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Header Page of 89 HO CHI MINH NATIONAL ACADEMY OF POLITICS TRAN VAN TRANG Human resource for the modernization of Vietnam Customs in international integration SUMMARY OF THE PHD THESIS IN LAW FIELD OF STUDY: Political economics CODE: 62 31 01 02 HANOI 2017 Footer Page of 89 Header Page of 89 Supervisor : Assoc Prof Dr ĐOÀN XUÂN THỦY Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis will be defended in front of the Thesis Committee at Academy level, according to the Decision of the President of the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics , organized at the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics At…… hour…… date …… month …… year…… The thesis can be found at: The National Library The Library of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics The library of General Department of Customs Footer Page of 89 Header Page of 89 Introduction The necessity of the thesis Since 2007, Vietnam has become an official member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and a member of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) In the context of its widely integration with the world economy, Vietnam should quickly promote its reform, development and modernization of economic mechanisms and external economic management policy, trade policy, and national management policy on customs to adapt to the new context in order to create favourable conditions for international trade activities and to ensure the observance of and compliance with the provisions of law, security, sovereignty and national economic interest With the duty to safeguard economic borders of the country by attracting "fresh breeze" and preventing "toxic wind" blowing into our country, the custom sector has contributed to the external economic activity, import, export, investment, tourism, contributing to the regional and international integration, and national economic development According to Decision number 448 / QD-TTg of the Prime Minister, and Decision number 1514/ QD-BTC of Minister of Finance, to successfully implement economic – social development goals for the period 2011- 2015 and orientation to 2020, the work on human resource has not yet reached the standard recommended by the World Customs Organization and still below standard of ASEAN group -4 and many other developed countries In addition, Besides, in terms of quantity, there has not been a job position based assessment and a reform of organizational structure to meet the model of ecustoms, one national door, one ASEAN door mechanism There has also not been a review of Resolution No 39-NQ / TW dated 04/17/2015 of the Politburo of the downsizing and restructuring of staff and public servants For the above reasons, the author has chosen the topic of "Human resources for modernization of Vietnam Customs in the international integration" as research topics of his doctoral thesis in political economics The aim and tasks of the thesis *The aim of the thesis This study aims to clarify the theoretical rationale and practices of human resources issue in order to modernize the customs in the context of international integration; to analyse and assess the status of customs resource in according with the modernization of Vietnam customs; to propose solutions Footer Page of 89 Header Page of 89 and measures to develop human resources to accelerate the modernization of Vietnam Customs in line with the international trend in the country's future * Research Tasks To achieve the research objectives, this thesis has the following tasks Firstly, this study reviews and accomplish theoretical issue on of human resource in customs sector within the new context to meet the requirements of customs modernization in international integration Secondly, this study conducts research on the experience of human resource development to modernize customs system in some countries around the world having similar economic - social conditions with Vietnam It then draws some lesson learnt for the work on human resource of Vietnam Customs Thirdly, this study analyses and assess of the status of Vietnam Customs human resource to meet today’s requirements of the customs modernization; identify the causes and the issues need to be addressed in according with the requirements of international integration Fourthly, this study the propose direction and measures to develop human resources for the promotion of the modernization of Customs of Vietnam in according with the requirements of international integration in the future Subject and scope of research *Research subject The subjects of this thesis are the Customs personnel who are the main force of the customs modernization * Research scope In terms of content, within the research scope of this thesis, the author will focus on the study of human resource as an internal factor who are currently working in the custom sector without including the retired officials retired nor direct steering body like Ministry of Finance and senior leaders of the Party and State The concept of human resource using in this thesis is the human resource entity which is under the state of existence and is being placed in relation to the category of human resources –a manpower force in the process of mobilization and formation In term of scope, the thesis is applied to three levels of customs administration of the whole nation: General Department of Customs; provincial Customs Department; Customs unit at the borer In term of time, the situation analysis, data analysis on the plan to customs modernization in the period from 2011-2015 and propose direction and and solutions for the period from now till 2025 and vision to 2035 Footer Page of 89 Header Page of 89 New contributions of the thesis Firstly, the thesis contributes to developed the concept of Vietnam Customs human resource; Secondly, the thesis clarifies the role of human resources as a key factor to the modernization of customs in the international economic integration, introduces the criteria system for assessment to meet the requirements of modernization for customs sector and identifies the key factors affecting human resource for the modernization of customs sector in international integration Thirdly, on the basis of analysis and evaluation of the status of human resource in the modernization of Vietnam customs in international integration from 2011-2015, the thesis identifies major limitations of Vietnam customs human resource Fourthly, the thesis identifies the cause of the limitations mentioned above Fifthly, the thesis proposed recommendations to develop human resource for the modernization of Vietnam customs in the context of international integration by 2035 Theoretical and practical significant of the thesis * Theoretical significance - The thesis can be used as a reference for institutions of higher education in human resources, high-quality human resources, policymaking and managing bodies