International relations and the problem of difference

International Relations and the Problem of Difference has developed out of the sense that IR as a discipline does not assess the quality of cultural interactions that shape, and are shaped by, the changing structures and processes of the international system. In this work, the authors reimagine IR as a uniquely placed site for the study of differences as organized explicitly around the exploration of the relation of wholes and parts and sameness and differenceand always the one in relation to the other

Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 International Relations and the Problem of Difference Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 Other titles in the Global Horizons series, edited by Richard Falk, Lester Ruiz, and R.B.J.Walker Methods and Nations: Cultural Governance and the Indigenous Subject Michael J.Shapiro Forthcoming, Spring 2004: Bait and Switch?: Human Rights and U.S Foreign Policy Julie Mertus The Declining World Order: America’s Imperial Geopolitics Richard Falk Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 International Relations and the Problem of Difference Naeem Inayatullah and David L.Blaney ROUTLEDGE NEW YORK AND LONDON Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 A volume in the Global Horizons series, edited by Richard Falk, Lester Ruiz, and R.B.J.Walker Published in 2004 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 www.routledge-ny.com Published in Great Britain by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE www.routledge.co.uk Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved No part of this book may be printed or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or any other information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inayatullah, Naeem International relations and the problem of difference/Naeem Inayatullah and David L.Blaney p cm.—(Global horizons; v 1) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-415-94637-9 (alk paper)—ISBN 0-415-94638-7 (pbk.: alk paper) Intercultural communication Ethnicity International relations International economic relations I Blaney, David L II Title III Series GN345.6 I52 2003 303.48′2–dc21 ISBN 0-203-64409-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-68137-1 (Adobe eReader Format) Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 Contents Part I: Preface vi Introduction Difference in the Constitution of IR 17 The Westphalian Deferral 18 Intimate Indians 42 IR and the Inner Life of Modernization Theory 84 Part II: Studies in Difference and Contemporary IR 115 IPE as a Culture of Competition 116 Toward an Ethnological IPE 145 Multiple and Overlapping Sovereignties 168 Epilogue 197 Notes 200 References 217 Index 246 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 Preface In the mid-1970s and early 1980s the discipline of international relations (IR) and its subfield international political economy (IPE) displayed a limited engagement with a strong theoretical voice that had emerged from the third world,1 namely dependency theory We were fortunate to be in graduate school at a time when, along with dependency theory, world systems theory and various types of Marxism were being taken rather seriously Such, at least, was the case at the University of Denver, where, in the 1980s, the intellectual and social agenda was dominated by the concerns of students from Africa, Asia, and South America While some of these critical streams of thought retain an institutional presence, dependency theory, as one of our teachers, James Caporaso (1993:470) observes, “died out more from neglect than frontal criticism.” Our sense is that, on the whole, voices from the third world seem to bore and irritate most IR theorists For us, this weary dismissal seems curious and requires both an explanation and a response When we first met, in 1980, David was studying East African development and Naeem was continuing his work in development economics We soon recognized that development studies frustrated us both We were unable to make sense of the jumble of assumptions and conceptions taken haphazardly from neoclassical and Keynesian economic theory as well as from IR and comparative sociology and politics Betting that we could gain a more integrated sense of development studies if we traced its origins, we turned to the history of economic and political thought Under the guidance of David Levine and James Caporaso, this work took us to classical political economy—the Physiocrats, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Hegel, and Marx—but also to Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau We started to recognize that development studies not only rested on economic assumptions but also could rightly be seen as embedded within, and as an extension of, IR For example, it is not accidental that the primary unit of analysis in development studies is the nation-state When we finally turned to IR proper, we followed our prior procedure with development studies, with the aim of placing IR theory within the process of its production in time and space Our goal was to distinguish IR’s potentially insightful elements from its less useful idiosyncrasies Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 vii By the time we entered the discipline in the late 1980s, critical theory, postmodernism, and feminism were pushing the field toward a greater philosophical and political self-consciousness Having belonged to various study groups in graduate school, which we can now see were aiming to map the possibilities of post-positivist methods, we began to imagine that our work might be welcome in IR Our combined focus on political theory/political economy and third-world studies did not strike us as a liability, because most students we knew searched for just such tools to explain and understand the particularities of their personal, national, and transnational biographies We soon discovered, however, that this combination did not quite fit into IR Seeking to bolster their self-conception as the ultimate source of their creativity, most IR theorists seem to imagine that they spin their theories in a pristine and abstract space that excludes the messiness of the existent world To the degree that they concern themselves with the third world, it remains little more than a tangential site for theoretical applications What they expect from people who are acquainted with the third world is not a challenge or a critique of their theoretical models Rather, the scholar of the third world is required to provide them with raw information or data, but only if and when they need it We resisted taking