Analysis of water resource systems

ANALYSIS OF WAER RESOURCE SYSTEMS This Page Intentionally Left Blank ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS by LADISLAV VOTRUBA Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Technical University, Prague, Czechoslovakia Co-authors: Zden6k Kos Karel Nachlzel Adolf Patera Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Technical University, Prague, Czechoslovakia Vlclav Zeman Water Research Institute, Prague, Czechoslovakia ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 1988 Published in co-edition with SNTL - Publishers of Technical Literature, Prague Distribution of this book is being handled by the following publishers for the U.S.A and Canada ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, N Y 10017 for the East European Countries, Chinese People’s Republic, Cuba, Korean People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Vietnam SNTL - Publishers of Technical Literature Spalena 51, 11302 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia for all remaining areas ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O Box 21 I loo0 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Votruba, Ladislav Analysis of water resource systems (Developments in water science; 32) Translation of: Vodohospodarskt soustavy Includes bibliography and index I Water-supply engineering - Data processing System theory I Title 11 Series TD353.V6813 1988 628.1 87-22150 ISBN 0-444-98944-7 (Vol 32) ISBN 0-444-41699-2 (Series) With 99 illustrations and 61 tables @ 1988 L Votruba et al Translation @ Z Kos All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners Printed in Czechoslovakia DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER SCIENCE, 32 OTHER TITLES IN THIS SERIES G BUGLIARELLO AND F GUNTER COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND WATER RESOURCES H L GOLTERMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMNOLOGY Y.Y.HAIMES, W A HALL AND H T FREEDMAN MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION IN WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS THE SURROGATE WORTH TRADE-OFF-METHOD J J FRIED GROUNDWATER POLLUTION N.RAJARATNAM TURBULENT JETS D.STEPHENSON PIPELINE DESIGN FOR WATER ENGINEERS V HALEK AND J SVEC GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS J.BALEK HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES IN TROPICAL AFRICA T A McMAHON AND R G MEIN RESERVOIR CAPACITY AND YIELD 10 G.KOVACS SEEPAGE HYDRAULICS 11 W H GRAF AND W C MORTIMER (EDITORS) HYDRODYNAMICS OF LAKES PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM 12 - 13 OCTOBER 1978, LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 12 W BACK AND D A STEPHENSON (EDITORS) CONTEMPORARY HYDROGEOLOGY THE GEORGE BURKE MAXEY MEMORIAL VOLUME 13 M A MARIRO AND J N LUTBIN SEEPAGE AND GROUNDWATER 14 D STEPHENSON STORMWATER HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGE 15 D STEPHENSON PIPELINE DESIGN FOR WATER ENGINEERS (completely revised edition of Vol in this series) 16 W BACK AND R LETOLLE (EDITORS) SYMPOSIUd ON GEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATER 17 A H EL-SHAARAWI (EDITOR) IN COLLABORATION WITH S R ESTERBY TIME SERIES METHODS IN HYDROSCIENCES 18 J BALEK HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES IN TROPICAL REGIONS 19 D STEPHENSON PIPEFLOW ANALYSIS 20 I ZAVOIANU MORPHOMETRY OF DRAINAGE BASINS 21 M M A SHAHIN HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE BASIN 22 H C RIGGS STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS 23 M NEGULESCU MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT 24 L G EVERETT GROUNDWATER MONITORING HANDBOOK FOR COAL AND OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT 25 W KINZELBACH GROUNDWATER MODELLING 26 D STEPHENSON AND M E MEADOWS KINEMATIC HYDROLOGY AND MODELLING 27 A M EL-SHAARAWI AND R E KWIATKOWSKI (EDITORS) STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING 28 M JERMAR WATER RESOURCES AND WATER MANAGEMENT 29 G W ANNANDALE RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION 30 D.CLARK MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMS IN GROUNDWATER 31 R H FRENCH HYDRAULIC PROCESSES ON ALLUVIAL FANS 32 L VOTRUBA, Z KOS, K NACHAZEL, A PATERA AND V ZEMAN ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS CONTENTS PREFACE 13 INTRODUCTION 15 SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND ITS DISCIPLINES 19 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.3 The Concept of Systems Science Contents of Systems Science General Systems Theory Cybernetics SystemsEngineering Operations Research Systems Analysis Development of Systems Disciplines 19 19 19 21 23 25 26 30 SYSTEMS IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.9.3 Water Resource Systems Water Resource Systems in the General Water Plan of Czechoslovakia Water Resource System Definition Methodology of Water Resource System Definition Task Formulation by Water Resource System Analysis Water Resource System Definition Water Resource System Evaluation Water Resource System Evaluation by Decision Analysis Economic Evaluation of Water Resource Systems Multi-Objective Optimization Application of Heuristic Methods in Water Resource System Analysis Prognostics in the Design and Operation of WRS Function of Creative Teams and Work Groups in the Design and Operation of WRS Automatic Control of Water Resource Systems Subjects of the Automatic Control Theory and Its Relationship to