of human resources of Vietnam Customs - The thesis can also be used as a reference for those who are interested in the issue of human resource in customs sector in the context of international integration * Practical significance The thesis can be a contribution to the authorities of the State in customs sector when conducting research on policy mechanisms on human resource in customs sector to meet the requirements of modernization and the process of international integration Structure of the thesis Besides the introduction, conclusion, list of references and appendices, the content of the thesis consists of chapters, 10 sections Footer Page of 89 Header Page of 89 Chapter OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT STUDIES RELATED TO THE THESIS The relevant domestic and international studies that directly and indirectly related to the subject are the substantive reference that provide updated information and implications for research ideas the key issues that have been raised include the followings - Affirming the importance of development strategies for human resource development in customs sector at a national level, and confirming the need to follow and to satisfy short term and long term demand with the the quantity, quality and qualifications - Activities to developed human resources in customs sector need to reform in term of form and duration, subject, and training content, to meet new requirements of international integration - In order to manage and employ staffs effectively, it is necessary to carry out administrative reform, to strengthen the work on assessment, analysis working capacity of officials; simplify the rules and procedures to prevent harassment; strengthening integrity for officials - To maintain and attract high-quality human resources, in addition to the ensuring the regime and policies for officials, leaders, managers must know how to encourage, build confidence, and expectations for officials and civil servants to build the most effective of their capacity and institutional capacity The relevant studies also refer to the creating of enabling and professional working environment, and core values of professional ethics is to align employees with organizations In general, relevant authors have conducted in-depth studies on specific aspects of the strategy, mechanisms and policies, focusing on training and retraining of customs human resource However, there remains a gap in conducting a comprehensive and unified research on human resource to modernize Vietnam custom sector in the context of international integration This thesis will focus its study in the following issues: Firstly, the need to systemize and clarify basic theoretical issues on human resource for customs sector such as concepts, key features, roles, the relationships between human resource and work quality; factors that impede the work of human resource development, human resource development experience, Footer Page of 89 Header Page of 89 Secondly, the need to consider the particularity of human resource in Vietnam Customs in a comparative relation with other sectors and ministries, from which to draw the principal requirements in term of quantity, structure, ethical and professional qualifications of the human resource in custom towards the modernization of customs in according with the context of international economic integration Thirdly, the need to assess the status of Vietnam Customs human resource, in particularly the period of international economic integration Fourthly, the need to propose recommendation to develop human resource of Vietnam Customs to meet the requirements of international integration by 2025 with a vision toward 2035 Chapter THEORITICAL AND PRACTICAL RATIONALE OF HUMAN RESOURCES FOR THE MODERNIZATION OF CUSTOMS SECTOR IN INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION 2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE HUMAN RESOURCE FOR THE MORDERNIZATION OF CUSTOMS SECTOR IN INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION 2.1.1 The concept of human resource and human resource for customs 2.1.1.1 The concept of human resource Based on Karl Marx perspective on material production is the existing condition for human being and human beings are the centre of the labour and production process, human resource are approach from perception that labour force include are part of productive productive forces of humanity Labour force is not only a factor of production needs, but also a factor for developing in line with the level of production In the process of development of the social production, labour force is constantly improved and developed The formation and development of the market economy has created new conditions for the development of the labour force Compared with other commodities as inputs of production and business activities, labour is increasingly fuller awareness as an important resource When it comes to human resources, first of all, it includes all workers who have capacity to participate in the economic - social development process and the generations of social workers who continue to participate in the economic social development process Therefore, human resource is not merely include the number of existing labourers, but also other material intellectual resources, labour skills, attitude and working style All these elements belong to the quality Footer Page of 89 Header Page of 89 of human resource Along with that, human resource also related to other factors such as training structure and industrial structure and age structure 2.1.1.2 The concept of human resource in customs sector Human resource in custom sector is part of workforce in the customs sector, including human resources for authorities in the General Administration of Customs authorities, provincial customs department, and customs unit Customs human resource is a particular parts of state human resource management with relevant quantity, quality and structure, in accordance with the requirements to perform state management duty of customs in each stage of development of the country 2.1.2 International economic integration and modernization of customs 2.1.2.1 International economic integration * The concept of international economic integration The development of the division of labour at the international level, the development of productive forces and the development of the division of labour of every nation requires international integration The emerging and developing of the market economy has accelerated the development of the productive forces in each country, as well as the level of development of the division of labour on the international level, creating motivation to promote the integration process Integration takes place in different forms, levels and different areas, following the low to high progress In Vietnam, the term "international economic integration" has been used since the mid-1990s together with the process of