our place in a division of labor where ethnographic knowledge becomes merely input for high theorists Instead, assuming that the view from outside the empire was important and perhaps decisive, we hoped to theorize IR/IPE from a third-world point of view Serious obstacles delayed this aspiration Unfamiliarity with the ethnology of publishing in North America permitted us to believe that, presented with enough rigor, we could make our arguments heard by what we were told were the leading journals in the field Or perhaps more accurately, we vastly underestimated the degree to which arguments from outside the imperium would have to be properly clothed and then made to bow deferentially to editors and referees busy in their fortified castles After some head pounding at the gates, we did learn—with help from scholars like Rob Walker and Nick Onuf—that others, standing somewhat outside the centers of power, had different concerns and alternative standards The memory of that pounding did not stay with us only as a personal experience, however We saw it eventually as part of a larger, much deeper pattern In light of our argument in this book, we would now suggest that the stiffest opposition we faced was Western culture’s experience with difference itself, a powerful stream of which has treated difference as a kind of degeneration of God’s original perfection At least since the Reformation and its wars of religious purification, this aspect of Western culture has been so traumatized by the problems of difference that its habitual mode of dealing with it has been to self-righteously ignore it, or to defer confronting it indefinitely Thus, we argue that the early modern intellectual origins of IR closely align the field with a legacy of colonialism and religious cleansing We claim that IR will be unable to find its purpose as a study of differences—as a theory of viii Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 international and intercultural relations—until we confront this legacy Fortunately, resources from which we might build alternatives are available These resources can be located beyond the European imperium, and also as recessive voices within “Western” social and political thought, suggesting the possibility of a post-Western IR that involves not so much the rejection of the “West” but its reimagination Open/Close: Form and Content A text’s messages may be offered in distinguishable (but not separable) ways: through the meaning of the words and through the manner of their formulation The formulation—the tone, texture, and the relative presence or absence of open, interpretive space within the text—implicitly conveys the relationship writers hope to establish with readers Just as an awareness of the importance of form allows writers to create potentially useful symmetries and tensions between content and form, so also a relative lack of such awareness can create obstacles to realizing a writer’s purposes We came to such a realization relatively late in the process of writing this book Nevertheless, we hope that the tone and texture of the book mostly avoids the authoritative tone of lecturing, of presenting the book as a monologue We hope that the text, instead of closing down options, leaves open space—between the various authors we follow and the (sometimes) multiple ways we formulate our points; between paragraphs, chapters, and sections of the book—where we invite readers to a kind of participant engagement within and around the rhythms of our concerns We experience the text as containing such spaces for our own future work and we hope that others, whether in the form of extension, correction, or refutation, will find the text similarly open At the same time, we have not, we believe, left the reader without a sense of our voice or our positions on various issues Thus, those who prefer a good tight lecture may find our presentation as leaning too heavily on impressions and suggestion, while those who favor minimalist guides may find ours a meddling voice Class/Race/Gender Kind critics have pointed out that our presentation would be richer had we made explicit gestures toward gender To round out this criticism, we might add that there is also little explicit development of themes surrounding class or race In this form, the charge is undeniable On reflection, we might present our book as working in and with the theme of “indianization” (see Mason, 1990:62–63) During Europe’s internally purifying crusades of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, both Catholics and Protestants found it useful to compare the other unfavorably with “Indians.” We might, then, describe the denigration, vilification, and/or demonization as a form of indianizing of the other Indianizing grew to have such currency that it was effectively applied to Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 ix peasants, the working poor, and other cultural outcasts within Europe and to the culturally “backward” beyond Europe Though we have not come across much explicit reference to this practice in our foray into these centuries (see, however, Campbell, 1992: chapter 5), it is difficult not to speculate that the witch hunts of the era revealed “witches” as a gendered sibling of the “Indians.” Likewise, we pay only limited attention to the often-discussed ways Amerindians and other nonEuropean peoples were feminized as part of understanding or justifying their subordination.2 We want to be clear that the notion of indianization does not subsume other categories; it suggests overlap and intersection, not isomorphism It has been pointed out to us—and this is discussed in Chowdhry and Nair’s Power, Postcolonialism, and International Relations (2002: introduction)—that the truly difficult work is to sort out the similarities and differences among processes of proletarianizing, feminizing, racializing, and, we would add, indianizing others The hard but necessary work of locating and tracing out such intersectionality is a challenge to which this book only partly rises.3 However, we hope that the thematic rhythms of our book resonate with those who are attempting these projects and that the absences in our text might be seen as silent spaces within which others may accent their own beats, supplementing, complementing, and especially playing against the ostinato or tumbao of our rhythms Acknowledgments Many people have played a special role in the process of bringing this book to fruition Rob Walker has been a source of encouragement and gentle criticism from the beginnings of our journey into the domains of IR We were very pleased that he wanted to include our manuscript in the series he