F O U RT H EDITION Handbook of VITAMINS ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC F O U RT H EDITION Handbook of VITAMINS Edited by Janos Zempleni Robert B Rucker Donald B McCormick John W Suttie Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-4022-5 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-4022-2 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of vitamins / editors, Robert B Rucker [et al.] 4th ed p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-4022-2 (hardcover : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-8493-4022-5 (hardcover : alk paper) Vitamins Vitamins in human nutrition I Rucker, Robert B [DNLM: Nutrition Physiology Handbooks Vitamins Handbooks QU 39 H361 2007] QP771 H35 2007 612.3’99 dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2006100138 Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Chapter Vitamin A: Nutritional Aspects of Retinoids and Carotenoids A Catharine Ross and Earl H Harrison Chapter Vitamin D Anthony W Norman and Helen L Henry Chapter Vitamin K John W Suttie Chapter Vitamin E Maret G Traber Chapter Bioorganic Mechanisms Important to Coenzyme Functions Donald B McCormick Chapter Niacin James B Kirkland Chapter Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Richard S Rivlin Chapter Thiamine Chris J Bates Chapter Pantothenic Acid Robert B Rucker and Kathryn Bauerly Chapter 10 Vitamin B6 Shyamala Dakshinamurti and Krishnamurti Dakshinamurti ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Chapter 11 Biotin Donald M Mock Chapter 12 Folic Acid Lynn B Bailey Chapter 13 Vitamin B12 Ralph Green and Joshua W Miller Chapter 14 Choline Timothy A Garrow Chapter 15 Ascorbic Acid Carol S Johnston, Francene M Steinberg, and Robert B Rucker Chapter 16 Vitamin-Dependent Modifications of Chromatin: Epigenetic Events and Genomic Stability James B Kirkland, Janos Zempleni, Linda K Buckles, and Judith K Christman Chapter 17 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry in the Study of Vitamins and Mineral Metabolism in Humans Fabiana Fonseca de Moura, Betty Jane Burri, and Andrew J Clifford Chapter 18 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamins Suzanne P Murphy and Susan I Barr ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface In keeping with the tradition of previous editions, the fourth edition of the Handbook of Vitamins was assembled to update and provide contemporary perspectives on dietary accessory factors commonly classified as vitamins One of the challenges in assembling this volume was to maintain the clinical focus of previous editions, while addressing important concepts that have evolved in recent years owing to the advances in molecular and cellular biology as well as those in analytical chemistry and nanotechnology The reader will find comprehensive summaries that focus on chemical, physiological, and nutritional relationships and highlights of newly described and identified functions for all the recognized vitamins Our goal was to assemble the best currently available reference text on vitamins for an audience ranging from basic scientists to clinicians to advanced students and educators with a commitment to better understanding vitamin function As examples, apparent vitamin-dependent modifications that are important to epigenetic events and genomic stability are described, as well as new information on the role and importance of maintaining optimal vitamin status for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defense Important analytical advances in vitamin analysis and assessment are discussed in a chapter dealing with accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) applications Recent AMS applications have provided the basis for studies of vitamin metabolism and turnover in humans at levels corresponding to physiological concentrations and fluxes It is also important to underscore that much of the interest in vitamins stems from an appreciation that there remains regrettably sizable populations at risk for vitamin deficiencies In this regard, classic examples are included along with examples of vitamin-related polymorphisms and genetic factors that influence the relative needs for given vitamins This volume is written by a group of authors who have made major contributions to our understanding of vitamins Over half of the authors are new to this series; each chapter is written by individuals who have made clearly important contributions in their respective areas of research as judged by the scientific impact of their work In addition, Dr Janos Zempleni joins the group of editors who assembled the third edition Dr Zempleni adds a molecular biology perspective to complement the biochemical and physiological expertise of the other editors We also wish to note that we miss the input of Dr Lawrence Machlin, a renowned researcher on vitamin E, who was sole editor of the first two editions in this series and who died shortly after the release of the third edition We know that he would be pleased with the progress and advances in vitamin research summarized in the fourth edition This volume comes at an important time and represents a new treatment of this topic With the possible exception of the earlier days of vitamin discovery, this period of vitamin research is particularly exciting because of the newly identified roles of vitamins in cellular and organismal regulation and their obvious and continuing importance in health and disease Janos Zempleni Robert B Rucker Donald B McCormick John W Suttie ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Editors Janos Zempleni received his undergraduate and graduate training in nutrition at the University of Giessen in Germany He received postdoctoral training in nutrition, biochemistry, and molecular biology at the University of Innsbruck (Austria), Emory University, and Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute Janos Zempleni is currently an assistant professor of molecular nutrition at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln He has published more than 100 manuscripts and books and is the recipient of the 2006 Mead Johnson Award by the American Society for Nutrition Zempleni’s research focuses on roles of the vitamin biotin in chromatin structure Robert B Rucker received his PhD in biochemistry from Purdue University in 1968 and worked for two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Missouri, before joining the faculty of nutrition at the University of California (UC), Davis, in 1970 He currently holds the title of distinguished professor He serves as vice chair of the department of nutrition in the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences and holds an appointment in endocrinology, nutrition, and vascular medicine, department of internal medicine, UC Davis, School of Medicine Dr Rucker’s research focuses on cofactor function His current research addresses problems associated with extracellular matrix assembly, the role of copper in early growth and development, and the physiological roles of quinone cofactors derived from tyrosine, such as pyrroloquinoline quinone Honors and activities include serving as a past president, American Society for Nutrition; appointment as a fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Society for Nutrition; service as chair or cochairperson for FASEB Summer and Gordon Conferences; service on Program and Executive Committees for American Society for Nutrition and FASEB, as well as service on committees of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine He also currently serves as senior associate