joining ASEAN, join ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the can other international economic institutions In recent years, the phrase "international integration" appear regularly and has a broader sense than international economic integration International economic integration in the current context is not merely limited to the extent of tariff reduction but rather it has been extended to all areas relating to economic - trade policy, targeting to expand markets for goods and services and to remove visible and invisible barriers to international trade exchange * The degree of international economic integration The degree of integration is implemented at unilateral, bilateral and multilateral level - At the unilateral level, each country can apply its own the opening liberalization measures in certain target sectors In the area of customs, the opening is particularly seen in the reform of customs procedures during the period 2011-2015 with very positive results The customs sector has been recognized by Government and the public as one of the leading industry in the Footer Page of 89 Header Page of 89 reform of administrative procedures - At the bilateral level, many countries negotiate together negotiations to sign bilateral agreements on the basis of the principles of free trade zones, or in the extent of international economic integration According to this trend, Vietnam Customs has negotiated and signed many important bilateral collaborative documents aiming to create favourable condition for trade investment, tourism relation between the two countries through professional customs measures and the identification of general professional standards - At the multilateral level, many countries establish or participate together in the institutions, regional or global economic organizations In general, institutions, regional economic organizations are operating on the basis of the fundamental principles of the WTO (signing and participating of institutions and international economic institutions; conducting relevant activities in each country to secure the achievement of the objectives of the integration process and the implementation of regulations on integration) * The integration model related to customs The thesis introduces some popular models of international integration at the present such as the Free Trade Area (FTA) Customs union; common market; Allied currency; Economic union; Economic Cooperation Forum; Trade agreement 2.1.2.2 Modernization of customs sector * The concept of customs modernization To improve the efficiency of customs operations, each nations is required to constantly improve and modernize its activities; the common view consider the customs modernization is a process with very specific content In Vietnam, this work of the customs sector has been implemented since early 2004 represented by the strategic plans of Government and the Ministry of Finance Therefore, the concept of customs modernization is not new However, it has been improving with each stage of integration, development Accordingly, Vietnam human resource in customs sector is also required to improve and develop to suit with the political tasks in the new situation Along with the presentation of the concept of customs modernization, this thesis also raised and discussed two other issues they are “inevitable trend of customs modernization", and "Standards for customs modernization” The main content of this section is to present the content of customs modernization The content of the customs modernization is regulated by law on customs regulations in a some of critical and oriented issues They are: developing, improving institution; administrative procedure reform; human resource Footer Page of 89 Header Page 10 of 89 development in line with the process of modernization; machinery and equipment investment, modern technology application - Developing and improving institution: Building a system of customs legislation towards the modernization, synchronization, following policy on administrative procedure reform and international commitments and standards In order to enhance transparency, encourage people, businesses to follow the law and other regulations provided in the customs legislations - Reforming customs administrative procedures Procedures and customs management regime should be simple, automated, harmonization and adherence international to standards, and practices Thereby to reduce the cost, time to enhance healthy competition for domestic and foreign enterprises - Developing human resource in line with the process of modernization Ensuring sufficient quantity and quality officials to meet the requirements of reforming and modernization of the organizational structure Customs human resource is an important factor, determining the success of or failure of reform, development and modernization of customs and economic integration of each country - Investment in machinery and equipment, application of modern technology Developing information technology systems of modern customs-based centralized data processing to fully integrate key function of customs Creating favourable condition for the process of declaration process, increasing accuracy and developing a centralized database, the implementation of commitments in the integration process in connection with the regional countries 2.1.2 Features of customs human resource In addition to the common features of state management human resource, customs human resource has some unique features Firstly, it is as a specialized force that requires a carefully training and re-training; Secondly, in the the context of market mechanisms, customs human resource has a very tight relationship with finance, therefor it maybe dominated by private interests, influencing the public interest Third, customs human resource is representing law and national culture in its relations with foreign partners, require a good will and knowledge in according with the in- charge job 2.1.3 The role of human resources for customs modernization This is the factor that ensure the continuity and efficiency in the process of customs modernization; As the calculation and proposed export tax policy; As the decisive force in the application of science, engineering, technology, modern equipment to support for the process of Footer Page 10 of 89 Header Page 13 of 89 11 integration The thesis has examined the experiences of France, Japan, Malaysia via the available documents These are the countries have modernized of customs for quite some time Their experience in human resources to modernize customs in the international integration is pretty rich for Vietnam 2.3.2 The lessons learnt for Vietnam Customs Firstly, it need to have a fully aware of the role, the importance of human resources for developing customs reform and modernization of the customs service of international integration in odder to adopt immediate and long-term policy and measures on the