BS EN 1269725 Bituminous mixtures. Test methods. Cyclic compression test

— EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation by impact compactor — EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix a

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Bituminous mixtures — Test methods

Part 25: Cyclic compression test

BSI Standards Publication

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This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12697-25:2016.

It supersedes BS EN 12697-25:2005 which is withdrawn

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/510/1, Asphalt products

A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary

This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correctapplication

Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 84020 3

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

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NORME EUROPÉENNE

English Version Bituminous mixtures - Test methods - Part 25: Cyclic

compression test Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai - Partie 25 :

Essai de compression cyclique Asphalt - Prüfverfahren - Teil 25: DruckschwellversuchThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 May 2016

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

C O M I T É E UR O P É E N DE N O R M A L I SA T I O N

E UR O P Ä I SC H E S KO M I T E E F ÜR N O R M UN G

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 12697-25:2016 E

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Contents Page

European foreword 4

1 Scope 8

2 Normative references 8

3 Terms and definitions 9

4 Principle 10

5 Equipment 10

5.1 Control and loading system 10

5.2 Displacement transducers 10

5.3 Data registration equipment 10

5.4 Thermostatic chamber 10

5.5 Measuring instruments and accessories needed 11

6 Test specimen preparation 11

6.1 Number of test specimen 11

6.2 Test specimen compaction 11

6.3 Preparation of mastic asphalt test specimen 11

6.3.1 Accessories for test specimen preparation 11

6.3.2 Procedure for moulded test specimen 12

6.3.3 Procedure for cored test specimen 12

6.4 Preparation of test specimen surfaces 12

6.5 Determination of bulk density 12

6.6 Drying of the test specimen 12

6.7 Dimensions 12

7 Test method A — Uniaxial cyclic compression test with confinement 13

7.1 Principle 13

7.2 Test method A1 – block pulse loading 13

7.2.1 Upper loading plate 13

7.2.2 Loading pulse 13

7.3 Test method A2 – Haversine pulse loading 15

7.3.1 Upper loading plate 15

7.3.2 Loading pulse 16

7.4 Test specimen 17

7.5 Conditioning 17

7.5.1 Storing conditions 17

7.5.2 Cleaning and drying of test specimens 18

7.5.3 Reduction of friction to loading platens 18

7.5.4 Temperature conditioning 18

7.6 Test procedure 18

7.6.1 Test temperature 18

7.6.2 Positioning of test specimen in test device 18

7.6.3 Testing of test specimen 18

7.6.4 Measurement of permanent deformation 19

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7.7.2 Creep rate and creep modulus 20

7.8 Test report 21

7.8.1 General 21

7.8.2 Information on the test specimens 21

7.8.3 Information on test conditions 21

7.8.4 Test results 21

7.9 Precision 22

8 Test method B — Triaxial cyclic compression test 22

8.1 Principle 22

8.2 Apparatus and test system 24

8.2.1 General 24

8.2.2 Loading platens 27

8.2.3 Control system 27

8.2.4 Load cell 27

8.2.5 Height measurements 27

8.3 Test specimen preparation 28

8.3.1 Dimensions 28

8.3.2 Handling 28

8.4 Conditioning 28

8.4.1 Storing conditions 28

8.4.2 Cleaning and drying 28

8.4.3 Reduction of friction to loading platens 29

8.5 Test procedure 29

8.5.1 Number of tests 29

8.5.2 Test temperature 29

8.5.3 Positioning of test specimen in test device 29

8.5.4 Testing of test specimen 29

8.5.5 Loading conditions 30

8.5.6 Measurements of permanent deformation 30

8.6 Calculation and expression of results 31

8.6.1 Cumulative strain 31

8.6.2 Creep curve 31

8.7 Test report 32

8.7.1 General 32

8.7.2 Information on the test specimens 33

8.7.3 Information on the test conditions 33

8.7.4 Test results 33

8.8 Precision 33

Annex A (informative) Procedure for correction of test results obtained from test specimen of varied age 35

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European foreword

This document (EN 12697-25:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN

