothing, no one, nobody Nhóm độc lập gồm từ: all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither • Một số đại từ dùng tính từ (tính từ bất định -indefinite adjectives): any, some, every, no, all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither 2.3 Đại từ sở hữu (possessive pronouns) • Gồm: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs, its • Đại từ sở hữu = tính từ sở hữu + danh từ Ví dụ: That is Ann’s room This is our room = This is ours You’ve got my pen Where’s yours? Ví dụ: That book is hers Sai: That book is hers book That book is her’s Ví dụ: Her book is here Bản thân Đại từ sở hữu danh từ Vì danh từ khác liền sau Đại từ sở hữu Đại từ sở hữu khôngdùng dấu lược (‘) Một Tính từ sở hữu cần theo sau danh từ, Tính từ sở hữu không đứng riêng lẻ Its không sử dụng dấu phẩy lược (‘) mang Ví dụ: A bird uses its wings to fly It’s cold today nghĩa sở hữu It’s có dấu phẩy lược (‘) viết tắt It is, It was, it has 2.4 Đại từ phản thân (reflexive pronouns) •Gồm: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Chú ý: ourselves, yourselves, themselves hình thức số nhiều • Chức năng: – Làm tân ngữ động từ chủ ngữ tân ngữ người: I cut myself Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident – Được sử dụng trường hợp sau động từ + giới từ: He spoke to himself Look after yourself I’m annoyed with myself – Được sử dụng đại từ nhấn mạnh danh từ đại từ: The King himself gave her the medal Chúng thường nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ câu đặt sau nó: Ann herself opened the door Tom himself went Khi chúng nhấn mạnh danh từ khác, chúng đặt sau danh từ đó: I saw Tom himself I spoke to the President himself – Được sử dụng tân ngữ sau giới từ: I did it by myself He did that to himself 2.5 Đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) • Ví dụ: who, whom, which, that, whose,… • Chức năng: – Who, that, which làm chủ ngữ: The man who robbed you has been arrested Everyone that/who knew him liked him This is the picture that/which caused such a sensation – Làm tân ngữ động từ: The man whom I saw told me to come back today The car which/that I hired broke down – Theo sau giới từ: The ladder on which I was standing began to slip Tuy nhiên, giới từ chuyển xuống cuối mệnh đề: The ladder which I was standing on began to slip – Hình thức sở hữu (whose + danh từ): The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him • Chú ý: when =in/on which Where = in/at which Why = for which Ví dụ: The year in which he was born The day on which they arrived The hotel at which they are staying The reason for which he refused is… 2.6 Đại từ định (demonstrative pronouns) • Ví dụ: this, that, these, those… • Tính từ định (demonstrative adjectives) this, that số nhiều chúng these, those dùng trước danh từ nhằm xác định vị trí danh từ người nói Khi tính từ dùng độc lập, danh từ theo sau, trở thành đại từ định (demonstrative pronouns) • Ngoài việc thay cho danh từ, đại từ định cho người nghe khái niệm gần hay xa thời gian khoảng cách Ví dụ: There is this seat here, near me There is that one in the last row Which will you have, this or that? That is what I thought last year, this is what I think now 2.7 Đại từ nghi vấn (interrogative pronouns) • Ví dụ: who, whom, whose, what, which • Chức năng: – Làm chủ ngữ: Who keeps the keys? Whose car broke down? Which pigeon arrived first? What kind of tree is that? – Làm tân ngữ động từ: Who did you see? Whose umbrella did you borrow? Which hand you use? What paper you read? Luyện tập Choose the correct words in italics This is my/mine umbrella Your/yours umbrella is over there This umbrella is my/mine The other one is your/yours Mary and Bob have their/theirs has her/hers books In other words, Mary and Bob has his/him A honey bee has two wings on each side of its/it’s Its/it’s body true that a homing pigeon will find its/it’s home even though it begins its/it’s I have a pet Its/it’s it’s way trip in unfamiliar territory name is Squeak Its/it’s been my pet for two years a turtle Its/ Our/ours house is almost the same as our/ours neighbors’ house The only difference in appearance is that our/ours gray and their/theirs is is white When I was in Florida, I observed an iteresting fish-eating bird called an anhinga It/they prey on its/it’s water, it/they catches it/them first.Its/it’s watching it/them dives into the water and spears its/it’s long, pointed bill After emerging from the tosses the fish into the air and in mid-air, then swallow its/them interesting to watch anhingas in action I enjoy Bài tập book is expensive a This b These head cat is small a That b Those pens are blue a This b These movie is funny a That b Those airplanes are very big a That b Those morning is perfect for a walk a This b These car is expensive a That b Those