development of staff, customs officers, paving the way for development and international integration of the customs sector Secondly, the quality and capacity of human being is due to education and training decisions Therefore, attention should be given to the training and retraining of customs officers in term of both moral qualities and professional skills Thirdly, the need to to conduct employment exams in open , transparent and competitive manner At the same time, it is needed to conduct developing the training programs, training for civil servants in the industry right after their employment Fourthly, special attention should be given to to young human resource by providing them in-depth training and adopting policy to to retain and create jobs assured for talented people, experienced experts Chapter SITUATION OF HUMAN RESOURCE FOR MODERNIZATION OF CUSTOMS IN VIETNAM IN INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE PERIOD OF 2011-2015 3.1 Overview of modernization Customs in Vietnam in international integration 3.1.1 Brief history of formation and development of Customs in Vietnam According to the history, activities of tariffs in Vietnam appeared from the Ly dynasty (XI century) and became an organic part of foreign trade After the invasion of Vietnam, the French set the complete tariff system from the central to local levels When Japanese couped French and control the rule in Indochina from 3/1945, Japan remains the French Footer Page 13 of 89 Header Page 14 of 89 12 apparatus model and the tariff laws Since Republic democratic of Vietnam was established, the political tasks of Vietnam Customs is closely and timely service of the revolutionary tasks In the period of 1945- 1954, its tasks were to generate revenue for the national budget, to control import and export goods, to fight against smuggling between the free and occupied areas From 1954-1975, Vietnam Customs is the tools to ensure proper implementation of the regime of the State as the monopoly tool of foreign trade, foreign exchange, to implement tariff policy (tax collecting of non-tradable goods), to receive supported goods and to prevent cross-border smuggling Since the Paris Agreement was signed, Vietnam Customs conducted preparation conditions for deployment of the South was liberated After the unification of Customs activities all over the country from the northern border to the southwest border, seaports, international airports, post offices, cargo stations So far, the Customs has made tremendous contribution in the process of protecting national sovereignty and security, in the process of integration, the country's economic development, attracting foreign investment Especially, taxes are collected annually that have great contribution and maintain exceeded budget revenues, creating a solid base with the state budget resources To date, the Customs has been received many valuable awards of the Party, State, Government 3.1.2 The process of modernization of Vietnam Customs in the international integration and the achieved results in the period of 2011-2015 Results of the modernization * The institutional The Law on Customs and the implementing guidelines have been issued and became effective from 01/01/2002; Law amending some articles of the Customs Law was enacted in 2005 and the Law on Customs was adopted by the National Assembly on 06.29.2014, effective from 01.01.2015 Besides, Vietnam Customs is also actively involved in the formulation and amendment of the relevant laws and the implementation guidelines to manage modern customs according to the international standards compared with advanced countries in the region and the world * Implementation of e-customs procedures E-customs procedures are pilot deployed since 2005 in 02 branches at the Bureau of How Chi Minh City and Hai Phong Customs with the goal of creating advantage procedures and shorten the time of customs Footer Page 14 of 89 Header Page 15 of 89 13 clearance of goods for businesses Results showed that up to 31/12/2013, there was 100% of the provincial, city branches which implemented the electronic customs procedures Since 01/4/2014, the General Customs Department officially launched the automated system of e- customs procedures funded by the Japanese government, called VNACCS / VCIS Currently, this system has been 100% of branches implemented nationwide, with 99% of all customs declarations are processed automatically * The tax collection In the period of 2011- 2015, average collection budget of the Customs reach over 225 trillion / year, higher than the average of the period 2008 - 2010 (150 trillion / year) This number was 235,000 billion in 2014 and 260 100 billion in 2015 * The prevention of smuggling, trade fraud Calculated from 2011 to the end of the third quarter / 2014, Customs has found and deal with 91 899 cases, value of the violation goods were estimated at 2,397 billion, the amount of budget revenues reached 697 568 billion It has prosecuted 70 criminal cases, detection, arrest, made some initial investigative activities and refer 222 cases for other agencies to prosecute and investigate Besides, other activities have also achieved many results that have contributed to successfully fulfil tasks of state management of customs, such as the inspection after customs clearance; Development evaluation index system for effectiveness; Applying risk management; Development the relations of customs and business; 3.2 Situation of the human resource in the process of modernization of Vietnam Customs in the period of 2011-2015 3.2.1 Situation of the quantity, quality and structure of human resource of Vietnam Customs * In terms of quantity According to the report on the number and quality of cadres and civil servants in the period of 2012 -2016 in the General Department of Customs, as of 31.12.2015, the whole sector had 10 361 civil servants (counting only the payroll, available in the offices), of which: - The General Department: 1,392 people (13%); - The Provincial or city Customs Department: 8,969 people (87%); - Total number of female staff: 3,541 people (33.2%); - Ethnic minorities: 448 people (4.2%); - Religion: 31 people (almost 0.3%) Footer Page 15 of 89 Header Page 16 of 89 14 - Party members: 6893 people (64.7%) * The quality of human resources of Vietnam Customs - In term of physical: The Customs has always cared about health care for civil and public servants There is Healthcare Department with 02 general practitioners in the General Department to advise on and organize the work of the health care for the people in the General Department To organize health checks for staffs every years Each civil and public servant are bought health insurance for healthcare in continent hospitals, health centres - In terms of intellectual resources of customs: There are 8456 civil and public servants who are experts and above, accounted for 97.3%, including: Senior experts: 27 people; rate of 0.3%; middle expert: 823 people; rate