This document supersedes EN 12697-25:2005

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2017, and conflicting national standards shall

be withdrawn at the latest by January 2017

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights

Compared with EN 12697-25:2005 the following changes have been made:

a) addition of uniaxial compression test with confinement for mastic asphalt;

b) precision of friction-reducing system for loading surfaces;

c) definition of loading signal for triaxial tests by identifying loading time and rest time, to be considered in EN 13108-20;

d) implementation of digit numbers for test results;

e) clarification of formulae and definitions

This European standard is one of a series of standards as listed below:

— EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder

— EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of

bulk density of bituminous specimens

bulk density of bituminous specimens by gamma rays

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— EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactability

the affinity between aggregate and bitumen

the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens

— EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperature

measurement

— EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content

the segregation sensitivity

— EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 16: Abrasion by studded tyres

— EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Particle loss of

porous asphalt specimen

— EN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 18: Binder drainage

— EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of

specimen

— EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using

cube or cylindrical specimens (CY)

— EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using

plate specimens

— EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking

the indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens

— EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to

fatigue

— EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 25: Cyclic compression test (this

document)

— EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness

— EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling

— EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of

samples for determining binder content, water content and grading

the dimensions of a bituminous specimen

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— EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen

preparation by impact compactor

preparation by gyratory compactor

— EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory

compaction of bituminous specimens by vibratory compactor

prepared by roller compactor

— EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test

— EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 35: Laboratory mixing

the thickness of a bituminous pavement

— EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for

the adhesivity of binder on precoated chippings for HRA

— EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Common

equipment and calibration

— EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by

— EN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of foreign

matters in reclaimed asphalt

— EN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 43: Resistance to fuel

— EN 12697-44, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 44: Crack

propagation by semi-circular bending test

— EN 12697-45, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 45: Saturation ageing

tensile stiffness (SATS) conditioning test

— EN 12697-46, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 46: Low temperature

cracking and properties by uniaxial tension tests

the ash content of natural asphalts

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— prEN 12697-48, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 48: Interlayer bonding 1)

friction after polishing

— CEN/TS 12697-50, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 50: Resistance to scuffing

— FprCEN/TS 12697-51, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 51: Surface shear strength test2)

— prCEN/TS 12697-52, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 52: Conditioning to address

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1 Scope

This European Standard specifies three test methods (A1, A2 and B) for determining the resistance of bituminous mixtures to permanent deformation by cyclic compression tests with confinement The tests make it possible to rank various mixtures or to check on the acceptability of a given mixture They

do not allow making a quantitative prediction of rutting in the field to be made

Test methods A1 and A2 describe methods for determining the creep characteristics of bituminous mixtures by means of a uniaxial cyclic compression test with some confinement present In this test a cylindrical test specimen is subjected to a cyclic axial stress Method A2 is preferred for mastic asphalt and Method A1 for other asphalt mixtures To achieve a certain confinement, the diameter of the loading platen is taken smaller than that of the test specimen In test method A1, the test specimen is loaded by block-pulses whereas in method A2 haversine loading with rest time is applied

Test method B describes the method for determining the creep characteristics of bituminous mixtures

by means of the triaxial cyclic compression test In this test a cylindrical test specimen is subjected to a defined confining stress and a cyclic axial stress This test is most often used for the purpose of evaluation and development of new types of mixtures

This European Standard applies to test specimens prepared in the laboratory or cored from the road The maximum size of the aggregates is 32 mm

NOTE 1 Confinement of the test specimen is necessary to simulate realistic rutting behaviour, especially for gap-graded mixtures with a large stone fraction

NOTE 2 For the purpose of Type Testing, the test conditions are given in EN 13108–20

2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies

EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 6: Determination of bulk

density of bituminous specimens

EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 27: Sampling

EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures - Test method for hot mix asphalt - Part 29: Determination of the

dimensions of a bituminous specimen

EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 30: Specimen preparation by

EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods - Part 35: Laboratory mixing

EN 13108-20, Bituminous mixtures - Material specifications - Part 20: Type Testing

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3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply

Note 1 to entry: Generally the following stages can be distinguished (see Figure 1):