Cybernetics Principles and Methods of Automatic Control Theory and Optimal Systems Theory Prospects of Application of Optimal Systems of Automatic Control in WRS 38 40 45 49 49 54 57 57 64 66 67 70 78 81 81 82 85 MATHEMATICAL METHODS USED IN SYSTEMS THEORY 87 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 Probability Theory Basic Notions Theoretical Probability Distributions of Random Random Variables 87 87 89 3.1.2.1 Variables 38 89 3.1.2.2 3.1.2.3 3.1.2.4 3.1.2.5 3.1.2.6 3.1.2.7 3.1.2.8 3.1.2.9 3.1.2.10 3.1.3 3.1.3.1 3.1.3.2 3.1.3.3 3.1.3.4 3.1.4 3.1.4.1 3.1.4.2 3.1.4.3 3.1.5 3.1.5.1 3.1.5.2 3.1.5.3 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.6.1 3.2.6.2 3.2.6.3 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 Numerical Characteristics of Random Variables Application of Theoretical Probability Distributions The Normal Probability Distribution Normalizing Probability Distributions Gamma Probability Distribution The Pearson Probability Distribution Exponential Probability Distribution The Gumbel Probability Distribution Estimation of Parameters of Cumulative Distribution Function Dependence and Correlation Functional and Probability Relationships Multivariate Probability Distribution Methods of Determination of the Linear Statistical Dependence Between Random Variables Methods of Determination of Complex Statistical Dependence Between Random Variables Statistical Estimation of Probability Distribution Parameters Estimators of Samples from a Population with Normal Distribution Distribution Involved in Analysis of Variance Estimators of Population Parameters with Normal Probability Distribution Tests of Significance and Tests of Hypotheses Testing Parametric Hypotheses Testing Non-Parametric Hypotheses Testing Hypotheses for Statistical Dependence of Random Variables Theory of Random Processes Basic Notions of the Random Processes Theory Stationarity and Ergodicity of Random Processes Correlation Analysis of Random Processes Spectral and Filter Analysis of Random Processes Markov Processes Mathematical Models of Stochastic Processes and Their Application in WRS Model for Generation of Sequences of Annual Stochastic Hydrological Variables Model of Generation of Monthly Stochastic Variables Model of Flow Generation in a System of Stations Mathematical Description of System Behaviour Introduction The Concept of Dynamic System Operator Dynamic System with Random Inputs and Outputs Mathematical Formulation of the Behaviour of Stochastic Hydrological Systems Fourier Transformation Introduction Fourier Series Fourier Integral Direct and Inverse Fourier Transformation Spectrum of a Unit Impulse Characteristic Function of Random Variable Laplace Transformation Introduction Direct and Inverse Laplace Transformation 91 93 94 98 99 102 102 103 105 108 108 109 111 116 117 117 118 121 124 124 126 129 130 130 133 135 141 145 149 149 152 154 156 156 157 159 161 163 163 165 166 168 169 170 171 171 172 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.7 3.6 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.7.5 3.7.6 3.7.7 Laplace-Wagner Transformation Basic Properties of the Laplace-Wagner Transformation Use of Dictionary of Laplace Transforms for Inverse Transformation Inverse Transformation by Heaviside Expansion Inverse Transformation by Convolution Z-Transformation Basic Notions of Calculus of Variations Application of Calculus of Variations in WRS Functional Variations of Argument and Distance of Functions Some Properties of Functional Two-Fixed-Point Boundary-Value Variation Problem Principle of Two-Free-Point Boundary-Value Variation Problem Application of Calculus of Variations for Stochastic Optimization Problems 171 174 176 177 180 181 181 181 182 183 183 185 188 189 APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN WRS 192 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.3 4.4 192 Characteristic Properties of Computers 198 Use of Computers in Modelling Task Algorithmization 198 199 Flowcharts Languages of Automatic Programming 203 Debugging 210 213 Documentation in Programming 214 Principles of a Computer Centre Project Prospects of Computer Use in Water Resource Systems 216 ’ MODELS OF OPTIMAL PROGRAMMING 217 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 Linear Programming Models of Linear Programming Application of Linear Programming in WRS Dynamic Programming Main Principles of Dynamic Programming Application of Dynamic Programming in WRS The “Curse of Dimensionality” in Dynamic Programming 217 217 221 233 234 236 247 SIMULATION MODELS OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS 249 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.3.6 6.3.7 The Term Simulation Model Properties of Simulation Models Developing a Simulation Model Defining the Problem Input and Output Determination Description of Water Resource Systems Simulation and Model Design Input Parameters of Simulation Models Operation of Water Resource Systems Assembling a Computer Program Principles of the Symbolic Language SIM-WRS 249 251 253 254 254 257 261 262 264 265 Serek, M.: Computer Use for Drinking Water Supply Systems 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Control of Multiunit Interbasin Water Resource System Wuter Resources Research, 3, 1974, p 407-414 Tapiero, Ch S.: Managerial Planning: An Optimum and Stochastic Approach Control, Vol and 2, Gordon and Breach, London, 1977 Taylor, L E.: A Decade of Water Resources Planning in England and Wales Proc IWRA, Vol 11, 1975, pp 361 -371 Technical Committee: Water Resources Planning, Social Goals and Indicators, Methodological Development and Empirical Tests Water Res Lab Utah, State Univ Logan, 1974 Tekel, L : Problems of Water Power Utilization of Multipurpose Reservoirs in Water Resources Systems Proc WRS, Karlovy Vary, 1972, pp 137- 145 (in Slovak) Ter-Manuelianc, A,: Dynamic Programming in Economic Practical Use Ek.