was helping to launch at Routledge Zillah Eistenstein read a draft of each chapter Her precise criticism helped us recognize our overall argument, and her enthusiastic support stretched us toward the fuller potential of the work Nick Onuf embraced our work at moments when we ourselves were reluctant to embrace it fully He has read almost every chapter in this book at some point and has been a careful, thorough, and generous critic Peter Mandaville has taken on our book as a project, promoting it shamelessly For that and for organizing a session at the European Consortium of Political Research, in which the initial chapters were read, we will always be grateful Patrick Jackson has also stood behind us steadfastly, pushing us to get the book done We also need to thank him for organizing a panel at the Northeast International Studies Association meeting dedicated to the book manuscript And thanks to those—Rob, Beate Jahn, Iver Neumann, Siba Grovogui, Robin Riley, Yale Ferguson, Edward Weisband, and Stephen Rosow— who read large sections of the manuscript for those panels and commented so expertly Kurt Burch has been a constant source of friendship and careful reading and editing at numerous moments in the process of writing this book The loss is to the discipline Himadeep Muppidi has been a fellow traveler down the path of Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 258 • INDEX Homogeneity, homogenize, 7, 33, 42, 44, 95, 96, 107, 158, 175 Honig, Bonnie, 226n2 Huguenots, 28, 33, 66, 67, 71 corpus on America, 71, 72 Human nature, 53, 87, 133, 167, 231n3 Human sacrifice, 25, 61, 62, 63 Humane governance, 118–119, 212 Humanism, humanists, 34, 58, 76, 80, 81, 229n31 Humanitarian intervention, 89 Humphreys, S.C., 233n11 Huntington, Samuel, 108–111 Hutchins, Francis G., 229n34 Hutman, Bill, 205 Hutterites, 30, 225n5 Iacono, Alfonso M, 229n37 Idolatry, idols, 82, 84 Catholic, 24, 26, 70 crusades against, 25, 69, 82 Immanence, 122 of Catholicism, 24, 25 everyday, 70 Imperialism, 88, 90, 91, 180, 199, 220, 226n3 See also Empire Imperium See Colonialism, Empire Improvizations (within dominant social narratives), 224n8 Campanella, 80–85 Grotius, 73–80 Léry, 65–73 Pratt, 10 Vitoria, 58–65 Inayatullah, Naeem, 223n2, 224n2, 232n28, 234n1, 234n2, 234n10 Incas, 59 Incommensurability, 8–9, 70 India, Indians, 12–13, 165–168, 189–190, 217, 229n34 agricultural arrangements, 191–203 Bengal, 189, 199 Ceded and Conquered Territories (Uttar Pradesh), 189, 194 Mughal, Mughals, 190, 191–197, 217 Permanent Settlement Act (1793), 199– 201 relevance for Jerusalem, 207 resistance to British, 13–14, 220–221 Indians, indianization, indianize, ix, x, 50– 57, 64 as all others, 90 definitions, 64, 223n2 internal and external, 79 See also Amerindians Individualism, individuality, individuals, 36, 37, 98, 143, 155, 156, 175, 176, 177, 199 as competitors, 132, 133–134, 157 as constructed, 98–99, 142, 213 myth of in market, 142 ontological, 141, 213 in state of nature, 43 Inequality, 2, 14, 142, 152, 153, 156, 190, 214, 215, 232–233n33, 234n7, 234n9 appears “natural”/normal, 132, 134– 135 arising from culture of competition, 134, 143 and “contact zone”, 9–10 and simultaneous equality, 139 as social condition of modern individuality, 142, 143 Inferiority, 10, 179 as difference, 11, 23, 28, 44, 101, 108 “natural” among equals (contradiction), 131 Infidels, 61–62 Inside/outside, 6, 23, 41, 44, 45, 95, 96, 97, 98, 110–111, 165, 187, 215, 231n5 blurring of, 103–108, 124 form of splitting, 11, 12, 13, 23, 44, 45, 52, 53, 138–141, 163, 174, 187, 204 Inter Caetera (Pope Alexander VI, 1493), 59 Interdependence, 97, 100, 103, 121, 134 challenges national autonomy, 104 of oppositions, 114 “Internal Indians”, intimate indians, 77–79, 91 International Political Economy (IPE), vii, 148, 232n32, 232n33 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 INDEX • 259 as competitive hierarchy of cultures and states, 130, 150 connected logics of sovereignty and capitalism, 145 critical, 168, 182–183 as cultural form, 130, 145 as culture of competition, 129–159 ethnological, 161–185, 217 inside/outside of, 231n5 overlap with critical development studies, 161–162, 183 International Relations (IR), vii, viii, 1–2, 9, 15, 16, 31, 81, 87–88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 125, 130, 230n2 anarchical, 95, 145 constitutive features, constitutive horizon, 87–88, 89, 145 culture and, 16–17, 131–132, 232n22 as culture of competition, 145–155 as moral realm, 3–4 precursors of contemporary thinking, 85–89 site of dangerous encounters with others, 23, 89 International Relations theory, vii, viii, 3, 4, 17, 103, 123, 125, 191, 214 colonial legacy, 1–3, 15 constituted by splitting, 45, 87–88 critical task of, 3–5, 214 dependent on early modern views of politics, 89 difference and constitution of, 43–45, 47 difficulties studying differences, ix, 1– 2, 43–45, 47, 94 inattention to third world, viii, and modernization theory, 2, 87, 93– 125 neoliberal, 2, 232n32, 232n33 neomodernist, 93, 116, 213 neorealist, 2, 103, 232n32, 232n33 not autonomous discipline, 94 versus political theory, 45, 48 post-Western, ix, 15 realism, realist, 3, 82, 158 reimagination of, 3, 15, 116, 217 as social theory, 89, 94, 130 spatial framing of, 87–88 temporal framing, 96–99 as theory of international and intercultural relations, ix, 17, 96 as theory of modernization, 87–89, 230n2 International society, 2, 5, 7, 23, 30, 31, 44, 104, 107, 125, 131, 146–147, 154, 155, 232n22, 232n27 constituted by sovereignty, 44, 188 reproduces equality/hierarchy, 151, 155, 188–189 as social process, 188–189 sovereignty and capitalism in, 131 states in, 101, 129, 147, 188–189 See also Society of States International system, 95 object of modernization, 95, 104 as premodern, 103 Intervention, 106 against non-liberals, 118 and sovereignty, 147 Intolerance, 25, 74, 106, 111 Islam, Sirajul, 194 Israel, 56, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209 See also Jerusalem Jackson, Robert H., 232n28 Jacquin-Berdal, Dominique, 224n16 Jahn, Beate, 224n16 Jerez, Francisco, 59 Jerusalem, 190, contemporary, 204–210 as metaphor for alternative conceptions of sovereignty, 210–215 Jessop, Bob, 232n25 Jesuits, 75, 79, 227n14 Jews, Jewish See Hebrews John of Salisbury, 28 Johnson Bagby, Laurie M., 230n9 Jones, W.R., 227n11 Jorgensen, Paul A., 225n7 Jurisdiction, 190 territorial, 31, 188, 207 Jurisprudence, 58, 85 Just war, 59, 76 Justice, 1, 3, 76, 199, 234n11 234n11 natural, 36 260 • INDEX Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 as restraint, 36 universal principles, 203 within communities, Kalleberg, Arthur L., 100, 230n5 Karlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von, 