editor, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition and is a past editorial board member of the Journal of Nutrition, Experimental Biology and Medicine, Nutrition Research, and the Annual Review of Nutrition He is a past recipient of UC Davis and the American Society for Nutrition Research awards Donald B McCormick earned his bachelor’s degree (chemistry and math, 1953) and doctorate (biochemistry, 1958) at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee His dissertation was on pentose and pentitol metabolism He was then an NIH postdoctoral fellow (1958–1960) at the University of California-Berkeley, where his research was on enzymes that convert vitamin B6 to the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate He has had sabbatics in the chemistry departments in Basel University (Switzerland) and in the University of Arizona, and in the biochemistry department in Wageningen (Netherlands) Dr McCormick’s academic appointments have been at Cornell University (1960–1978) in Ithaca, New York, where he became the Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor of nutritional biochemistry and at Emory University (1979–present) in Atlanta, Georgia, where he served as the Fuller E Callaway professor and chairman of the department of biochemistry and the executive associate dean for basic sciences in the school of medicine His research has been on ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC cofactors with emphases on chemistry, biochemistry, and nutrition of vitamins (especially B6, riboflavin, biotin, and lipoate), coenzymes, and metal ions Dr McCormick has been a consultant and served on numerous committees that include service for NIH, NCI, FASEB, IOM=NAS, NASA, FAO=WHO, and several organizing groups for international symposia on cofactors He has been on the editorial boards of several journals of biochemistry and nutrition, and he has served as editor of volumes on vitamins and coenzymes in the Methods in Enzymology series, Vitamins and Hormones, the Handbook of Vitamins, and the Annual Review of Nutrition Dr McCormick is a member of numerous scientific societies, including those in biochemistry and nutrition and has received such honors as a Westinghouse Science Scholarship, Guggenheim Fellowship, Wellcome Visiting Professorships (University of Florida, Medical College of Pennsylvania), and named visiting professorships (University of California-Davis, University of Missouri) He has received awards from the American Institute of Nutrition (Mead Johnson, Osborne and Mendel) and Bristol-Myers Squibb=Mead Johnson Award for Distinguished Achievement in Nutrition Research He is a fellow of AAAS and a fellow of the American Society of Nutritional Sciences John W Suttie is the Katherine Berns Van Donk Steenbock professor emeritus in the department of biochemistry and former chair of the department of nutritional sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison He has broad expertise in biochemistry and human nutrition Dr Suttie received his BS, MS, and PhD degrees from the University of Wisconsin-Madison He was an NIH postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, England, before joining the University of Wisconsin faculty His research activities are directed toward the metabolism, mechanism of action, and nutritional significance of vitamin K Dr Suttie has served as president of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences (ASNS) and recently resigned his position as editor-in-chief of The Journal of Nutrition He has received the Mead Johnson Award, the Osborne and Mendel Award, and the Conrad Elvehjem Award of the ASNS, the ARS Atwater Lectureship, and the Bristol Myers-Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Nutrition Research In 1996 Dr Suttie was elected to the National Academy of Sciences He has served as chairman of the Board of Experimental Biology, as president of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), and as a member of the NRC’s Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, the FDA Blood Products Advisory Committee, and the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee He presently serves on the Public Policy Committees of the ASNS and the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB), the USDA=NAREEE Advisory Board, the ILSI Food, Nutrition and Safety Committee, and the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contributors Lynn B Bailey Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Susan I Barr Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Chris J Bates MRC Human Nutrition Research Elsie Widdowson Laboratory Cambridge, United Kingdom Kathryn Bauerly Department of Nutrition University of California Davis, California Linda K Buckles Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska Betty Jane Burri Department of Nutrition University of California Davis, California Judith K Christman Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and UNMC=Eppley Cancer Center University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Andrew J Clifford Department of Nutrition University of California Davis, California Krishnamurti Dakshinamurti Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Shyamala Dakshinamurti Department of Pediatrics and Physiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Timothy A Garrow Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois Ralph Green Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis, California Earl H Harrison Department of Human Nutrition The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Helen L Henry Department of Biochemistry University of California Riverside, California Carol S Johnston Department of Nutrition Arizona State University Mesa, Arizona James B Kirkland Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada Donald B McCormick Department of Biochemistry Emory University Atlanta, Georgia Joshua W Miller Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis, California Donald M Mock Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas Fabiana Fonseca de Moura Department of Nutrition University of California Davis, California Suzanne P Murphy Cancer Research Center of Hawaii University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii Anthony W Norman Department of Biochemistry University of California Riverside, California ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Richard S Rivlin Department of Medicine Weill Medical College of Cornell University New York, New York A Catharine Ross Department of Nutritional Sciences Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Robert B Rucker Department of Nutrition University of California Davis, California Francene M Steinberg Department of Nutrition University of California Davis, California John W Suttie Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Maret G Traber Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon Janos Zempleni Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska ... treatment of this topic With the possible exception of the earlier days of vitamin discovery, this period of vitamin research is particularly exciting because of the newly identified roles of vitamins. .. Intakes for Vitamins Suzanne P Murphy and Susan I Barr ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface In keeping with the tradition of previous editions, the fourth edition of the Handbook of Vitamins. .. University of Missouri, before joining the faculty of nutrition at the University of California (UC), Davis, in 1970 He currently holds the title of distinguished professor He serves as vice chair of