-mat obzor, 3, 1966, p 28 (in Czech) Ter-Manuelianc, A,: Mathematical Models of Inventory Control Ek.-mat obzor, 4, 1968, pp 1-2 (in Czech) Ter-Manuelianc, A : Possibilities of Use of Scientific Methods in Practical Management Horizont, Prague, 1971, p 44 (in Czech) Tersine, R 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Vedula, S and Rogers P P.: Multiobjective Analysis of Irrigation Planning in River Basin Development Wuter Resources Research, 17, 5, 1981, pp 1304- 1310 44 Velev, D., Radkov, M., and Nedkova, N.: Determination and Selection of an Optimal Alternative of Water Resource Systems Proc WRS, Hradec Kralove, 1976, pp 396-408 Velikanov, A L and Korobova, D N.: Dynamic Programming as Applied to Substantion of a Reliable Water Supply in Integrated Water Management Systems Proc IWRA, Vol V, 1975, pp 177- 182 Velikanov, A L and Pryzner, V I.: Use of Statistical Methods for Water Resources Systems Parameters Optimization Vodniye Resursy, 4, 1976, pp 58 - 64 (in Russian) Vemuri, V.: Multiple-Objective Optimization in Water Resources Systems Water Resources Research, 1, 1974, pp 44 - 48 Ventcel, E S.: Probability Theory Gos izd fi mat lit., Moscow, 1962, p 564 (in Russian) Ventcel, E S.: Elements of Dynamic Programming Nauka, Moscow, 1964, p 175 (in Russian) Ventcel, E S.: Introduction in Operations Research Mir, Moscow, 1966, p 287 (in Russian) Vepiek, J.: Operations Analysis in Economic Practical Use SNTL, Prague, 1970, p 138 (in Czech) Vepiek, J : Basic Notions of Operations Research, Large-Scale Systems Research, and Control Systems Conf.: Control Systems, Inorga, UVTA, Karlovy Vary, 1970 Verghaeghe, R J.: Overview Paper on Operation of the Largest Reservoir System in the Netherlands: The IJssel Lake Workshop IIASAJIMGW, Operation of Multiple Reservoir Systems, Poland, Jodlowy Dwor, 1979, p 10 Veseljr, J.: A Survey of Basic System Terms Centralni databanka FSU, Prague, 1975, p 40 (in Czech) Vicens, G., Rodrigues-Iturbe, I., and Schaake, J C.: A Bayesian Framework for the Use of Regional Information in Hydrology Water Resources Research, 3, 1975, pp 405-414 Vicens, J A.: Application of Statistical Methods for Operation of Systems of Water Power Plants Gidrometizd., Moscow, 1963, p 88 (in Russian) Vischer, D L and Spreafko, M.: The Rapid Emptying of Water Reservoir System Proc IWRA, Vol V, 1975, pp 161 - 170 Vitha, 0.:Design of Water Resources Systems: The Role of Man and Computer Proc WRS, Karlovy Vary, 1972, p 158 - 166 (in Czech) Vitha, and Doleial, M.: Design of Water Resources Systems Works and Studies 141, VUV, Prague, 1975, p 185 (in Czech) Vitha, O., Doleial, M., and Morava, S.: Recommendations and Data for Design and Economic Evaluation of Multipurpose Water Resources Systems SRVH, VUV, Prague, 1972 (in Czech) Vito-Don: Annotated Bibliography on Systems Cost Analysis RAND, Santa Monica, 1967 VIEek, J.: Systems Analysis Ekon.-mat obzor, 4, 1968 (in Czech) Vlkk, J.: Systems Analysis and Systems Approach Ekon.-mat obzor, 4, 1969 (in Czech) VIEek, J.: Computers and Control (The Efficiency of their Use) SNTL, Prague, 1971, p 132 (in Czech) VIEek, J.: Computer System Data Processing, SNTL, Prague, 1972, p 216 (in Czech) VIkk, J.: Computer Hardware and Software in CMEA Countries: CSSR SNTL, Prague, 1975, p 80 (in Czech) Vlkk, R et al.: Analysis of Value SNTL, Prague, 1973, p 220 (in Czech) Vogel, J and Kazda, I.: Use of Computers in Hydrotechnics Vodnihospodcifstui(Ref.No.), 1969 (in Czech) Volf, F : Value Analysis in Civil Engineering (Thesis) Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Prague, 1977, p 501 (in Czech) Volkov, G.: Birth of Science Mlada fronta, Prague, 1975, p 144 (in Czech) Votruba, L.: Water Resources Systems and their Construction Conf.: SystCmovt inzenyrstvi ve stavebnictvi CVTS, Mar Lazne, 1974 (in Czech) Votruba, L.: Application of Systems Theories and Methods on Problems of Water Management Proc WRS, Hradec KralovC, 1976 (in Czech) Votruba, L and BroZa, V.: Reservoirs Water Management SNTL, Prague, 1966, p 324, 2nd rev ed 1980, p 443 (in Czech) 442 Votruba, L and Nachazel, K.: Principles of Theory of Stochastic Processes and their Application in Water Management, Technical University, Prague, 1969, 1971, p 183 (in Czech) Votruba, L., Nachazel, K., and Patera, A.: Systems Engineering in Water Management Technical University, Prague, 1974, p 252 (in Czech) Wagner, H M.: Statistical Management of Inventory Systems John Wiley, New York, 1962, p 292 Wagner, H M : Principles of Operations Research with Applications to Managerial Decisions Prentice Hall Int Ed., London, 1975, p 1039 Walter, J.: Stochastic Models in Economics SNTL - ALFA, Prague - Bratislava, 1970,p 195 (in Czech) Walter, J er al.: Operation Research SNTL - ALFA, Prague - Bratislava, 1973, p 190 (in Czech) Walter, J and Lauber, J.: Simulation Models of Economic Processes SNTL - ALFA, Prague - Bratislava, 1975, p 213 (in Czech) Water for Human Needs Proc of the Second World Congress on Water Resources IWRA, Vol I -V, New Delhi, Summaries of Congress Papers, 