26 Keck, Margaret E., 230n1 Keene, Edward, 226n3 Kennedy, Paul, 232n31 Kettenback, Heinrich von, 26 Kipling, Rudyard, 13, 163, 224n9 Klein, Menachem, 209 Knight, Frank H., 231n11 Knowledge, knowing, viii, 17, 81, 83, 124, 139–140, 142, 155, 158, 165, 168, 215 assumptions of, 140–141 as common heritage, 217 communal, 141 by competition and experiment, 158 and difference, 131, 157 fragmentation of, 139 of the other, 10–11, 164–169 rational, standpoint, 34–35 of self and other in ethical dialogue, 168 in tension with authority, 85 See also Division of Knowledge Kohn, Alfie, 230n3 Kothari, Rajni, 230n8 Krasner, Stephen, 31, 32, 224–225n4, 232n25 Kratochwil, Friedrich, 224n16, 226n20 Krishna, Sankaran, 227n9 La Peyrère, Isaac, 77–78 Labor, laborers, 41, 83, 137, 155, 179, 202 and culture of competition, 214 dehumanization of, 179–180 as dependent and independent, 138–139 and difference, 131, 136, 157, 215 as fictitious commodity, 173 status of, 138, 142 wage labor, 137, 179 Land, 41, 188, 190, 193 alienable/commodified, 195, 199 commons, 42 and cultivation, 193, 194, 195, 196 Land (cont.) as fictitious commodity, 173 and habitation (occupancy), 193, 194, 195, 196 multiple and overlapping claims to, 190–203 rayats, 194–195 and revenue, 193, 194, 195, 196 zamindars, 194, 195, 199–201 Lane, Robert E., 231n8 Lane, Ruth, 230n6 Langer, Herbert, 29 Lapid, Yosef, 224n16, 230n2 Lapidus, Ira, 192 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 11, 12, 28, 84, 164, 171, 224n9, 227n13, 228n17 Laursen, John C, 30, 225n18 Law, David, 232n25, 232n29, 234n15 Law, lawyers, legal, 59–60, 62, 99, 106, 188 canon and civil, 60, 227n15 divine, 58, 60, 61 international, 74, 227n14, 228n19 of nature, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41 positive (human), 58, 61, 62, 88 rules of, 106, 202–203 Sharia, 206, 209 See also Natural alw Law of Nature and Nations (S.Pufendorf, 1672), 86 Lawson, Stephanie, 117 Learning (from or of others), 10, 11, 121, 158, 159, 229n25, 229n39 See also Knowledge Legitimacy, legitimation, legitimations, 25, 43, 60, 61, 76, 99, 166, 232n29, 232n30 of European conquests, 59 of states, 98, 114, 147 Léry, Jean de, 49, 57, 65–73, 90, 91, 177, 228n23 ethnological moments in, 95, 124 Lestringant, Frank, 72 A Letter Concerning Toleration (John Locke, 1685), 40 Leviathan (Thomas Hobbes, 1651), 39, 86 Levine, David, vii, 152, 226n8, 231n9, 231n10, 232n32 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 66 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 INDEX • 261 Liberal, liberalism, 81, 98, 99, 117–118, 119, 141, 178, 180, 183, 230n4 citizenship, 99 dichotomies within, 116–117 impediment to diversity, 43 individuality, 98, 99, 178 Lockean, 42 modern, modernity, 96, 176 and natural law, 228n19 as “operating system” of global politics, 119 proceduralism in, 122–123 resistance to, 183 thought and practice, 161 and tolerant, 117–118, 180, 225– 226n18 Liberal peace, 95, 103, 104, 121, 230n10 incitements to violence, 118 as morality play, 117 Liberation, 14 contempt for and dismissal of difference, 95–96, 116–118 double, 219 of self and other, 167–168 Liberty, 38, 142 religious, 38, 40, 225n17 Lingua Begica (A.Mylius, date uncertain), 75 Linklater, Andrew, 121–123, 223n6, 224n1, 224n4, 230n11 Lipschutz, Ronnie D., 118–121, 224n1 Listening (to other/oppressed), 17, 219, 220 Livelihood, 173, 174, 175, 190, 202 as social process, 171, 172, 216 Livelihood of Man, (K.Polanyi, 1977), 169 Locke, John, vii, 35, 36–37, 38, 40–42, 66, 86, 122, 193, 225n12, 225n13, 225n15, 225n17, 226n21 theory of history, 86 Logic of Competition See Competition, Culture of Competition Looker, R., 230n4 Lorde, Audre, Louis XIV (of France, ruled 1643–1715), 33 Lowenthal, Richard, 230n4 Luther, Martin, 26, 83 Lutherans, Lutheranism, 25, 27, 33, 60, 61, 225n5 Lyons, Gene M., 224n1 Maarten, Theo Jans, 234n8 Macmillan, John, 224n1 Macridis, Roy, 100, 230n5, 230n6 Mahler, Gregory S., 230n6 Maldonado, Juan, 63 Management (of global system), 153–155 Mandaville, Peter, 224n16 Marcus, George, 231n5, 233n11 Mare Liberum (H.Grotius, 1609), 74 Market (the), market society, 98, 99, 133– 134, 135, 138, 149, 156, 170, 173–175, 177, 178, 183, 215 chance, deceptions, fictions, illusions, myths, paradox, 143–145, 156, 157– 158, 189 competitions within, 145, 148–152 creates destruction as cultural process, 173, 175, 180–181 creates inequalities, 215, 217 as cultural form, 178 denaturalizing, 169–172 as discovery procedure (Hayek), 133, 149 equality and freedom in, 148–152, 155, 158, 175 hegemony of, 182, 215 ideology of, 172, 177 institutionalization of, 173–174, 215 as mutual dependence, 134, 148 rationality, 170, 173 reduces social life to economic logic, 173 savagery of, 177 self-regulating as unworkable, 174, 176 society as adjunct or opposition, 170, 172, 178 solution to problem of difference, 140– 141, 157 subordinate to social regulation and human purposes, 174, 175 Marsiglio of Padua, 28 Martyr, Peter, 59, 75 Martyrdom, 27 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 262 • INDEX Marx, Karl, vii, 201, 202, 226n8, 229n39, 231n10, 231n16 Mastanduno, Michael, 224n1 Mathematics, 34, 35 Mayall, James., 232n25 Mayer, J., 224n1 Mayer, Lawrence C., 100 McKay, David, 234n8 McNulty, Paul J., 231n8 Meaning, meanings, meaningfulness, 10, 125, 158, 190 in/of culture of competition, 131–145, 148–155, 156–157 in international society, 146, 155 Medieval See Middle Ages Meek, Ronald L., 86 Mehta, Uday, 117, 225n11 Melamed, Avi, 205 Memmi, Albert, 224n8 Mercado, Tomas de, 227–228n16 Mesa, Bernardo de, 60 Middle Ages, 28, 33, 52 Minnow, Martha, 213 Missionaries, missionary project, 52, 63, 66, 67, 76, 79, 81, 82, 84 of global civil society, 121 Modernity, modern, viii, 2, 23, 28, 29, 43, 57, 66, 72–73, 81, 95, 99, 131, 140, 162, 173–174, 176, 177, 211 central problems of, 23, 136, 139, 174 constituted by double movement, 48, 117 constructs others as exploitable, 131 creation myth of, liberal, 95, 96, 177, 214 versus primitivism, 139, 140, 141 transition from Middle Ages, 31–32 universality of, 99, 117 as world culture, 103 See World culture Modernization, modernization theory, 2, 3, 17, 35, 45, 49, 52, 65, 73, 89, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113– 114, 116, 118–119, 121, 131, 202, 213 antidote to anarchy, 104, 105 assumes spatial geopolitics, 94, 230n2 creating commonality and interdependence, 103 equality and freedom in, 142 and ethnological moments, 95 as global process spreading liberalism, 93, 104, 107, 116–118, 203, 212 mixed modes, 108–116, 117, 124 ordering principle of domestic politics, 50–91, 94 as postcolonial theory, 96 recessive themes, 95, 96 recycled