of 9.7% The number of middle and senior experts are 850 people, accounted for 10%; 7606 expert and officer cadres, accounted for 90% In general, they are equipped with knowledge of state administrative management, programs for middle and senior experts Intermediate level of computer: 707 people, the rate of 6.6%; certificate of office computer: 9166 people, 86% rate; 9364 people have certificate on foreign language, accounting for 87.8% of customs officers with foreign language skills in English, of which approximately 7.3% have college degree or above in English; - In term of mental: Officials of Customs are mostly university graduates Besides, staff rotation policy gave officers, customs officials have the opportunity to combine between policy formulation and implementation; To strictly abide by the policy ò the Party and law of the state in the deployment of work and in daily life Having good moral quality, casual lifestyle, bright, healthy, united, along with the masses, be always help comrades and colleagues Strictly abiding by the practice thrift and combating waste, corruption, implementing provisions of the charter party about things party members not allow to  In term of the organizational structure Decision No 65/2015 / QD-TTg dated 12/17/2015 of the Prime Minister define the functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of the Customs Department under the Ministry of Finance According to the regional customs model, at levels: General, Department, Branches Vietnam Customs has joined and become an official member of the World Customs Organization (WCO) since 01/7/1993 and has since expanded relationships with the world customs organization and ASEAN customs Footer Page 16 of 89 Header Page 17 of 89 15 3.2.2 The situation of recruitment, training, management and use of, remuneration customs’ human resource Recruitment, additional Customs’ human resource is implemented compiling with the project approved by the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Interior's regulations Additional staffs in various forms such as entrance examination, admission, sector transferring The training and retraining in the sector have been implemented according to the objectives and requirements; It has focused on skills training, in-depth professional knowledge for civil servants in each business sector, to meet the current requirements of the department’s tasks and gradually meet the requirements of reform, modernization the Customs The staff management in whole sector have been carried out in accordance with routine procedures, timely additional staff to meet the requirements for departments in the industry The implementation of the official policy under the basic regulations, ensure the regime, the rights of public servants Planning deployment of leading cadres in 2011-2015 under the Directive 04-CT / BCSD of the Party Civil Affairs Committee of the Ministry of Finance The Customs sector piloted the securities funding, securities amount to cover activities including salaries paid to civil servants and employees under certain proportion to the amount of tax paid the previous year In addition to the basic salary, the common factor, if the Customs successfully completed the task of state management of customs and revenue indicators, it can be increased to 1.3 times multiplier In addition, the regular cost (paid for personal expenses, administrative expenses and spending to ensure specific professional ) for each official’s recent years have been rated as suitable 3.3 General assessment 3.3.1 Achievements The Customs is always at the forefront of public administration reform and modernization of customs, officers and employees are educated, trained to work in modern and highly specialized environments Professional knowledge and professional skills, career fair of the team of customs officials are the main advantages Leaders of Customs at all levels are generally qualified and professional knowledge and skill and practical experience Thereby, it has created the image of a modern force and are appreciated by business community, customers and authorities at all levels Footer Page 17 of 89 Header Page 18 of 89 16 3.3.2 Limitations - Productively of officers still relatively low compared to customs of advanced countries around the world and in the region - Professional qualifications of a few customs officers, are failing to meet the assigned work requirements - Some soft and computer skills, foreign languages of some customs officials is limited - There exists a moral degradation, the lifestyle of some customs officers 3.3.3 Reasons * Reasons of achievements: The achievements made in human resources for customs modernization in international integration stems from two main reasons: Firstly, the State and the Ministry of Finance have paid attention to promote reforms, modernizing the Customs; Secondly, the self-renewal of the Custom * Reasons of limitations Human resource of the Customs o meet the requirements of modernization in international integration exists above limitations derived from the following reasons: Firstly, the organizational model is not reasonable; Secondly, the system of evaluation criteria is incomplete, inadequate; Thirdly, the work of Customs officers is also much irrationality; Fourthly, the training and retraining is inadequate; Fifthly, some officers, customs officers are not really self-conscious, active learners to improve their professional qualifications, necessary skills or lacking of consciousness moral cultivation, lifestyle, strictly abide by the law and work discipline, integrity in customs Chapter DIRECTIONS AND SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP HUMAN RESOURCE FOR MODERNIZATION OF VIETNAM CUSTOMS IN INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION UP TO 2025, VISION 2035 4.1 Directions to develop human resource for the modernization of Vietnam Customs in the international integration 4.1.1 Pursuant to the proposed directions * Forecast of international economic integration The Party and State has gradually actively deeper integrate into the region and the world economy: ASEAN; Asia-Europe Cooperation Footer Page 18 of 89 Header Page 19 of 89 17 Forum (ASEM); Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC); The largest organization of global trade WTO; Agreement on the TransPacific Partnership (TPP) In the future, the situation of the world and the region are more complicated, the process of globalization and international integration continues to accelerate The countries participate deeper into production networks and global value chains Appeared in many forms of new economic links, the international and regional financial institutions, new generation bilateral and multilateral agreements * The trend of international integration of customs From now to 2025, trends and national, international context will have an impact on the tasks of customs authorities: - The signing of agreements