1975 Water Resources Systems Determination in SSR Vodorozvoj, Bratislava, 1974 (in Slovak) Waziruddin, S and Altinbilek, H D.: Mathematical Modelling and Optimization of the Ceyhan Aslantas Project in Turkey Proc IAHR, 4, 1973, pp 23 - 32 Weis, L.: Statistical Decision Theory McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961, p 195 Weissenberger, I.: Analysis of Information Systems Svoboda, Prague, 1972, p 276 (in Czech) White, D J.: Decision Theory Aldine Publ Co., Chicago, 1969, p 194 Whithin, T M.: The Theory of Inventory Management Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Yersey, 1957, p 302 Wiener, N.: Cybernetics: Communication and Control in the Animal and the Machine M.I.T., Cambridge, 1948 Wilkinson, J C.: River Dee Research Program A Long-Term Control Strategy for a Multipurpose Reservoir Water Resources Research, 1972, pp 904-910 Wilson, I G and Wilson, M E.: Information Computers and System Design John Wiley, New York, 1965 Won, T S.: The Objects and Syllabi in Water Resources Education Proc IWRA, Vol IV, 1975, pp 419-422 Wunderlich, W 0.:Overview of Water Management Methods for the TVA - Operated Reservoir System Workshop IIASAhMGW, Operation of Multiple Reservoir Systems, Poland, Jodlowy Dwor, 1979, p 23 Yakowitz, S.: Dynamic Programming Applications in Water Resources Water Resources Research, 18,4, 1982, pp 673 - 696 Yakowitz, W and Rutherford, B.: Contribution to Discrete-Time Differential Dynamic Programming, Submitted to Optimal Control, Water Resources Systems, 1981 Yeh, W W G and Becker, L.: Optimization of Real-Time Daily Operation of a Multiple Reservoir System Proc WRS, Hradec Kralove, 1976, pp 409-423 Yermolyev, Yu M and Melnik, J M.: Extremal Problems on Graphs Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1968, p 176 (in Russian) Yevjevich, V.: Stochastic Processes in Hydrology Water Resources Publications, Fort Collins, 1976, p 276 Yevjevich, V.: Overview of Research on Operation of Multiple Reservoir Systems (Colorado State University Activities), Workshops IIASAhMGW, Operation of Multiple Reservoir System, Poland, Jodlowy Dwor, 1979, p 13 Young, G K., Moseley, J C., and Evenson, D E.: Time Sequencing Element Construction in a MultiReservoir System Water Resour Bull., 4, 1970, pp 528 - 541 Zahradnik, J.: Linear Programming in Economic Management SNTL, Prague, 1969, p 233 (in Czech) Zavfel, F.: Principles of Automatic Control Theory ALFA, Bratislava, 1970, p 230 (in Czech) 443 Zeman, V.: On the Use of Economic Objective Function Proc WRS, Karlovy Vary, 1972, p 189 - 197 (in Czech) Zeman, V.: Computer Programming in Analysis of Water Resources Systems by Simulation Technique Vodni hospodbfstui, A, 7, 1974, pp 181- 183 (in Czech) Zeman, V.: Water Resources Systems Planning Tasks Water Researcn Institute, Prague, 1986, P 96 (in Czech) Zeman, V and Sykora, M.: Interrogative Computer System for Water Resources Systems Conf.: ASR vodniho hospodafstvi, Brno, 1980 (in Czech) Zitek, F.: Lost Time (Elements of Queueing Theory) Academia, Prague, 1969, p 180 (in Czech) Zubek, L.: Conditions of Water Management Development in the Odra River Basin Vodni hospodaistui, A, 5, 1974, pp 119-121 (in Czech) Activities, analytical, 389 -, publishing, 389 -, research, 389 Activity, 81, 320-325 -, slack, 323 - 325 -, -, free, 323, 325 -, -, total, 323, 325 Adaptability, model, 276 -, system, 22, 47,48, 252 Adaptation, 276 Aggregation, 22,47,48,252 -,degree, 252 -, parameters, 252 ALGOL, 204-210,264,265 Algorithm, 68, 85, 145, 198,208-210, 216, 249,*355 Algorithmization, 330,339, 372,383 Allocation, optimal, 344 -, water, 351 Alternative, 25, 56,262,273 -, basic, 402 Analogy, hydrological, 255 Analytic terms, 385 Application, automatic control, 85 - 87 -,calculus, variations, 181, 189- 191 -, cybernetics, 390 -, dynamic programming, 236 - 248 -, graph theory, 329 - 339 -, inventory theory, 292,299 -, linear programming, 221 -232 -, Markov(ian) processes, 149,289-297 -, out-of-kilter algorithm, 344- 350 -, queuing theory, 12- 16 -, systems engineering, 25 -, theoretical probability distribution, 93 Approach, functional, 259 -, heuristic, 368 -, information, 22 -, morphological, 79 -, probability, 16, 17 Arborescence, 320 Arc, 318-322,331-335,340-350 Array, arrangement, 269,270 Arrival, bulk, in queue, 303 -, individual, in queue, 303 -,rate, 308-310 Autocode, 204 Automatic control, 81 - 87 -,design, 336 -, information system, 372 Automation, 22 Balance, mass, 334 Balk, queue, 304 Batch size, 283 - 288 Behaviour, analysis, 45 - 48 -, dynamic, 249 -, system, 45,277 Benefits, 65 -, discounted, 232 -, flood control, 368 -, gross, 290, 291, 361 -, irrigation, 224, 229 -, net, 224,229,245,316 -, power production, 224,225,229 Biostasis, 32 Black box, 22,382,411 Boards, Water, 64,87 Boundaries, 349,368,369 Boundary conditions, 337 Bounds, 341 - 350 Brainstorming, 75 - 79 Branch, 330 Broken line, 224 Buffer, 283 Canal Danube - Oder - Labe, 262,411 Catalogue, 384 Carry-over, 255 c.d.f (see Distribution function, cumulative) Chain, 319 -, Markov(ian), 145-148, 153-156,295-297, 304-308,313,345 -, -, imbedded, 306,307 445 Chance-constraints, 252,253,260,261, 351-360 Chanel, exponential, simple, 308 - 310 -, communication, 373 -, noiseless, 373 Character, 391 Circuit, Hamiltonian, 320 Circulation, 342,346, 347 Classification, Kendall, 304 - 308 CMEA, 413 COBOL, 204,205 Coding, 373,389 Coefiicient, correlation, 140, 141 -, -, linear, 112 -, -, rank, 112 -,kurtosis, 