in IR, 116–123 spatial demarcation and temporal sequencing, 99–103, 112, 116 traditional elements within, 108–116 unquestioning compliance now impossible, 201 and Vitoria, 95 See also Development, Four stages theory, Neomodernization Molina, Luis de, 227n14 Monogenesis, monogenetic, monogenism, 54–57, 75, 77, 78, 226n7 Montaigne, Michel E de, 28, 34, 66, 72, 225n7, 228n24 Moral pluralism, 8–9, 35, 109 challenge to liberal neutrality, 109 See also Pluralism Moreland, William H., 193 Morgenthau, Hans J., 3, 4, 5, 6, 31, 223n3, 224n4 Morse, Edward L., 104, 105, 108, 121 Moses, Mosaic, 77, 227n9 Mughals See India Muntzer, Thomas, 225n5 Muppidi, Himadeep, 223n1, 223n2, 234n1s6 Mutuality See Commonality Mylius, Abraham, 75 Nair, Sheila, x Nandy, Ashis, 4–5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 102, 108, 123, 158, 162–169, 177, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 213, 219, 224n9, 226n1, 226n2, 226n4, 228n20 Nardin, Terry, 31 Nation-states See States Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 INDEX • 263 Natural law, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 76–77, 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 91, 228n19, 229n31 justifies property, 41 natural rights, 61, 74 quasi-secular status, 85 tension with Bible, 74 as will of God, 61, 81 Natural man, 42, 72 Natural slavery, 52, 57, 58–60, 61–63, 64– 65, 76, 85, 87, 90, 192 transformed into theory of development, 58–65, 85 Nature, 134, 216, 224n11, 1, 226n6 commodification of, 173, 193 cycles of, 200 manipulation of, 121 as windfall, 193 Navari, Cornelia, 145 Nederman, Cary J., 28, 225n18, 227n13 Neomodernization, 93, 95, 116, 120, 125, 213 global civil society, 95, 103, 118–121 global community, 121–123 global governance, 95, 103 liberal peace, 95, 103, 116–118, 121 Netherlands, the, Dutch, 25, 33, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 88, 229n29 Neumann, Iver, 224n7, 224n16, 230n2, 232n22 New World, 2, 9, 25, 33, 42, 45, 48, 51, 55, 59, 62, 88, 90 colonization of, 48 conquest of, 10, 61 discovery of, 50, 57, 81, 85, 229n34 versus Old World, 69, 70, 72–73 as res nullius, 88 Noah, 56, 77 Noble, Margaret, 13 Noble savages, 86, 229n36 Nonintervention (principle of), 44, 146 Non-liberals, 116–118 violence against, 118 Nonviolence, 167–168, 219–220, 234n1 Norway, 75 Norse origins of Amerindians, 75–77, 78 Notae ad Dissertationem Hugonis Grotii (J.De Laet, 1643), 75 Novus Orbis (J.De Laet, 1633), 74 Nusseibeh, Sari, 207 On Universal History (A.R.J.Turgot, 1751– 1752), 86 Onuf, Nicholas, viii, 96, 105, 188, 210, 227n9, 228n20 Oppression, 3, 14 burdens of the oppressed, 219–220 colonial, 14, 163 of everyday life, 166 overlap of self and other denied, 219 resistance as response, 163, 168, 219 Organski, A.F.K., 230n4 Oros, Andrew, 224n16 Orwell, George, 13, 163, 224n9 Osiander, Andreas, 224n3, 225n4, 225n8 Other (the), othering, otherness, 7, 10, 17, 65, 94, 111, 117, 120, 163, 168, 181, 182, 192, 198, 219, 228n21 absolute or radical, 53, 54, 57, 85 always external and internal (inner, intimate), 111, 113, 117, 124, 157, 158, 159, 164, 177, 178, 182, 203–204, 219, 221 assimilation, 11, 12, 42, 84, 102 beyond realm of community, 44 as children, 58–65 Christianization of, 91 constructs and constructed by community, 44, 203–204 demand for recognition, 27 difference effaced, 157 eradication, 111, 204 exploitable, 131, 153, 163, 198 external (alien), as threat, 7, 27, 28, 43, 44, 53, 56, 66, 80, 157, 203–204, 212 external linked to internal, 73, 117 as inferior (uncivilized, etc.), 8, 10, 28, 58–65, 114, 157, 192 internal (within), as disorder, 7, 9–16, 32, 44, 56, 64, 66, 204 managed by assimilation, containment, eradication, 3, 10, 27, 28, 44, 47, 80, 84, 94, 95, 102, 120, 125 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 264 • INDEX overlapping of self and other, 111, 113, 117, 124, 157, 158, 159, 164, 166, 204, 205, 212, 219,221 as a resource for critical self-reflection and cultural transformation, 12, 13–14, 66, 83, 85, 115, 116, 164–168, 177– 178, 182, 187, 219 responses to (patterns of response), 10– 12, 44, 48, 204 spatial versus temporal, 87, 90 and tolerance, 73–80 violence against other redounds to self, 157, 187 and wonderment, 9, 17, 69 Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de, 59 Owen, John, 117 Owen, Robert, 177–178 Ownership, 41, 62, 194, 203, 210 of property, 58, 188, 196, 197 of self, 58 “Pacifying politics” (Baumgold), 35 Pagden, Anthony, 48, 53, 60, 61, 69, 80, 225n7, 226n6, 227n14, 227n15, 228n18, 228n24, 229n33, 229n34 Pages, Georges, 30 Palestine, Palestinians, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209 Papacy, papal, papists, pope, 24, 27, 31, 33, 76 Parker, Geoffrey, 29 Parry, John, 228n19 Parsons, Talcott, 98, 230n5 Pasic, Sujatta, 234n2 Paz, Matías de, 60 Peace of Augsburg (treaty 1555), 27, 32 Peace of Westphalia (treaty 1648), 2, 23, 27, 30–32, 44, 47, 104, 210, 224n4 abandons hierarchy, 146–147 as creation myth of modernity, deferral of problem of difference, 21– 45 historical interest in, 21 inadequacy, 43 and problem of difference in IR, 22, 31 and toleration, 31 Pearson, Harry, 181 Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 (British in India), 199–200 Persecution religious, 28, 29, 32–33, 66 Perspectivism (T.Todorov), 12, 164, 171, 172, 178, 182 Physiocrats, vii, 193, 202 Pluralism, pluralizing, 2, 6, 27, 34, 40, 99, 107 and ethics, 119 of human society and culture, 121, 171 structural, 206 See also Moral pluralism Pogge, Thomas, 234n11 Polanyi, Karl, 130, 161, 199, 217, 231n6, 232n19, 233n11, 233n3, 233n4, 233n5, 233n6, 233n7, 233n8, 233n9, 233n10, 233n11, 233n12, 233n13, 233n14, 233– 234n15, double critique of capitalism, 169–182 ethical and social goals, 176 internal and external critique of IPE/ development, 162 as model of cultural dialogue, 168–169 new civilization, 169, 175, 176, 177 repudiates liberal political economy, 175 universal economic history, 182 Political economy (discipline), 94, 231n10 classical, vii, 193, 202 and dialogue, 182 reconceive as ethnological, 182 Political imagination, 104, 116, 217 Political order, 108–109 chronic problem of modernity, 110 Political system, 96, 97, 99, 100, 105, 108 stability, 108–109 Political theory, political thought, 48, 213 arising from inability to live peacefully with difference, 47, 89 versus IR, 45, 48 notion of politics based on early modern interreligious conflict, 89 Political thought, 48, 213 Politics of comparison, 102, 118, 119, 125 Pollution, of liberals by non-liberals, 116–117 of self by other, 26–27, 125 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 INDEX • 265 Polygenesis, polygenetic, polygenism, 54, 77–78, 226n7 