to facilitate trade: FTA, WTO, TPP, leading to a sharp reduction of tariffs under the FTA, WTO - The pressure increases the workload by facilitating trade and downsizing will have a strong impact on human use of the Customs - Strong application of information technology in the operation of state administrative agencies in general and of the Custom in particular will have requirements on equipment investment, improve the quality of civil servants, improving by procedures which will create the foundation and scientific basis for successful implementation these goals * Roadmap of Customs modernization In the period of 2016 - 2020, the XII Congress of the Party have set out many goals of socio-economic development for ensuring national security, social security, improving the quality of people’s life will implement strongly up to 2020 for the target that Vietnam basically become an industrialized country toward modernization Along with that, the international trade activities of Vietnam will increasingly diverse, increase in both quantity and quality, direct impact to the mission of customs authorities Strategy for socio-economic development of Vietnam in the period of 2011-2020 defined the Party's development orientation of trade integration with the world by 2020 to effectively exploit markets with free trade agreements and potential markets, increase exports, reduce imports in terms of scale and proportion, striving to balance exports Thus, the issue of security and combat commercial fraud, anticounterfeiting and piracy in export activities and the activities of trade facilitation will increasingly strong impact to the operation of the Customs Footer Page 19 of 89 Header Page 20 of 89 18 * Goals to develop human resource in Customs Customs Development Strategy till 2020 approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No 448 / QD-TTg dated 15/3/2011 stated goals of human resource development in Vietnam Customs as follows: Building modern organizational structure of Customs and focusing on the principles of unity, meeting the requirements and tasks of economic social development and strengthening the management of the State, contributing to maintain security and national safety Constructing customs forces have professional qualifications, transparency, integrity, effective, adapt quickly to changes in the environment, technology and the requirements of international integration process 4.1.2 Directions to develop human resource for the modernization of Vietnam Customs in the international integration Directions to develop the Customs up to 2025, vision 2035 Firstly, the Customs create the favourable condition for trade to promote and encourage the internal resources, accelerate productivity; encourage exports, investment, especially application of high technologies, investing in the difficult social and economic areas, promoting economic restructuring towards increasing the share of industry and services; ensuring high and sustainable economic growth, contributing to stabilizing and improving the people's life Secondly, revenues of the Customs contributed nearly 30% of total budget revenues, to contribute to ensuring the necessary expenditure of the state budget and partly for the accumulation; strives for growth of average annual revenues of over 10% Thirdly, Customs ensures clear, transparent activities and gradually ensure equal and fair legal environment; to apply e-customs procedures in the customs sector and to create advantage condition for businesses Fourthly, the system of customs policy ensures the reasonable, selective protection for the economy, key industries to create a foundation for the implementation of the industrialization and modernization of the country to promote manufacturing development, to enhance the competitiveness of the economy At the same time, actively integration, implementation open-door policy to encourage foreign investment in Vietnam, to expand export markets of goods; to ensure national interests Fifthly, to simple customs procedures gradually, especially the strong application of informatics tool in the operating steps toward simplification, transparency, clarity and objectivity, transparency, Footer Page 20 of 89 Header Page 21 of 89 19 democratic in manage customs’ activities; Sixthly, continuously modernize and consolidate the capacity of customs management apparatus, limited to the lowest level of commercial frauds, against revenue loss, overcoming negative phenomena and weaknesses in customs management; strengthening clean and strong customs management apparatus Directions to develop human resource of the Custom in the international integration up to 2025, vision 2035 * In term of quality Follow the policy of downsizing of the State, which will only increase the payroll by 50% on the basis of the civil servants Therefore, Vietnam Customs will also comply with the direction of the Central and the Government; which urgently need to build, improve the framework for capacity in order to use reasonable staffs, to meet the requirements of the increasing amount of work in the process of reform, development and modernization of the Customs * In term of quantity Developing quickly human resource, especially high-quality human resources, focusing on comprehensive and basic innovation training and retraining towards standardization, modernization, socialization, democratization and international integration up to 2025 with the suitable roadmap, in which innovation training management and development of teachers, staff involved in teaching-cum-office and managerial staff is the key point To continue to complete human resource development planning; to attract and use talents associated with the development and application of science - technology * In term of the structure In late 2015, the Prime Minister has issued stipulating the functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of the Customs Department under the Ministry of Finance Besides, the task of the customs authorities has also been added, improved to meet the actual requirements and integration development 4.2 Solutions to develop human resources to modernize Vietnam Customs in the international integration in 2025, Vision 2035 4.2.1 To develop and improve the system of regulations on customs’ human resource development Building and completing the system of regulations on customs workforce development as the system of legal documents on management of human resources is essential and fundamental Footer Page 21 of 89 Header Page 22 of 89 20 Therefore, they are the most important solutions, anonymous groundbreaking precedent in the difficulties, resolve existing conflicts in the process of ensuring human resource of Vietnam customs recently, towards implementing the direction, objectives and requirements of modernization customs in the international integration next time The content of the above solution consists of two issues which are both independent and be