92 -, redundancy, 317 -, regression, 115- 130, 345 -, skewness, 92,95 - 105 -, variance, 92,95 - 105 Communication, 54, 378 - 380 -,test, 383 Compactness, information language, 384- 386 Compatibility, data, 255 Complexity, 34 Computer, analog, 192, 193,419 -,center, 213-215 -,digital, 17, 192, 194,249, 390,419 -, hardware, 82, 192- 198 -, memory, inner, 271 -,software, 82, 85,203, 382, 388, 394 - 396 -, system, 192 Connector, 201 Constraints, 211-221, 223, 227 -,flood control, 351 -353 -, maximum release, 352, 354 -, minimum release, 352, 354 -, recreation pool, 263 -, water supply, 351 - 353 Conservation, 43,44 Consumption, 269 Control, automatic, 81 - 87 -, computer, 194 -,list, 79 Convergence, 166,167 Convolution, 180- 181 Cooperation, international, 390 Copying equipment, 389 Correctness tests, 271 Correlation, 74, 108- 117, 135- 141 -, analysis, 135 - 141 -, indices, 116 -, spurious, 74 Cost-benffit analysis, 27, 64 - -, ratio, 395 Costs, allocation, 65,66 -, capital, 277,361,398 -, direct, 395 -, indirect, 395 -, initial, 57, 316,415 -, inventory, holding, 278,280,284 -, investment, 224,231 -, minimum, 24,254, 398 -,OMR, 361 -, operation, 224,231,316 -, penalty, 282 Costs, value, 349, 369 Covariance, 110 - 112 CPA (see Critical path analysis) CPM (see Critical path method) CPU (central processing unit) 195- 197 Criterion (-ia), 58, 83, 121 130, 232 -, construction, 58 -, costs, 57 -, development, 59 -, economic effectiveness, 58 -, environmental, 58 -, multipurpose, 20 -, optimization, 58 -,system, 58 Critical path, 324-326 -, -, analysis, 317, 320, 322- 328 -, -, method, 47,317,324-328 Cross-correlation, 154, 155,255 Curse, dimensionality, 247, 248 Cybernetics, 15, 19,21- 23, 81 - 83,415 Cycle, 319, 330, 336, 401 -, elementary, 319 -, hydrological, 412 - Data, acquisition, 372, 381, 387 -, base, 387, 390 -, hydrological, 192,254,400,413 -, input, 71, 192,250,254-256,268,400 -, organization, 381 -, output, 268 446 Data, processing, 130, 192,216, 253, 372 -, structure, 391 Debugging, program, 210-213,253,264 Decision, analysis, 57 - 64, 257, 273, 414 -,making, 25,27, 57, 81, 273, 276,277,419 -, situation, 27 Decoding, 373 Decomposition, system, 402,416 Deficits, 44,256, 263, 316, 346 Defining, problem, 254 Delivery, time lag, 279, 287 Demand, 280,282,288,292,360,401 Demand-supply integration (see Supply-demand integration) Demands, water, 77, 338 Dependence, 108 -,complex, 116-117 -, linear, 111 - 116 Design, 79, 159,261, 262 -, optimum, 23 Deviation standard, 92,95 - 105,274 Diagnostic analysis, 48, 71 Dialectics, 16 Digraph (see Graph, directed) Discharge, minimum, 254 Discipline, queuing, 303 - 305 Discount factor, 232 Dissemination, information, 378, 387 -, -, selective, 387-391 Distribution function, convoluted, 354 -, -, cumulative, 89 - 130, 132, 274, 353 -, probability, binomial, 315 -, -, Chi-square, 120- 130 -, -, Erlangian, 305, 307, 310 -, -, exponential, 102, 304-307, 310 -,-,F, 119-130 -, -, Frkhet, 105 -, -, Gamma, 99 -, -, Gauss-Gibrat, 99 -, -, Goodrich, 102 -, -, Gumbel, 103, 357 -, -, log-normal, 98 - 99 -, -, multivariable, 109 -, -, normal, 94, 316 -, -, normalizing, 98 -, -, Pearson, 102, 298, 315, 316 -, -, sample, 105- 108 Distribution probability, Student, 119-130 -, theoretical, 89- 107 -, -, Weibull, 99 Diversion channel, 340 -, water, 255, 330 Documentation, program, 213 Draft, 403 Dynamic programming, 56,217,222, 233-248,415 -, -, discrete dfierential, 247,248, 415 -, -, incremental, 248 -, -, stochastic, 247 - 248 Dynamics, system, 261 DYNAMO, 204 Economic life, 232,251,415 Economics, 13,31 Edge, graph, 318- 320 Effectiveness, economic, 15, 66 -, operational, 394 Efficiency, economic, 394 Element($ 16, 38 - 40, 54, 55, 257, 262 Elimination, 47 Energy, dump, 256,262 -, firm, 256,262,361 Engineering, 13 -, systems, 23 - 25 Entropy, 372 - 377 -, relative, 377 Environment, 259 -, essential, 258 -, system, 16, 54,258, 259, 381 Environmental conservation, 254 Equation continuity, 252,253, 355 -, Euler, 187 -, -, functional, 181 Equivalent deterministic, 353 Ergodicity, random process, 133- 135 Estimate, interval, 117- 130 -, optimistic, 326 -, parameter, 117- 130 -, pessimistic, 326 Estimators, 117- 124 Evaluation, alternatives, 57, 60 -, -, decision analysis, 57 - 64 -, -, economic, 64 - 67 -, -, simple, 60 -, -, weighted, 60 447 Evaluation, model, 272,273 Event, random, 87 - 89 Exceedance probability, 355 Expansion Heaviside, 177- 180 Expectation, 160 Experiment, 69, 87, 382,417 -, simulation model, 254,275 Expert estimation, 75 - 77 Expressiveness, information, 384- 386, 391 - 392 Extrapolation, nonlinear, 76 Extremum, functional, 185 Factor, plant capacity, 367 Failure, system, 29 Feedback, 30 Field, 391 FIFO, 303,306 File, 391 -, document, 378,384 -, organization, 387 Fitting, curve, 96 -98 Flood control, 43,52,236,253,255,259, 260,262,361,401,406,410,414 -, -, storage, 236, 253,401 -, damage, 368 Flow, acceptable minimum, 44,269,273,406 -, annual, 299, 300 -, gauged, 251 -, generation, synthetic, 149- 156, 251,255,400 -, log-normally distributed, 150 -, low, augmentation, 43,49,259,402 - 403 -, minimum, augmentation, 340,346, 347 -, optimal, 338 -, pattern, 331, 333 -, stochastic, 227, 228 Flowchart, 199,200,202,211,215,381 Formula, Bayes, 89 Formulation, problem, 5 -, task, 54 FORTRAN, 204 - 206,264,265 Frequency, relative, 108 Function, autocorrelation, 133- 141 -, benefit, 224, 229 -,correlation, 139- 142 -, covariance, 133- 141 -, Dirac, 