Popkin, Richard, 77 Portugal, Portuguese, 59–60, 67, 74, 76 Postcolonial, postcolonialism, 2, 96, 117, 182, 234n7 as appeal for inclusiveness, 122 Postmodern, postmodernism, vii, 190, 211, 213 Powell, G.Bingham, 100, 230n4, 230n5 Power, 36, 42, 82, 110, 143–144, 213, 232n31 See also Balance of power Power, Postcolonialism, and International Relations (Chowdry and Nair), x Pratt, Mary Louise, 9, 10, 11, 14, 224n8 Pre-Adamitae (I.La Peyrére, 1655), 77 Premodernity, premodern, 22, 98, 103, 208, 211 homogeneity of, 139 source of critical self-reflection, 215 Primitives, primitive, primitivism, 66, 69, 88, 89, 229n36 international relations as, 95 versus modernity, 139, 140, 141, 176 “Primordial sentiments” (C.Geertz), 113– 115 Private property, 41, 197 three forms, 86 Problem of difference See Difference, problem of Production social relations of, 137, 138 Progress, progressive (social, economic), 86–87, 159, 202 Proletarianization, x Property, property rights, 35, 37, 41, 76, 77, 88, 134, 149, 156, 188, 190, 193, 194, 196, 203, 216, 234n3 as absolute, 194, 198–203 alternative conceptions, 190, 196, 202– 203 collective, 148, 188, 216 as dominium (dominion), 188 exclusive, 188–190 historical construction of landed property in India, 191–203 and labor, 137, 193 landed, 86, 188–203 Locke, 41, 42 overlapping, 190, 194, 196 premodern notions, 191–198, 215 and sovereignty, 151, 187, 188–189, 190, 204, 226n20 unbundling, 214 See also Dominium, Private property, Rights, Sovereignty Protestantism, Protestants, ix, 24–28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40, 58, 66, 67, 69, 70, 81 versus Catholics, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 228n24 See also Anabaptists, Calvinists, Huguenots, Hutterites, Lutherans, Zwinglians Psychoanalysis, 166–167 Pufendorf, Samuel, 86 Purify, purity, purification (of self from other), viii, ix, 11, 13, 38, 138, 140–141, 163, 173, 176, 187, 204 purifying hatred, 28–32, 44, 204 regimes of, 117, 124, 195–196 See also Self/other Pye, Lucian, W., 97, 102, 105–108, 112, 121, 123, 230n4 Race, ix, 115, 180, 184, 229n34 Racialization, x Ranking (social), 23, 132, 133 See also Hierarchy, Inequality, Status Rationality, 34, 43, 81, 82, 98, 183 economic, 170 irrationality, 61 rational choice, 183 supplemented by coercion, 179 See also Reason Ray, James Lee, 116 Reason, 36, 37, 42, 60, 61, 63, 105, 227– 228n16 and Christianity, 81 of state, 82 Recessive themes, recessive voices, ix, 8, 13, 15, 57–85, 95, 96, 116, 166, 191, 215, 217, 219 ethnology of space/time, 103–116 toward ethnological comparisons, 96 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 266 • INDEX within the dominant, 220–221 See also Ambiguity Reciprocity, reciprocal, 12, 102, 175, 188 Recognition (of other), 23, 27 among states, 146, 188–189 Reformation, viii, 24–25, 47, 66, 72, 75, 228n23 Reformed Church, Dutch Reformed Church See Calvinism Reformer, Reformist See Protestant Reimagine, reimagination, 116, 217 of IR, 3, 15 of postcolonial world, of the West, ix Religion, religious, 38 conviction and military conflict, 24, 34, 35, 37, 38, 69–70, gaze, 24 liberty, 38, 40 persecution, 28, 29, 32–33, 66 and political (dis)order, 32–35, 38–39, 59, 62 religiosity, 24, 30 religious cleansing, viii, 23, 47 religious warfare, viii, 2, 3, 26–27, 28, 33–35, 37, 38, 66, 69–70, 73, 204, 228n24 theological and doctrinal conflict, 24 toleration, 31, 32, 38, 40 zealotry, 28, 30 Remer, Gary, 225n7 Renaissance, 28, 34–35, 51, 58, 80 Rendall, Jane, 231n12 Rengger, Nicholas J., 224n16 Repress, repression (psychological), 13 Requierimiento (J.L.de Palacios Rubios), 60 Resistance, 2, 8, 13, 27, 37, 39, 82, 91, 105, 130, 146, 178, 179–180, 205, 214, 229n34 armed, 25 to colonization, 162, 163, 168, 182 as counter-movement to disembedding of economy, 173–174 to homogenization, 96, 104 to the market, 162, 175, 201 as means to cultural self-reflection, 181 to neoliberal globalization, 161, 175, 183 nonviolent, 234n1 Responsio (H.Grotius, 1644), 76 Ricardo, David, vii, 232n26 Rights, 82, 99, 176, 189, 196, 226n3, 228n19 to acquisition, 36, 76 bundles of, 196 to common property, 201 to dominion (dominium), 41, 61, 76 and duties, 201 to evangelize, 82 to exchange, 188 to land, 196 to livelihood, 203, 216 to property, 35, 58, 61, 62, 134, 188, 196, 197 to (self) rule, 58, 61, 232n23 to self-defense, self-preservation, 36, 76 to/of sovereignty, 88, 188–189 to subsistence, 233n9 to trade, 76 to use violence, 76 Roelofsen, C.G., 229n26, 229n30 Romann, Michael, 234n6 Romans, Roman, Rome, 50, 55, 56, 188 Rosenau, James N., 230n1 Rosenberg, Justin, 231n11, 232n24 Rostow, W.W., 91, 233n4 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, vii, 66, 86, 89, 193 Roy, Rammohun, 224n9 Rubies, Joan-Pau, 74, 77, 78, 79, 229n29 Rubios, Juan López de Palacios, 60 Ruggie, John, 224n4 Ruiz, Lester Edwin J., 223n6, 230n1 Rule, 41, 81, 110, 188, 189, 191, 224n4 derived from dominium (dominion), 188 imperial, 22, 76 secular, 2, 34–35, 81 Russett, Bruce, 118 Rustow, Dankwart, 230n4 Sahagún, Benardino de, 12, 224n9 as ethnological model, 164–165 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 INDEX • 267 St Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 67, 71 Salamanca, Salamanca school, 58, 60, 82, 85 Salvation, 40, 63, 81, 91, 167 Sameness, 3, 23, 102, 107, 204 creates poverty, 136 as equality, 138, 155 Sarpi, Paulo, 75 Satan, 25, 26, 53, 69, 81, 83 Savages, savagery, 30, 51, 55, 57, 64, 65, 66, 85, 88, 89, 90, 95, 135–136, 138, 229n34 contemporary, 228n21 as degeneration and desire, 57 as ethnological opportunity, 66 as (ig)noble, 66, 72, 73, 86, 87, 177, 229n36 Scaglione, Aldo, 225n7 Schmidt, Brian, 88 Schumpeter, Joseph, 159, 231n8 Schwartz, Herman M., 234n15 Science, scientists, 16, 81, 85, 88, 98, 105 as basis for political authority, 35 as form of certainty, 35, 36, 85 of politics, 82–83 See also Technology Scripture See Bible Searcy, Dennis, 233n14 Second Treatise (John Locke), 36–37, 41 Security dilemma, 152–153 Self (the), 10, 11, 13, 23, 53, 101, 156 always overlap with other, 219, 221 European constructions of, 53, 58, 59, 89 learning from the other, 12, 220–221 Self-determination, 146, 148 Self-healing, 220–221 Self-help, 1, 129, 148 and competition, 148–149, 152 sanctifies inequality and cultural subjugation, Self/other, 44,48, 53, 102, 131, 156, 163, 164, 187, 210 always overlap of, 125, 142–143, 157, 158, 159, 166, 180, 182, 201, 204, 205, 210, 212, 219, 220–221 and critical self-reflection, 172, 217 dialogue in/among, 124, 159, 165–168, 201, 217 European/Tupi, 66–73, 90 excuse for violence and colonization, 173 and identities, 224n7 informing political possibilities, 117, 159, 185 and