— stage 1: the (initial) part of the creep curve, where the slope of the curve decreases with increasing number of loading cycles;

— stage 2: the (middle) part of the creep curve, where the slope of the curve is quasi constant and can be expressed by the creep rate f c (See key 5 of Figure 1) The exact turning point of the creep curve lies within this stage;

— stage 3: the (last) part of the creep curve, where the slope increases with increasing number of loading cycles Depending on the testing conditions and on the mixture, one or more stages may be absent

Key

εn cumulative axial strain

n number of loading cycles

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be cored from a pavement

During the test, the change in height of the test specimen is measured at specified numbers of loading

cycles From this, the cumulative axial strain εn of the test specimen is determined as a function of the

number of loading cycles The results are represented in a creep curve as given in Figure 1 From this, the creep characteristics of the test specimen are computed

5 Equipment

5.1 Control and loading system

PC and software for controlling, reading and collecting necessary data The control system shall guarantee that during the test the physical parameter to be controlled (force) shows no over-modulation The load cell shall have a capacity of at least 5000 N with a precision of ± 10 N All components shall be constructed out of hardened corrosion-resistant steel The load cell should be able

to generate a block or haversine loading pulse with or without rest periods Resonance frequencies of the load cell, as mounted, shall be at least 10 times higher as the test frequency Test frequencies in the range of 0,5 Hz to 5 Hz are most often applied

It is recommended that the control system should include a programmable function generator and a control circuit with which the desired loading signal can be generated

5.2 Displacement transducers

The deformation measurement system shall include two displacement transducers for measuring and recording the cumulative axial deformation to the test specimen, by measuring the change of the upper loading plate position during the test The transducers shall have a tolerance of not more than 2 % for the measuring range of 5 mm

NOTE Another number of suitable displacement transducers is possible, if proven, that inhomogeneous test specimen deformation is levelled during the test

5.3 Data registration equipment

A data-acquisition system shall be provided for controlling and collecting the signals from the load and displacement transducers

A system for graphical follow-up of the creep curve during testing is recommended

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5.5 Measuring instruments and accessories needed

5.5.1 Balance and other equipment required to determine the bulk density in accordance with

EN 12697-6

5.5.2 Vernier callipers or other suitable apparatus to determine the test specimen dimensions in

accordance with EN 12697-29

5.5.3 Angle meter (Protractor), which shall be capable of measuring to ± 0,5° for controlling the

angularity of the test specimen

5.5.4 Thermometer of appropriate range, which shall be capable of measuring to ± 0,1 °C for

determining the temperature of the test specimen and the storage and test environment

5.5.5 System for reducing the friction between test specimen and loading plate, see Clause 7.5.3

and/or 8.4.3

6 Test specimen preparation

6.1 Number of test specimen

At least three test specimens shall be prepared for testing

6.2 Test specimen compaction

For rolled asphalt the test shall be performed on

— test specimens prepared in the laboratory by gyratory compaction in accordance with

— test specimens prepared in the laboratory by impact compactor in accordance with EN 12697-30

NOTE 1 The way of compaction has a considerable impact on the results

NOTE 2 For type testing: the compaction method is given in EN 13108–20

6.3 Preparation of mastic asphalt test specimen

6.3.1 Accessories for test specimen preparation

— Cylindrical steel mould consisting of a ring (inner diameter (148 ± 5) mm, height ≥ 70 mm, steel thickness ≥ 6 mm) and a bottom plate (diameter shall be 2 ( ± 1) mm smaller than the inner diameter of the ring)

— Moulds of appropriate size so that cores can be taken at least 20 mm from the edges (in case of 6.3.3)

— Wooden tamper for levelling mastic asphalt

— Extruding device

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— Release agent, (e.g silicone grease or glycerine)

— Silicone paper disk with the same diameter ( ± 1 mm) as the bottom plate

— Core drill with an inner diameter of (148 ± 5) mm if cored test specimens are tested

6.3.2 Procedure for moulded test specimen

Heat the mould in a heating cabinet to a temperature of (150 ± 10) °C, apply release agent to the inner surface, place it on top of the bottom plate and put the silicone paper disk into the mould