candy is delicious a This b These 9. children are cold a That b Those 10 food is healthy a This b These Complete with the right words demonstrative (Talking about a book in your hand) How could you buy something like ? (With a bowl of cherries on your lap) cherries are delicious! (During a long walk) I should have worn those shoes I bought in Greece last year; _ have never been comfortable Could you bring me book I left in the garden? (From the marriage vows) To have and to hold from _ day forward I hate those books which tell you: " is what you have to to become rich" (About a picture hanging on the wall) _ are my children (About a picture you've just taken from your wallet) _ is my wife Bài tập 4: Chọn dạng đại từ câu sau: Richard is expecting (us/our) to got to class tomorrow You shouldn’t rely on (him/his) calling you in the morning They don’t approve of (us/our) leaving early George asked (me/my) to call him last night We understand (him/his) having to leave early We are expecting (Henry/Henry’s) to call us They are looking forward to (us/our) visiting them Bài tập 5: Chọn đại từ để hoàn thành câu sau: (We/us) all went with (them/they) They know all about my friends and (I/me) Mr.Nam and (he/him) came last night There are some letters for you and (me/I) What would you if you were (he/ him) It was (him/he) I was talking about Bài 6: Điền vào chỗ trống đại từ phản thân đại từ nhấn mạnh It was pleasant to warm……….before a good fire There was so much noise that he couldn’t hear………speak She was angry with …………for breaking her doll They look at……….in the looking-glass Ba goes and hides ………behind the curtain I want to see Mrs Linh…………., not her husband You…… told me the story I hope you will enjoy……….at the party You must learn your lesson……….Nobody can it for you Đáp án my/ your mine /yours their/hers/ his its It’s/ its/ its Its/ it’s/ it’s our/ our/ theirs it/ its /its/ it/ it/ its/ it's/ them Bài 2: 1.a This a That b These a That b Those a This a That b These a That 10 a This Bài this I have three books One is mine The others are yours Another sử dụng tính I will be here for another three years từ kèm với danh từ thời gian, tiền We drove another ten miles bạc, khoảng cách với nghĩa “phần thêm vào, phần bổ sung” II Cách sử dụng Examples Usage Each other One another thể mối quan hệ hai chiều Chúng thay cho mà khác We write to each other every week biệt nghĩa Tuy nhiên, người ngữ We write to another every week thường dùng each other họ nói hai người hai vật, one another nói nhiều hai người/ vật Every other mang nghĩa “xen kẽ” Như ví dụ: điều có nghĩa là: Please write on every other line Write on the first line I see her every other week Don’t write on the second line Write on the third line Have you seen Ali recently? Don’t write on the fourth line The other dùng với từ thời Yes I saw him just the other day gian the other wee, the other morning, the other day… để nói đến thời gian gần khứ Chúng đồng nghĩa với a few days ago, not long ago The ducklings walked in a line behind the mother One after the other/ one after duck Then the mother duck slipped into the pond The another: mô tả hành động riêng ducklings followed her They slipped into the water one lẻ diễn gần Mang after the other nghĩa “lần lượt” No one knows my secret other than Rosa Other than sử dụng sau cụm No one knows my secret except (for) Rosa phủ định với nghĩa “ngoại trừ” In other words sử dụng để giải Fruit and vegetables are full of vitamins and thích Thường liền sau mệnh đề minerals In other words, they are good for you với nghĩa rõ ràng câu/ý liền trước Usage of One One đặt trước danh từ riêng để nhấn mạnh đóng vai trò tính từ lượng, giữ vai trò đại từ Từ lượng Tất nhiên với nghĩa này, đơn giản để sử dụng one Hầu chẳng gặp vấn đề với nghĩa này, one – VD: Those are lovely scarves I think I'll buy one One is hardly enough One is purple, the other green The three brothers get along quite well In fact they adore one another One of the senators will lead the group to the front of the capitol The yellow car is fast, but I think the blue one will win Đại từ One giữ vị trí đại từ phi cá nhân, không hướng đến cá nhân cố định One lời người nói/người viết hướng đến thân họ đến người có điểm giống với người nói, người viết Trong Anh Anh, one thường dùng danh từ riêng, Anh Mỹ, one thường đích danh nhân xưng số – you The young comedian was awful, one felt embarrased for him If one fails, then one must try harder next time Tuy vậy, không nên trộn lẫn đại từ phi cá nhân/ danh từ chung “one” với đại từ khác, đặc biệt câu VD: "If one fails, then he/you must simply try harder." Dạng sở hữu one ones Đại từ phản thân oneself Dạng số nhiều Ones I really like the chocolate ones Are these the ones you want? Khi kèm với danh từ định số nhiều these, ta