169-171 -, distance, 183 Function, harmonic, 164- 167 256, 361, 368,415 -, n o n h e a r , 224,225 -, periodic, 163, 168 -, polyharmonic, 167, 168 -, transfer, I60 - 162 -,trend, 72 Functional, 182 - 188 -, IOSS, Gauging station(s), 54, 254, 269, 270, 400 154,254 General Water Plan (GWP), 37,40,43, 44,70, 77,252,273,344,356,398,406,408-411 Generation, hypotheses, 68 Goal, constrained, 66 Gompertz curve, 76 Go-no-go, 230 Goodness-of-fit, 154 Graph, edge-valuated, 320, 321 -, Euler, 319 -, complete, 318 -, connected, 18 -, directed, 147,318,320-322 -, node-valuated, 320, 321 -, null, 318 -, out-of-kilter, 349, 370 -, planar, 318 -, simple, 18 -, valuated, 320 Graphic devices, 372, 378 Groundwater, 31,413 Group tension, 75 -, working, 78 - _, _,system, Hamiltonian path, 328 Head, average, 367 Heuristics, 67 - 69 Hierarchical classification, 384, 387 Hierarchy, systems, 39 Homeostatic ultrastability, 418 Homeostasis, 32 Homogenization, data, 255 Homographs, 386 Homomorphism, 21 Hydroelectric power, 22, 361, 367 _,- , generation, 43,49,52,401,406 -, -, plant, 222, 361, 367 Hydrological conditions, 222,274 -, interactions, 39 448 Hydrological network, 39 Inventory, 278 - 301 -, periods, 222 - 225 -, potential, 410 -, relationship, 38, 253, 258 -, systems, 161- 163,413 -, time series, 43 Hydrology, 13,413 -, deterministic, 255 -, stochastic, 251 -252, 255 Hypothesis(-es), non-parametric, -, null, 124- 126 -, parametric, 124 -, testing, 124- 130 -, replenishment, 278 Irrigation requirements, 360 -, system, 244 Isomorphism, 21 IWRA, 36,413 126 IAHR, 36 ICI, 76 IIASA, 27,28,36,413 Implementation, models, 276, 277 Impulse, unit Dirac, 169, 170 Index, file, 384 -, precision, 393 -, recall, 393 -, record, 384 Indexing, 378 -, automatic, 387, 388, 390 Information center, 379 -, classification, 378 -, generation, 378 -,inner, 377 -, pragmatical, 372 -, processing, 383, 387 -, secondary, 378,387 -, semantic, 372 -, stochastic, 418 -, storing, 383 -, syntactic, 372 Input, 55,194,201,254-257,373-375,417 -, economic, 256 -, hydrological, 3% -, information, 390-392 -, model, 213 -, Poisson, 304 - 306 Intangibles, 15,415 Integral, convolution, 180 -, Fourier, 166- 168 Integration, 13, 78 Intelligence, artiftcial, 27 -, synthetic, 378, 390 Interpolation, 72 Kernel, 162 Keywords, 384- 386 KWIC (key-words-in-context), 385 Language, information, 383 - 387 -, natural, 385 -, programming, 203,204 -, simulation, 264, 279 Level, discriminative, 38, 39,46,54, 252,411 -, -, detailed, 252,398,406 -,-,rough, 31,43,252, 261, 381,398,406 -, inventory, 284-288 LIFO, 304,306 Line, Euler, 319 Linear programming, 25,217-233,258, 317, 328-329,336,341,351,361 -, -, parametric, 317 Linearization, 224,225 Linguistics, 372 Linkage test, 383 Loss function, 263,367 Losses, 344, 345 -, evaporation, 265 -, infiltration, 265 Management, technical, 24 Matrix, correlation, 133 -, covariance, 133 -,graph, 348 -,incidence, 321, 330-337 -, notation, 383 -, transition, 290 - 292 Mean, 92, 95 - 105 Memory, computer, 194- 197 -, -, direct access, 392 -, -, equal, 392 -, -, sequential access, 392 Methodology, 20,80 Methods, analogy, 74 -, cybernetic, 415, 416 -, Delphi, 75,76 449 Methods, heuristic, 17,68, 79, 413 -, interpolation, 72 -, Markovian optimization, 416 -, mathematical, 87 - 189 -, matrix, 295 -, modelling, 75 -, moments, 91, 357 -,Monte Carlo, 293-296,301,307,311,316 -, optimization, 79 -, quantiles, 357 -, simplex, 221 -, statistical, 15 -, steepest ascent, 275 -, stochastic, 326 -, trial and error, 275 Minicomputer, 388 - 389,394- 396 Model, adaptive, 416 -, allocation, 340 -, chance-constrained, 251,260,261, 351 - 360 -, credibility, 276 -, cybernetic, 415 -, deterministic, 282 -, dynamic, 282 -, economic, 278 -, formulation, 258 - 260 -, heuristic, 66 -, inventory, 278 - 301 -, -, deterministic, 278, 282 -, -, stationary, 278 -, -, stochastic, 278, 282 - 301 -, library activities, 387 -, linear regression, 153- 156 -, mathematical, 69,230- 232, 276,413 -, multipurpose, 66, 361, 401 -, network, 337 -, optimal programming, 217 - 248 -, optimization, 216 -, queue, 302 - 308 -, screening, 225,258, 361, 398,406 -, service mechanism, 304 - 307 -, simulation, 216,232,233,249-277, 279,340,344,356,361,398-402 -, -, deterministic, 251, 358, 360, 398 -, -, dynamic, 251 -, -, program, 264 - 271 -,-,static, 251 -, -, stochastic, 149- 156, 251, 255, 274,275,345,360,398 Model, static, 282 -, stochastic, 282 -, -, analytical, 361 - 368 Modelling, optimal, WRS, 194 Moment, 91 -92,132- 133 -, central, 91 - 92, 133 -, general, 91 -92 Monitoring, automatic, 86 Moving averages, 145 Multi-modelling, 405 Navigation, 14, 244 Network, analysis, 317-318, 340 Node, graph, 318-322,331-335, 340- 350,369 -, initial, 321 -, starting, 349 -, terminal, 321,349 Nodes, labelling, 340 - 344,369 Noise, 162 -,white, 143, 146 Nonambiguity, information language, 389 Notation, Kendall (see Classification, Kendall) Nulity, graph, 320 Number, random, 316 Objective function, 67,217,221,233 -242, 250,257,329,338,340,341,361,362 -, -,compromise, 321 -, -, linear, 218 -, system, 46,47 OMR (operation, maintenance, replacement), 329 Operation($, actual, 344 -, initial, 201 -, main 202 -, real-time, 85, 86 -, research, 13,25 - 26, 79,233, 249,261,302,415 -, without deficits, 44 -, WRS, 45,262 - 263 Operational rule, 263 Operator, linear, 161- 162 -, system, 157- 159 Optimality, principle, 235 - 236 Optimization, benefits, 34 -, model, 257, 336 Optimization, multiobjective, 