Preheat the mixture without allowing fresh air circulation in an oven or a thermostatically regulated heating mantle up to the reference temperature according EN 12697-35 or the temperature indicated

by the producer

Revise national regulation about maximum temperatures If the mixture is spreadable by that temperature this can be applied instead of the temperature according to EN 12697-35

Fill the homogenized asphalt mixture into the mould and tamp it in two layers and even the surface

As soon as the test specimen has cooled to a temperature of between 18 °C and 28 °C remove it from the mould and place it on a flat base

6.3.3 Procedure for cored test specimen

Alternatively test specimens can be cored from site or from laboratory prepared slabs The slab shall be prepared in a height of at least 65 mm Therefore, an adequate amount of mastic asphalt is filled into the mould in two layers When the slab is cooled down, the test specimens can be drilled with a core drill with an inner diameter of (148 ± 5) mm The cores shall be taken at least 20 mm from the edges of the slab

6.4 Preparation of test specimen surfaces

The ends of the test specimen shall be even and plan parallel, which is achieved by sawing both ends of the test specimen A diamond saw equipped with parallel blades is recommended The ends shall be parallel and perpendicular to the cylinder axis with an angle of less than 3° as measured by angle meter/protractor For a rough control of evenness brush the hand over the surface If it feels even without blemishes it shall be considered adequate, otherwise it shall be polished

6.5 Determination of bulk density

The bulk density of the test specimen shall be measured in accordance with EN 12697-6

6.6 Drying of the test specimen

Before testing, the test specimens shall be dried to constant mass in air at a relative air humidity of less than 80 % at a temperature not more than 20 °C

A test specimen shall be considered to be dry after at least 8 h drying time and when two weightings performed minimum 4 h apart differ by less than 0,1 %

6.7 Dimensions

The dimensions measured on the dry test specimen according to EN 12697-29

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7 Test method A — Uniaxial cyclic compression test with confinement

7.1 Principle

A cylindrical test specimen with a nominal diameter of 150 mm, maintained at elevated conditioning temperature, is placed between two plan parallel loading platens The lower platen shall have an area that stretches at least 5 mm outside the test specimen Both the bottom surface (the lower platen) and the upper platen shall be made from hardened corrosion-resistant steel with a polished (flat and smooth) surface The weight of the upper load platen shall be considered as static (permanent) load if it

is not fixed to the test apparatus

7.2 Test method A1 – block pulse loading

7.2.1 Upper loading plate

The upper platen has a diameter of 100 mm (by an inclination the pressure area against the test specimen has a real diameter of 96 mm)

The dimensions of the upper platen shall be as follows: diameter (100 ± 0,5) mm, thickness (25 ± 0,5) mm and mass (1,55 ± 0,05) kg The platen shall at the lower edge have an inclination as shown in Figure 2, which gives a loading circular surface with a diameter of (96 ± 1) mm The upper platen shall

be fitted with hemispherical self-aligning seating while the lower platen shall be fixed or held in place

by e.g a spigot/slot system

NOTE The inclination of the lower edge can also be rounded off

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Figure 3 — Test apparatus

The test specimen is loaded by a rectangular (see Figure 4 and Figure 5) and periodical vertical stress pulse, with a frequency of 0,5 Hz and a load of (100 ± 2) kPa

NOTE For this test method pneumatic test devices are applicable

Key

1 strain, percent (%) t time, s

2 stress, kPa A strain at preload, percent (%)

3 preload, kPa εn cumulative axial strain, percent (%)

4 minimum stress, kPa

Figure 4 — Stress and strain curve for rectangular pulse loading

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Key

1 load

2 duration of the pulse

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 < 20 % of the whole pulse

Figure 5 — Loading curve for block pulse loading

7.3 Test method A2 – Haversine pulse loading

7.3.1 Upper loading plate

The upper platen has a diameter of 56,4 ± 0,2 mm (resulting in a loading area of 2500 mm2), thickness (30 ± 0,5) mm and mass (0,59 ± 0,05) kg A schematic representation of the upper platen is represented in Figure 6