oppression, 162, 220–221 spatial to temporal division, 50, 55–56, 87 and tolerance, 73–80 violence against other redounds to self, 187 See also Dichotomies, Difference, Other, Purify, Self Self-preservation, 35, 36, 37, 41, 76 Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 228n17 17 Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, 228n24 Shakespeare, William, 28, 225n7 Shapiro, Michael J., 224n1 Shils, Edward, 102 Shklar, Judith N., 232n20 Shohat, Ella, 223n1 Sikkink, Kathryn, 230n1 Similarity and difference, 48, 55 Simpson, Christopher, 230n4 Singularities de la France Antartique (A.Thévet, 1556), 68 Skepticism, skeptics, 34, 35, 36, 38, 60, 85 humanist, 58, 81 Skinner, Quentin, 225n7 Slavery, slaves, enslavement, 39, 59–60, 62, 90, 228n24 of others, 11, 163 See also Natural slavery Smith, Adam, vii, 42, 86, 131, 132, 135– 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 155, 158, 159, 174, 202, 231n11, 231n12, 231n14, 231n15, 233n7 ambiguity and doubt in, 138–139 deception, 143–144 degradation of self and other, 157 difference as opportunity and problem, 157–158 invisible hand, 144 pin factory, 136–137 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 268 • INDEX Social contract, 35, 60, 225n10 Social relations of production, 137, 138, 142 Social structure of accumulation See Capital Social theory, social thought, 35, 48, 86, 213 and IR, 94 Society of States, 2, 5, 6, 7, 23–24, 31, 88, 156, 232n31 coexistence and equality in, 146–147 as a form of human community, 122, 146 as negative utopia of tolerance, 6, 43 sovereignty promises equality and independence of states in, 145 as spatial containment of cultural difference, 23 See also International society Sociology, 175 anthropological, 74 comparative, vii Soguk, Nevzat, 33 Some Thoughts Concerning Education (J.Locke, 1693), 37 Soto, Domingo de, 227n14 Sovereignty, sovereignties, sovereigns, 2, 32, 38, 41,42, 78, 88, 96, 99, 104, 106, 119, 125, 145–148, 187, 203, 224n4, 226n3, 232n21, 234n7 alternative conceptions, 202–203 and anarchy problematic, 145 as asocial sociality, 189 and authority, 146–147 and capitalism, 131, 189 as collective property right and common identity, 148 and common good, 36, 38 constitutes international society, 44, 188–189 defers problem of difference, 203–204 disciplining or penal, 37, 38, 40 and empire of uniformity, 187 exacerbates problem of differences, 22 external face (anarchy), 96, 188 inside/outside, 96, 187 Sovereignty, sovereignties, sovereigns (cont.)internal face (modernization/ development), 96, 188 and modernization, 104, 105 multiple and overlapping, 22, 124, 187–217 and (private) property rights, 151, 187, 188–189, 204, 215, 226n20 as (exclusive) property right of rulers, 188 as puzzle, 21, 22 recessive themes in, 191–203 reciprocal recognition of, 188–189, 210 reconfigured, 210–212, 213 site of ethical and political possibilities, 22, 212 solution to instability and uncertainty, 36, 38, 44, 190–191 and state of nature, 145 as supreme territorial authority, 31, 188 unbundling, 211, 214 use of force, 76–77 See also State Space, spatial, 203, 214 as absolute, exclusive, 210 changing political, 210–211 containment of cultural difference, 23 multiple visions of space as foremost contemporary challenge, 220 as socially-constructed social relationships in India, 191–202 symbolic meanings, 209–210 Space/time, 55–56, 87, 90, 91, 99–100, 105, 178, 198, 226n8, 227n9 ethnology of, 103–116 framing of modernity, 105, 108 reconverting time into space, 115 time unfolds in international space, 96– 99, 101–102 transformed by capitalism, 198 Spain, Spaniards, Spanish, 10, 12, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 72, 74, 75, 76, 80, 82, 83, 84, 88, 165, 227n15, 228n19 Specialization, 98 creates wealth, 136 functional, 210 of knowledge, 139–144 of labor, 136–139 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 INDEX • 269 Splitting (Jessica Benjamin), 11, 12, 13, 23, 44, 45, 52, 53, 139, 174, 187, 204, 224n12 in Hayek, 140–141 IPE forms, 169 making self and other mutually exclusive, 163 in Smith, 138–139 sustains juxtaposition of equality/ sameness to difference/inequality, 138 Spruyt, Hendrik, 224n4 Stages of Economic Growth (W.W.Rostow, 1960), 91 Stam, Robert, 223n1 Standpoints (absolute views, archimedean centers, transcendental positions), 4, 5, 8, 34–35, 49, 60 Stanfield, J.R., 233n6 State, States, 2, 7, 24, 33, 38, 42, 88, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 113, 114, 122, 129, 149, 152, 174, 188, 189, 190–191, 197, 210, 211 as collective economic actors, 148–149 competition for markets, in world market, 129, 148–152 competitively-revealed hierarchy of, 150–151 complicated roles in global economy, 149 constitute international society, 188– 189 as container for political community (civil society), 6, 41, 44, 45, 97, 104, 147 demise of, 210–212 and domestic conformity (sameness), 32, 44 equality of, 146, 147, 155 failed or quasi, 89, 114, 213, 232n28 formation produces rivalry, 114–115 and good life, 45, 147 and identity, 147, 152 as independent consumers and producers, 149 as like-units, 99, 101 as pre-social and savage, 51 and problem of difference, 6–7, 43–44, 89 rogue, 65, 89, 125 and sovereigns/sovereignty, 7, 31, 188 statecraft, 33, 104, 121 and taxation (revenue-collecting), 195– 203 trading states, 149 translates difference into uniformity, 23, 33, 44 See also International society, Society of States, States system State of nature, 35, 37, 41, 42, 45, 86, 89, 95, 193, 198 foundations of, 145–146 original conditions and Amerindians, 86, 88 and sovereignty, 145 Statehood, 99, 101, 188 and cultural integrity, 112–113 States system, Westphalian states system, 2, 6, 23–24, 31, 98, 106, 107, 189, 210, 224n4 anarchy as ordering principle, 50 cosmopolitan response, 122 origins and purposes of, 21, 32 spatial solution to problem of difference, 21–45 and violence, 106–107 Status (social), 99, 142 ,144, 180 Strang, David, 225n4 Strange, Susan, 233–234n15 Structural realists, 103 Structures (social), 125, 142 as constitutive, 132 Suárez, Francisco, 226n14 Subordination, x, 8, 13 Subsistence modes of, 86–87 Sufferance See Tolerance Suffering, 5, 168 co-suffering, 9–16, 142, 168, 178, 182, 220–221 knowledge of, 142 Summario de la Natural Historia de las Indias (G.F.de Oviedo, 1526), 59 Superiority cultural, 9, 88, 226n3 moral, 270 • INDEX Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 “natural” among equals (contradiction), 131 Sweden, Swedish, 29, 76, 77, 229n29 Switzerland, 25, 26 Tanji, Miyume, 117 Tartars, Tartary, 30, 75, 79 Tarullo, David K., 232n25 Teachers, tutelage, tutors (of inferior others), 63–65, 70, 102, 151–152, 157– 158, 180, 