the two integral part of human resource management measures of the customs in the international integration which currently include: Firstly, to complete the system of regulations on customs’ human resource development; Secondly, to build a new system of regulation for the development of customs’ human resource, including specific contents In order to implement these solutions, it is necessary to conduct specific measures, including: Firstly, to build and gradually introduce methods of modern human resource management through the analysis of work, to build describe common job titles, sets of competency standards; to develop management mechanisms, to update and use the job description, sets competency standards; to perform the review and evaluation of staffs and civil servants on demand of job titles; to build deployed systems of human resource management activities in the Customs sector Secondly, to revise, add and organize the implementation of policies and regulations on the management of staff, such as recruitment, arrange, organize, evaluate, classify, transfer, rotation, planning, appointment in the form of modern human resource management based on capacity Thirdly, to build management information systems of human resource of the Customs towards automation some works to manage human resource after organizing, rearranging the Customs sector Fourthly, to analyse training needs of customs officials, and conduct standardized curricula, content of professional training, customs skills; to divert the type of training; to develop and apply the appropriate remuneration policies to create motivation for staffs to improve their qualification; to develop mechanisms for evaluating the results of training to improve the quality of teaching and learning Fifthly, to strengthen discipline, administrative discipline and ensure integrity in customs 4.2.2 To continue to improve criteria of customs’ human resource Both practical and theory showed that building criteria system to evaluate human resource and put into operation in practice is regarded as Footer Page 22 of 89 Header Page 23 of 89 21 a success of the management of human resources However, due to the movements of practice, to continue to improve the evaluation criteria of customs’ human resource in the international integration is an urgent task Therefore, it can be seen it is also the basic solution and also reflect the core values of human resource work that help leaders, managers have an overview, to assess the quality of human resource in practice, then having the solution to promptly deals with shortcomings and limitations to develop customs’ human resource The above solution consists of three contents that are both independent and close relationships with each other, which includes: To built and put into operation in practice of the criteria for assessment quality, quantity and structure of customs’ human resource; To closely monitor the operation of such criteria in practice; To timely complete set of overrated criterions In order to implement the above solutions, it should conduct specific measures including: * In term of the number of customs staffs Based on current staffs and staff needs for each position (determined in accordance with the process of defining staff) to assess the response of the current workforce: excess / deficiency of each position Since then, to proposed restructuring plan, rearrange layout suitable human resource Applying the method according to the wasted time to calculate the number of civil servants to match job requirements, including groups of professional position and group of supported and service employment * In term of the quality of customs’ human resource Regularly serious assess the quality of staff to find the shortcomings and limitations in order to implement the reform plan until 2020 to build the modern customs under the international standards, in line with the Korea Customs and advanced countries in the world - In term of physical: To assess through program of periodic health examinations; time for sick leave of staffs; - In term of intellectual resources (knowledge and skills): To evaluate through two forms: (1) test and (2) Results of practical work; - In term of mental: Political and moral qualities; Personal qualities * In term of structure of human resource of the Custom At the present, there are 35 Customs Department in 64 provinces and cities which is basically consistent, but due to economic development in each region is uneven, uniform policy of attracting foreign investment for the nation but every province and city have a soft, flexible Footer Page 23 of 89 Header Page 24 of 89 22 mechanism in encouraging domestic and foreign investment should be a change in turnover, the number of declarations, the tax collected Therefore, it should be reasonable re-plan Customs Department to avoid waste of human resource at the middle level 4.2.3 To enhance the training and retraining of customs’ human resource This is a basic solution in the system of solutions to develop human resource to modernize the Vietnam Customs in the international integration up to 2025, with a vision to 2035; has solved the immediate human resource and create human resources for long-term development The main contents of this solutions includes: Timely organizing training for those who are officials, newly recruited civil servants to update customs’ basic knowledge in each position; Regular training and retraining in-depth professional knowledge, specialized for the cadres, civil servants who are directly executable tasks; Organizing the workshops, training course on experience exchange, practical lessons in several large localities to timely draw lessons for others Collaborating regularly with the World Customs Organization, the developed countries, the countries that have signed multilateral agreements, bilateral to learn, share international experience, international standards Specific measures to implement the solution include: Firstly, the work of training and retraining focus on specialized knowledge and professional knowledge, synthesis skills since the newly recruited Secondly, to develop a plan linked to demand from business units; on the other hand the business unit must also have a very specific plan to coordinate with the Vietnam Customs, the training institutions for training and retraining of thematic topics for civil servants Besides, it also need to innovate forms of training methods to suit the requirements and the development of the economy, international integration process 4.2.4 To build the flexible mechanism of staff management based on work efficiency The Political Bureau of the Communist Party Central Executive had resolutions on international integration, the Prime Minister has approved the Customs Development Strategy until 2020 The Prime Minister has approved and the Prime Minister signed the Regulations on functions, duties, powers and organizational structure of the