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Dimensions in millimetres

Key

1 steel sphere: allow adjustment of non-horizontal specimen surface

Figure 6 — Upper loading platen for test method A2 7.3.2 Loading pulse

The test specimen is subjected to a cyclic axial haversine-pulse pressure with rest time, as represented

in Figure 7 The loading pulse shall have a duration of 0,2 s with a rest period of 1,5 s between the loading pulses (see Figure 7)

NOTE For this test method hydraulic test devices are applicable

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Key

1 loading cycle σ stress, kPa σmin minimum pulse stress, 80 kPa

a loading pulse t time, s σmax maximum pulse stress, 350 kPa

b rest period

Figure 7 — Loading curve for haversine pulse loading

7.4 Test specimen

The test specimen shall have the following dimensions:

— the test specimen shall have a height of (60 ± 2) mm and a diameter of (148 ± 5) mm;

— the variations between the measurements according to EN 12697-29 shall not vary more than 1,0 mm for the height and 2,0 mm for the diameter

In case of cored test specimens from the road and if the height of the individual test specimen is not high enough, two test specimens may be put one on top of the other (but not more than two) The same demands for evenness and plan-parallelism as for one test specimen shall be met for each of the test specimens as for the two put together Each of the test specimens shall have a height of at least 25 mm (the two test specimens put together shall still have a height of (60 ± 2) mm) The test specimens are put together without the use of any kind of substance

Damage to the test specimen shall be avoided in all stages of sampling, transport and preparation before testing During transport and storage the slab and drilled core test specimen shall be fully supported to prevent deformation or damage

7.5 Conditioning

7.5.1 Storing conditions

The test specimens shall be stored for between 14 days and 42 days from the time of their manufacture

at a temperature not more than 20 °C Test specimens shall be fully supported and not be stacked on top of each other Any damage shall be prevented

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NOTE 1 Storage time influences the mechanical properties of the test specimen

For other applications of the test other than CE marking other conditioning times can be applied

NOTE 2 For specific types of bituminous mixtures and if data are available, the strain for a given curing time can be calculated with the procedure presented in Annex A (informative)

7.5.2 Cleaning and drying of test specimens

If necessary, the test specimens shall be cleaned by brushing or washing, as required

If necessary, the test specimens shall be dried at a temperature not higher than 20 °C to constant mass

7.5.3 Reduction of friction to loading platens

For reducing the friction between test specimen and loading plate, silicon oil with lubricants or a mixture of glycerine and talcum can be used for coating of the plan-parallel areas of the test specimen

7.5.4 Temperature conditioning

Test specimens shall be conditioned at the test temperature

NOTE 1 Test temperatures are generally between 30 °C and 50 °C

NOTE 2 It is possible to monitor the test specimen temperature using dummy test specimen

7.6 Test procedure

7.6.1 Test temperature

The test temperature shall be kept constant to within ± 0,5 °C during the duration of the test

7.6.2 Positioning of test specimen in test device

The test specimen shall be positioned well centred coaxially with the test axis between the two platens Two displacement transducers shall be positioned on the loading platen symmetrically in order to even inhomogeneous axial test specimen deformation, one opposite to the other The test shall not be started until the test specimen has reached the specified test temperature within ± 0,5 °C

7.6.3 Testing of test specimen

7.6.3.1 Loading conditions (Method A1)

A preload shall be applied The accuracy on the preload control shall be ± 10 % or better

NOTE 1 A typical value for tests on rolled asphalt according to method A1 is (72 ± 7) N (this corresponds to a pre-stress of (10 ± 1) kPa on a test specimen with a diameter of the loading surface of 96 mm) which is applied for (120 ± 6) s

NOTE 2 The upper platen gives a constant static load, which however is not included in the cyclic load

The registration of test specimen deformation shall be started directly after the preloading

Immediately after the preloading time has ended, the periodic load shall be applied according to

EN 13108-20 and Clauses 7.2.2 of this standard

For tests according to method A1 where a block loading is applied (see Clause 7.2.2), The loading time for each pulse shall be (1 ± 0,05) s The accuracy on the period load shall be ± 10 % or better The

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