228n22 See also Education Technology, technological, 81, 129, 150, 175 and global restructuring, 105, 119 progress, 105, 200 Teleology, 49 Tensions, 11 creative, 4–5, 159, 166 Territoriality, territory (claims to), 190– 202, 203 as reparcelized mosaic, 211 See also Land, Sovereignty, Space, State Terror, terrorism, terrorists, 29, 65, 89, 91 Teune, Henry, 99–100, 102, 230n4 Theibault, John, 29 Theory of Moral Sentiments (A.Smith, 1790), 143 Thévet, André, 67–68 Third world, vii, 17, 122, 182, 234n7 and justice, as others, 94 Thirty Years’ War, 23, 29–30, 32–33, 42, 45, 48, 73, 191 as internal crusade, 23–28 Thomism, Thomist, 58, 60 Thomson, Janice E., 232n25 Thomson, S.Harrison, 31 Thoreau, Henry David, 159 Thucydides, 230n9 Tilly, Charles, 148 Time/temporality, 50, 55, 58, 64–65, 87, 99–100, 112, 228n21 distancing, 221 naturalization of, 101 unfolds in international space, 96–99, 228n20 Tipps, Dean C, 230n8 Todorov, Tzvetan, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 44, 57, 94, 97, 102, 124, 158, 162–165, 168–169, 177, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 213, 224n11, 224n13, 225n7, 225n9, 227n13 and double movement, 48, 107, 113, 131, 170 perspectivism, 164, 171 See also Double movement Tolerance, toleration, 2, 27, 28, 39, 40, 43, 44, 74, 225n18 consecrated by Peace of Westphalia, 31–32, 43 corollary of sovereignty and selfdetermination, 146 others create space for, 73–80 religious, 31, 32, 38 in traditions of Middle Ages, 28 within Christianity, 39, 40, 57, 77–80 Tombeur, Herbert, 234n8 Topik, Steven, 233n5, 233n13 Toulmin, Stephen, 28, 29, 30, 43, 98 Towns, Ann, 226n4 Transnationalism, 105, 116, 119, 215 Trevor-Roper, H.R., 29 Tuck, Richard, 35, 36, 89, 225n7, 225n15, 226n19, 227n14, 229n26 Tully, James, 3, 37, 40, 42, 43, 225n11, 225n16, 225n17, 225n18, 226n19, 226n21, 226n22 Tupinamba, Tupi, 65–73, 90, 228n24 Turgot, A.R.J., 86 Twenty Years’ Crisis (E.H.Carr, 1939), Two Tracts on Government (J.Locke, 1660– 1662), 38 Two Treatises on Government (J.Locke, 1690), 86 ubi unis dominus, ibi una sit religio, 27 Uncertainty, 9, 11, 34, 42, 122, 213 Uniform, uniformity, 32, 33, 38, 39, 41, 43, 139 of constitution, 44, 106 cultural, 42, 49 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 INDEX • 271 and difference, 80, 89 ruptures in, 54–55 See also Empire of Uniformity United East India Company, 76, 195, 197, 199 United Nations, 154, 214 United States, 102, 111, 115, 155, 230n4 Unity, 57, 36, 37, 38, 54, 81, 82–83, 136 Christian, 53, 57, 74, 77, 79, 85 of creation, 54, 56 and globalization, 120 human diversity as degeneration of original, 77 See also Equality, Sameness Universalism, universality, 6, 16, 80–85, 91, 105, 116, 120, 121–122, 136–137, 165, 181 and Christianity, 81, 82, 83, 84 as civilizing project, of liberalism, 81, 116, 117, 225– 226n18 of Linklater, 121–123 of modernity, 99, 116 of moral principles, 60 Utopias, utopian, utopianism, 81, 82, 158 conversations among, 168 elements in IR theory, negative, 6, 14 Valensi, Lucette, 233n4 Van Creveld, Martin, 224n4 Varadarajan, Latha, 227n9 Verba, Sydney, 97, 108, 111–112, 115, 230n4 Verdadera Relacion de la Conquista del Peru (Francisco Jerez, 1534), 59 Verweij, Marco, 224n16, 230n2 Villegagnon, Nicholas Durand de, 67 Violence, 3, 6, 14, 17, 106, 111 and cultural imposition, 107–108 incitement against non-liberals, 118 and self/other, 173 See also Nonviolence Virtue, 37, 82, 148 Vitoria, Francisco de, 49, 52, 57, 58–65, 76, 81–82, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 192, 227n14, 228n17, 228n19 theory of development, 57 Walker, R.B.J (Rob), viii, 45, 96, 105, 120, 187, 223n3, 224n15, 224n16, 230n1 Waltz, Kenneth, 231n3 Walzer, Michael, 6, 22, 23, 226n20 Wapner, Paul, 223n6, 230n1 War, warfare, wars, 29, 39, 86, 116 See also Religion (religious warfare), Violence War against the Idols (C.M.N.Eire, 1986), 24 Watnick, Morris, 230n4 Ways of being, ways of life See Forms of life Wealth, 144, 145, 148 and agriculture, 199–200 as natural bounty or windfall, 192–193, 198, 202, 216 as product of rational, human, marketbased behavior, 198–200 as social bounty, 202, 216 social processes of production, 216 from specialization, 136, 215 as “trifling” (A.Smith), 143–144, 157 Wealth of Nations (i.e., An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations) (A.Smith, 1776), 135, 137– 138, 142 Weber, Cynthia, 224n1 Weber, Max, 223n4 Wedel, K.A., 30 Weeks, Charles, 29 Weingrod, Alex, 234n6 Weiss, Thomas G., 224n1 Wendt, Alexander, 234n2 West (the), Western, 2, 15–16, 181, 230n3 civilizing, idealist, utopian elements, 198 culture, viii, 17, 181 political thought, ix, 2, 48, 198 reimagination of, ix, 16, 217 social thought, ix, 2, 48, 198 Westphalia, Westphalian See Peace of Westphalia Whatley, Janet, 65, 68, 72–73, 228n23 Wheeler, Nicholas J., 223n6 Downloaded by [University of Social Science & Humanities] at 19:05 07 April 2017 272 • INDEX Whitaker, C.S., 230n8 White, Hayden, 52, 226n5 “White man’s burden”, 65, 102 Wight, Martin, 45 Wilderness, 173, 226n4 Wild men, 50–57, 85 as desire incarnate, 53 Wildness, 43, 50, 52, 55, 56, 90, 226n5 as degeneration and desire, 57 Wilk, Richard R., 233n2, 233n8 Williams, Raymond, 231n5 Wilson, Frank, 230n6 Witches, x, 90 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 21 Wolf, Eric, 227n12 Wolf, Klaus Dieter, 223n6, 230n1 Wonder, wonderment, 17, 69 becomes “double movement”, 10 and otherness, 9, 10 Wootton, David, 225n18 World culture, 99, 101, 103, 105–106, 107, 116 and universality, 102 World economy, 149, 230n6 See also Global economy, International Political Economy, Market World Order Models Project (WOMP), 105 World-systems theory, 230n6, 232n27 Worship, 25, 38, 225n17 false worship, 26 Wounds, wounding, of difference, 43, 45, 204 and oppression, 220–221 psychic, 29 of religious wars, 2, 29, 35, 48 Writing, written word as civilization and history, 55 socially privileged, 34, 63, 227n9 Young, Iris Marion, 5, 123, 212 Young, Robert, 226n2 Zamora, Margarita, 224n10 Zeno of Venice, 75 Zizek, Slavo, 65 Zumárraga, Juan de, 47, 49 ... and managed within the territorial boundaries of the state This demarcation and policing of the boundary between the “inside” and “outside” of the political community defines the problem of difference. .. portrayal of Hernando Cortés makes clear, growing knowledge of the other does not immediately produce sympathy and a fuller understanding Rather, knowledge of the other, inflected by the equation of difference. .. translate the initial experience of difference into a conviction of the inferiority of the other This status then justifies the various forms of ill treatment and exploitation meted out to the Indians