thường bỏ ones đi, VD: Do you want these ones? => Do you want these? Cụm từ one in more than one theo sau động từ dang thứ ba số VD: One in four dentists recommends this toothpaste One out of every five instructors gets this question wrong There is more than one reason for this Bài 1: Complete the sentences with appropriate reflexivie pronoun Everyone drew self-portraits I drew a picture of Ali drew a picture of Rose drew a picture of The children drew pictures of (himself) (herself) (themselves) (myself) We drew pictures of (ourselves) Olga, you drew picture of (yourself), didn’t you? All of you drew pictures of When one draws a picture of (yourselves), didn’t you? (oneself), it is called a self-portrait Complete the sentences with appropriate reflexise pronoun 1.Tommy told a lie He was ashamed of _himself_ Masako cut (herself) while she was chopping vegetables People surround (themselves) with friends and family during holidays Rita is careful about her weight, but she allows (herself) one piece of candy a day Alex, you need to eat better than get more exercise You should take better care of of (yourself) Your father takes care of and I take care (myself) People who take care of (themselves) have better chance of staying healthy than those who don’t Omar thinks Oscar is telling the truth So does Ricardo I (myself) don’t believe Oscar’s story for a minute! A: Did Mr Yun’s secretary answer the phone? B: No, Mr Yun (himself) answered the phone I was surprised A: Should I marry Steve? B: No one can make that decision for you, Ann Only you (yourself) can make such an important decision about your own life Now that their children grew, Mr and Mrs Grayson live by (themselves) 10 Nadia didn’t join the rest of us She sat in the back of the room by (herself) Choose the correct words in italics and fill them in blanks Penguin/Penguins _Penguins_ are interesting creature/creatures _creatures_ They are bird/birds _birds_ butit/they _they_ cannot fly Million/Millions (years) ago, they hadwing/wings (millions) of year/years (wings) This/These (these) wings changed as the birds adapted to its/their (their) environment Penguin’s/Penguins’ (penguins') principle food was/were (was)fish/fished (fish) Penguins needed to be able to swim to find their food So eventually theirwing/wings (wings) evolved into flipper/flippers (flippers) that enabledit/them (them) to swim through water with speed and ease Penguins spends/spend in water/waters their egg/eggs (spend) most of their lives (water) However, they lay (eggs) on land/lands (land) Emperor penguins have interesting egg-laying habit/habits (habits) The female lays/lay (lays) one egg/eggs (egg) on the ice/ices (ice) in Arctic regions and then immediately returns/return (returns) to the ocean After the female lays the egg, the male takes/take (takes) over He/they (he) covers/cover (covers) the egg with his/their (his) body until she/he/it/they (it) hatches/hatch (hatches) This/these (this) process takes/take eightweek/weeks male doesn’t/don’t (takes) seven to (weeks) During this/these (this) the (doesn't) eat After the egg hatches/hatch care of the chick and the male goes/go (hatches), the female returns to take (goes) to the ocean to find food for himself/herself (himself), his mate and their offspring 10.Although the penguin’s/penguins’ (penguins') natural habitat is in Polar Regions, we can see them in most major zoos in the world They/ it (they) seem/seems (seem) to adapt very well to life in confinement, so we can enjoy watching their/its without feeling sorry about their/its (their)antics (their) loss of freedom Complete the sentences with a word or expressons from the list and an appropriate reflexise pronoun Teach laugh at talk to angry at feel sorry for promise entertain introduce enjoy pat kill proud of Nhớ chia động từ nha :) 1.David Williams never took lessons He _taught himself_ how to play the piano Did Roberto have a good time at the party? Did he All of you did a good job You should be (enjoy himself)? (proud of yourselves) You did a good job, Barbara You should (pat yourself) on the back A man down the street committed suicide We were all shock by the news that he had (killed himself) The children played very well without adult supervision They (entertain themselves) by playing school I had always wanted to meet Mr Anderson When I saw him at a party last night, I walked over and (introduced myself) to him Nothing good ever comes from self-pity You should stop (feeling sorry for yourself), George, and start doing something to solve your problems People might think you’re a little crazy, but (talking to yourself) is one way to practice using English 10 Humor can ease the trials and tribulation of life Sometimes we have to be able to (laugh at