Customs Department under the Ministry of Finance Customs sector continues to develop Footer Page 24 of 89 Header Page 25 of 89 23 mechanisms of staff management based on work efficiency, requirements, job position for customs modernization in the international integration This is the work necessary to develop human resource of the Custom in the development process as well as in modernization for international integration Contents of solutions include: To plan to implement the rotation, switch positions ; To update, implement new regulations on decentralization of staff; To develop proposals and implement entrance exams for positions (Director position and above); To evaluate staff based on the outputs of the product and specific criteria To realize above solutions, it is necessary to implement well specific measures, such as actively implementing the rotation, switch positions Early deployment of construction and implementation of the assessment by the criteria (indicators) on assessment the quality and effectiveness of unit and individual 4.2.5 To create motivation to develop customs’ human resource In a market economy, benefit is the decisive force for human’s action Benefits (primarily material interests) decide the attitudes and behaviour of every person in a specific activity (in production and business, in the circulation, distribution ) The Customs need to build appropriate wage policy with occupational characteristics (including basic wage, minimum wage and specific factors) To mobilize funding from external funds, such as financial, experts to implement target tasks in Vietnam such as the World Bank, Asian development Bank, project on Governance to comprehensive growth (USAID -GIG), project of the Norwegian government funded through the world Customs Organization Footer Page 25 of 89 Header Page 26 of 89 24 CONCLUSION In the process of globalization, the foreign policy will be most clearly concretized by participating in economic –political organizations Vietnam has become a member of several international and regional economic – politics organizations In order to integrate international effectively, Vietnam Customs has an important role in the field of foreign economic relations – specific import and export activities and attract foreign investment in the world trends of pushing modern customs That forced the Vietnam Customs also needs to promote the reform and modernization, in which the human resource plays a decisive role For a country with low economic starting point as Vietnam, in order to be able to prepare the internal forces for integration, foreign policy direction will ensure to support and protect the interests of internal businesses, to ensure open markets when appropriate so that we can prepare the active and sustainable economic - technical infrastructure Customs are extremely important sector in the public administration The Customs sector develop, ensure that the state budget is to stabilize revenues Therefore, the need to develop quality public servants to modernize the sector to meet the requirements of Customs in the process of national integration In recent years, the Government, the Ministry of Finance, General Administration of Customs has done much for customs’ human resource to meet the requirements of the international integration However due to subjective and objective reasons, besides the results, advantages, Vietnam Customs’ human resource have still many limitations in the requirements of customs modernization and international integration The thesis " Human resources for modernization of Vietnam Customs in the international integration " contributes to clarify the general theoretical issues and practices of Vietnam on the role of the State in the development of the Customs’ human resource, mainly on construction of the organization, planning, management, training and retraining activities, management and assessment of civil servants From practice recent years, the thesis points out the achievements, shortcomings and its causes at the present On this basis, to propose objectives, orientations and recommendations to strengthen the role of the State in the management and utilization of human resources, training and re-training, management, use, remuneration policy, as well as measures to improve organization, strengthen leadership staff to ensure human resource development to meet the requirements of reform, development and modernization of the Customs Footer Page 26 of 89 Header Page 27 of 89 LIST OF PUBLICATONS RELATED TO THE THESIS Tran Van Trang (2012), "Some thought about the intergrity regime", "Customs Newspaper”, (117), p.12 Tran Van Trang (2012), "Application of the performance assessment system through Customs index," Journal on Customs Study, (3), p.10-11, 15 Tran Van Trang (eds) (2013), Human resource issue in Vietnam Customs sector, Dan Tri Publishing House, Ha Noi Tran Van Trang (2013), "the development of human resources for custom sector to meet the requirements of customs international integration", Journal of Economic Studies, (6), p.47-56 Tran Van Trang (2013), "Some issues of international integration for Vietnam Customs", Journal of Asia – Pacific Economics, (397), p.33-37 Tran Van Trang (2013), "It is about time to reform the recruiting work in the customs sector", Journal of pricing market, (5), p.29-31 Tran Van Trang (2013), "The training and retraining of customs officials: Reality and Ways foward", Journal of Asia - Pacific Economics, (400), p.31-34 Tran Van Trang (2014), "The index of performance assessment of Vietnam customs-some proposals and recommendations", the WCO Capacity Building Commission, No HC006E1a, dated 26.05.2014 , Kingdom of Belgium Tran Van Trang (2014), "VNACCS / VCIS: A significat progress of the customs sector in the context of integration", Journal of Economics and Forecasting, No 23 (July 12/2014), p.68 10 Tran Van Trang (2015), "Commitment to cooperate and build Customs – Business partnerships” Customs Newspaper, No 91 (2176), p.5 11 Tran Van Trang (2016), "Partnership thematic Program on the final account of goods’s process : Identifying the obstacles," Customs Newspaper, No 35 ( 2277), p.11 12 Tran Van Trang (2016), "Application of position-based human resource management method in customs", Journal of Asia – Pacific Economics, ( thematic issue for August), p.40 -43 Footer Page 27 of 89 ... of modernization of Vietnam Customs in the period of 2011-2015 3.2.1 Situation of the quantity, quality and structure of human resource of Vietnam Customs * In terms of quantity According to the... Customs in Vietnam According to the history, activities of tariffs in Vietnam appeared from the Ly dynasty (XI century) and became an organic part of foreign trade After the invasion of Vietnam, the... social conditions with Vietnam It then draws some lesson learnt for the work on human resource of Vietnam Customs Thirdly, this study analyses and assess of the status of Vietnam Customs human resource