66-67,85, 273 450 Optimization, multipurpose, 67 Order, 263 Orientation, graph, 320 Original, 172- 176 Out-of-kilter, 340- 350 -, number (see State number) Output, 55, 194,201,256-257, 373 - 315,417 -, economic, 256 -,model, 253 Overloading, artificial, 383 Over-year storage, 361 Parameter, input, 261 - 262, 360 -, estimation, 105- 108 -, Output, 26: -, sampling, 250 p.d.f (see Probability density function) Peaking operation, 268 Performance, information system, 393 Period, critical, 272, 273 PERT, 47,317,318,325-328 Philosophy, 20,21 Planning horizon, 232 PL/I, 204, 205 Policy, inventory, 278, 281, 283 -, operational, 252, 253, 262,270, 274, 293,346,360 -, optimal, 235,236,241 - 245 -, -, conditional, 234- 236 Pool, minimum, 263 Power, generation, 14,44, 49 - 52, 401,406 -, plant capacity, 228 -, -, thermal, 252,406 _,- , water, 223,226,258 -, production, 244, 256, 346, 360, 367 -, system, 263 Prediction, 70, 414 -,error, 72 -, interval, 72 -, long-term, 70 -,point, 72 -, short-term, 70 Predictor, 71 Preparation, 201 Present value, 224,225 Prices, shadow, 64,65 Principle, satisfaction, 254 Priority, queue discipline, 306 Probability, conceptions, 15, 16 -, conditional, 88,89, 364 - 366 -, density function, 89- 130, 132, 274,308 -,-,-,normal, 95 -, stationary, 295 -, steady state, (see stationary) -, transition, 289 - 301 -, unconditional, 88, 89 Problem, complex, 27 -, information, 378 -, large-scale, 22 -, transportation, 221, 317, 328 Procedure, 207 - 210, 250 Process, continuous, 252 - 254 -, decision-making, 254 -, optimization, 350 -, Poisson, 305 Processes, adaptive, 417 -, aperiodic, 163 -, dynamic, 233 -, harmonic, 163- 168 -, heuristic, 68 -, inventory, 282 -, learning, 418 -, Markov(ian), 145- 149,239, 295-297, 304-308,417 -, non-Markovian, 417 -, non-stationary, 133- 273 -, periodic, 163- 167 -, polyharmonic, 163- 164 -,queue, 302 -, random, 130- 156 -, semi-Markovian, 307 -, sequential, 17 -, stationary, 133 -, transient, 163- 165 Processing, 201 Prognostics, 70- 77,262 Program, bivalued, 230 -,computer, 207-210,253,264-271 -, diagnostics, 210-213 -, linear, 353 -, user’s, 271 Programming, analog computer, 193 -, automatic, 203 - 204 -, bivalued, 231 -,computers, 13, 192-216, 372 45 I Programming, heuristic, 389 -, languages, 204- 206 -, linear, mixed-integer, 230- 233 -, machine language, 203 -, mathematical, 67, 82- 84 - nonlinear, 230,336 -, optimal, 21 P-system, inventory, 286-288 Pumped storage plant, 256,268 Q-system, inventory policy, 283 - 285 Quantiles, 357 Queue, 302 - 316 RAMPS, 318 Realization, 131 - 135, 274 Record, 391 -,flows, 398 Recovery, system, 395 Recreation, 51, 52,256, 368 -, activities, 407 -,benefits, 361 -, constraints, 236 -, pool, 236, 407 -, water related, 43,49 Reduction function, 263 Redundance, information, 377,395 Regression, 74, 115 - 130,345 Regulation, automatic, 84 -, river flow, 236-238,263, 346,358,401,409 Relation(ship), 38-40,46,54, 381 -, external, 16 -, functional, 31 -, internal, 16 -, probability, 108- 109 -, quantity-quality, 413 -, serial, 300 -, stochastic, 261 -, structural, 31 Release, minimum, 262,265 Relevance, information, 389, 393 Reliability, 25, 51, 256, 263, 273, 299- 301,353 - 359,409,414 -,flow, 299 -, occurrence based, 28, 267, 353, 398 -, quantity based, 28,267 -, time based, 28,267, 353 -, water supply, 398,409 Reorder cycle, 285,286 Replacement, 17 Replenishment, 280, 283 -, intervals, 282 Representation, graphical, 46,47 -, matrix, 47 -, schematic, 46 Research, applied, 13, 24 -, scientific, 16, 79, 81, 413 Reservoir cascades, I -, design, 130 -,function, 265 -, infinite, 315, 316 -, multipurpose, 351, 352,410 -, parameter, 269,270 -, release, 227 -, storage, 227,255,273,312 -, -, analysis, 293 -, water, 340, 398, 404 Response, nonlinear, 263 -, system, 261 Retrieval, information, 378, 380, 384- 390 -, retrospective, 388, 389 -, system, 387 Ripple’s mass diagram, 255, 405 Risk, 28, 34, 273, 315 -, acceptable, 273 -, failure, 28, 413 River network, 330-331 Rule, linear decision, 352-354, 360 -, operational, 345 -, space, 268 Safety stock, 282-301 Sampling, random, 275 -, systematic, 275 Satisfaction, 66 Scheduling, input/output, 317 -, strategy, 275 - 277 Schedules, Bernoulli, 374 -,finite, 374 Searching, 392 s.d.f (see Spectral density function) Sensitivity analysis, 272 -, tests, 276 Server, 303 - 308 Service mechanism, 304 - 307 -, rate, 308 -310 Signal tracing, 383 452 Significance, statistical, 121- 130 Simplification, degree, 277 -, system, 46,47 Simulation, 249 -277 -, dynamic, 261 -,flood control, 253 -, parameters, 253 -, stochastic, 271 -, system, 49 -, -,queuing, 311-312 -, trial and error, 263 SIM WRS, 250,265-271,411 Sink, 350 Solution, feasible, 342 -, optimal, 342, 343 -, trivial, 342 Source, 350 -, code, 211 -213 Space interpolation, 255 Spectral analysis, 141- 145 -, density function, 141- 147 Spectrum, 169- 170 Stabilization, 417 Stage, 234 -240 State feasible, 234, 235 -, interval, 364, 366 -, number, 343,344,370 -, stationary, 298 -, steady, 298 -, system, 234,235 Statement, 207 - 210 Stationarity, 135, 303 Statistics, mathematical, 13, 73, 117- 129 Stock, 278 - 210 Storage, active, 56,228,253, 262, 265-271,273,292,346-348,358,388 -, -, within year, 361 -, actual, 242 - 244 -, capacity, 256 -, computer, 194- 197 -, dead, 56,262,274 -, flood control, 262,273, 274 -, infinite, 298 -, initial, 345,347 -,reservoir, 50- 52,222- 226,230,237 - 241, 262,265,270,297,312-316, 351 -355, 364- 368,409 -, total, 56,274, 351, 352 -, volume, 56,330,351,364,367 S t r e a d o w (see Flow) Structure, addressed fields, 391 -392 -, analysis, 27 45 48 -, branching, 392 -,chain, 392 -, fixed fields, 391 - 392 -, invariant, 391 - 392 -,list, 392 -, random, 392 -, repeated fields, 391, 392 -, sequential, 392 -,system, 16,254,277 -, topological, 336 Sub-optimum, 254 Subsystem, 38-44,54-55,259,402,409,410,416 Supersystem, 38,44 Supply-demand integration, 14,412 Surrogate-worth trade-off, 67 Synonyms, 386 Synthesis, system, 79,379 -381 System(s), abstract, 20 -, adaptive, 83-86,416-419 -, analysis, 13,24-29, 254,256, 259, 380- 382,396,398 -, -, applied, 27 - 28 -, approach, 13- 16,23,30- 33,372, 379,406,411 -419 -, behaviour, 21, 156- 161,416 -, centralized, 394 -, classification, 32, 39 -,closed, 32 -, communication, 373, 378 - 380 -, complex, 35 -, conceptual, 21 -, concrete, 20 -, control, 21,22,26-27, 81 -86 -, -,automatic, 81-86 -, -, optimal, 82 -, cybernetic, 380,418-419 -, decentralized, 394 -, definition, 27,45 - 56, 381 -, diagnosis, 383 -, distributed, 394 -, dynamic, 40,159- 161,286,415 -, economic, 23, 36 -, engineering, 26, 30, 36 -, information, 22,26 - 27,372 - 396 -, integrated, 394 -, inventory, 278 453 System@),irrigation, 39 -, isolated, 32 -, large-scale, 13, 23,24, 35, 40 -,learning, 417-418 -, management, information, 378 -, modelling, 412 -, multidimensional, 415 -,multipurpose, WRS, 39,44,57,416,418 -, non-linear, 83,415 -, non-Markovian, 305 - 307 -,open, 32 -, parameters, 255 -,ponds, 30 -, power plants, 39 -, purposeful, 38 - 39 -, queuing, 303 -, -, Markovian, 303 -,real, 26 -, science, 19- 37,70 -, single-purpose, 39, 56, 57 -, stochastic, 286 -, technical, 23 -, transfer, 158 -, ultrastable, 417 -,unreliable, 310-311 Tables, decision, 202 Tagged, descriptors, 385 Target, energy, 256 -, firm power, 367 -, power production, 228 -, storage volume, 368 -, water supply, 366 Task, 192, 198 Team creative, 78-81,414 -, research, 414 Terminal, 200 Terminology, 20 Test, compatibility, 382 -,continuity, 382 -, external, 49 -,hypotheses, 124 -,inner, 382 -, internal, 49 -,outer, 382 -, program correctness, 27 -, sensitivity, 272 -, significance, 124 Theory, communication, 22 Theory, control, 81 -85 82-84 -, decision, 413 -, game, 390,413 -, general systems, 19 -21 -,graph, 26,317-339 -, information, 373 -, inventory, 278 -,network, 87- 129,317-339 -, probability, 13,73, 87- 129 -, prognostic, 71, 72 -, queuing, 292,302 - 12 -, random processes, 130- 133 -, regulation, 82 -, reliability, 414 -, systems, 24, 70, 87 -, -, general, 19-21, 32 Thesaurus, 385 -388 Time, arrival, 314 -, lag, 74, 136- 138, 144- 145, 160, 284,285,393 -, finishing, 322 - 324 -,interarrival, 314 -, interval, 286, 315, 316 -,node, 320 -, reserve, 323 -, series, 152- 156, 254 -, service, 304, 314 -, starting, 322- 324 -,step, 253 -, terminal, 324 -, waiting, 304- 307 Traffic intensity, 308 - 310 Transbasin diversion, 44,358,404,410 -, transport, 263 Transformation, Fourier, 163- 170 -, Laplace, 171- 180 -, -, Wagner, 174, 176- 181 -, linear, 174 -, log-normal, 345 -, orthogonal, 155, 156 -, similarity theorem, 175 -,test, 383 -, variables, 48 -,Z, 181-189 Transforms, Laplace, 172- 176 -, -, convolution, 175, 176 Tree, 320, 330 Triangle, Fuller, 59 - 63 -, _, automatic, 454 Unambiguity, information language, 384 - 386 Uncertainty, 273, 376 UNDP, 340 Universal Decimal Classification, 384 Unit impulse, 169 - 170 Uniterms, 386 Utility, 66 Validation, model, 271 - 272 Validity, simulation, 272 Value, modal, 345 Variable, continuous, 89 -, discrete, 89 -, random, 89-91, 129,297 -, standardized, 95 Variance, 92 -, analysis, 118- 121 Variation calculus, 181 - 182 -,functional, 183 -, problem, 185- 189 Verification, hypotheses, 68 -, model, 271, 272 -, simulation, 272 Vertex, graph, 318- 320 Vistula, River, 340, 344 - 346 water, quality, 43,78, 254, 259, 275,401,406,413-415 -, -, management, 34,38 - 40, 408,413-416 -, requirements, 228,401 - 409 -, resources, 38,44 - 49, 57,255, 262,361,412,414 -, -, balance, 255 -, -, engineers, 316,419 -, -, management, 38 - 86,234 -, -, potential, 402 -, -, research, 276 -, -, system (WRS), 38 - 86,253 - 256,290, 312-316,318,337-338,390, 397-411 -, supply, 13,236, 253 - 259, 262, 263,274,340,361,366,406 -, -, demand, 255 -, -, firm, 255 -,-,industrial, 43, 49, 52, 345, 347,398,406 -, -, municipal, 43, 49, 52, 77, 244,345,347,353,398,404,406,414 -, -, network, 336 -, -, public, 355 -, -,system, 39 -, turbine capacity, 256 -, users, 15 Water Act, 44 -,waste dilution, 401 -, balance, 255 -, conservation, 14,419 -, engineering constructions, 250 -,-,structures, 254 -, management, 13,38,388, 390, -, withdrawal, 56, 269, 331 412-416,419 -, power generation, 268 Waterway, inland, 411 WRS (see Water resource(s) system) Year-book, 32 Yield, 261 Yield-storage relationship, 276 ... of systems analysis in dealing with problems into three categories : - systems analysis of real systems, - systems analysis of information systems, - systems analysis of control systems 27 Systems. .. operations analysis is one of the methods of systems analysis Hitch, 1955, regarded systems analysis as an extension of operations analysis Most of the methods of operations research (analysis) .. .ANALYSIS OF WAER RESOURCE SYSTEMS This Page Intentionally Left Blank ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS by LADISLAV VOTRUBA Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Technical University,