ourselves) 11 Carol made several careless mistakes at work last week and her boss is getting impatient with her Carol has (promised herself) to better work in the future 12 Yesterday Fred’s car ran out of gas He had to walk a long way to a gas station He is still (angry at himself) for forgetting to fill the tank Complete the sentences with a form of "other" I got three letters One was from my father _Another_ one was from my sister _the other_ letter was from my girlfriend Look at your hand You have five fingers One is your thumb (another) is your index finger finger (another) one is your middle (another) finger is your ring finger An (the other) finger (the last of five) is your little finger Look at your hand One is your right hand (the other) is your left hand I invited five people to my party Of those five people, only John and Mary can come (the others) can’t come I invited five people to my party Of those five people, only John and Mary can come (the other) people can’t come I would like some more books on this subject Do you have any (other) books that you could lend me? I would like some more books on this subject Do you have any (others) that you could lend me? There are many means of transportation The airplane is one means of transportation The train is (another) There are many means of transportation The airplane is one (others) are the train, the automobile and the horse 10 There are two women standing on the corner One is Helen Jansen and (the other) is Pat Hendricks 11 Alice reads The New York Times every day She doesn’t read any (other) newspapers 12 Some people prefer classical music, but (others) prefer rock music 13 Individual differences in children must be recognized Whereas one child might have a strong interest in mathematics and science, might tend toward more artistic endeavors (another) child 15 I’ve almost finished I just need (another) five minutes 15 One of the most important inventions in the history of the world was the printing press (another) was the electric light (the others) were the telephone, television and the computer 16 Some babies begin talking as early as six months; (others) don’t speak until they are more than two years old 17 One common preposition is from is in (another) common one (others) are by, for and of The most frequently used preposition in English are at, by, for, from, in, of, to and with What are some (other) prepositions? 18 That country has two basic problems One is inflation and (the other) is the instability of the government 19 I have been in only three cities since I came to the United States One is New York and (the others) are Washington D.C and Chicago 20 When his alarm went off this morning, he shut it off, rolled over and slept for (another)twenty minutes 21 They have three children One has graduated from college and has a job (another) is at Yale University (the other) is till living at home Fill in blanks by using forms of ‘other’ Two countries border on the United States One is Canada._The other_ is Mexico One of the countries I would lie to visit is Sweden (the other) is Mexico Of course, besides these two countries, there are many places I would like to see Louis and I have been friends for a long time We’ve known (each other) since we were children A: I talked to Sam (the other) day B: Oh? How is he? I haven’t seen him for ages In the Southwest there is a large area of land that has little or no rainfall, no trees and very few plants (other) than cactuses In (other) words, this area of the country is a desert Thank you for inviting me to the picnic I’d like to go with you, but I’ve already made (other) plans Some people are tall fat (others) are short Some people are (others) are thin Some people are nearsighted; (other) people are farsighted Mr and Mrs Jay love (each other) They support (each other) They like (each other) In (other) words, they are a happily married couple A: How often you travel to Portland? B: Every (other) month I go there to visit my grandmother in a nursing home 10 Could I borrow your pen? I need to write a check but I have nothing to write with (other) than this pencil ... Her book is here Bản thân Đại từ sở hữu danh từ Vì danh từ khác liền sau Đại từ sở hữu Đại từ sở hữu khôngdùng dấu lược (‘) Một Tính từ sở hữu cần theo sau danh từ, Tính từ sở hữu không đứng riêng... từ nhằm xác định vị trí danh từ người nói Khi tính từ dùng độc lập, danh từ theo sau, trở thành đại từ định (demonstrative pronouns) • Ngoài việc thay cho danh từ, đại từ định cho người nghe khái... dụng đại từ nhấn mạnh danh từ đại từ: The King himself gave her the medal Chúng thường nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ câu đặt sau nó: Ann herself opened the door Tom himself went Khi chúng nhấn mạnh danh từ