Bai tho la cai Toi trir tinh tran day niem vui suong han hoan khi Ian dau tien giac ngp anh sang ciia Dang ciia ly tuong Cam xiic ay dupe nha tho ghi lai bang nhung van tho tu su tru tin
Trang 1ciia Ho Chi Minh Ve net nghia khac, chu "hong" con la bieu hi#n cua CUQC van
dong tix bong to'i ra anh sang Tho Ho Chi Minh bao gio cving vay, luon huong
ve anh sang Trong bai tho Tao giai, chu Hong ay cQng da tung xuat hi^n:
Phuong Dong mau trang chuyen sang hong Bong to'i dem tan som sach khong
Chii hong ay vai chii hong trong "Chieu toi" c6 ciing mot net nghia la chi
anh sang, chi niem vui, su lac quan cua nguoi tu Con duong each mang Viet
Nam cung vay di t u trong dem truang no le, di trong chong gai de den voi con
duong vinh quang
Dau tuong som som vang duong mQC,
Chieu cua nha lao, cua van cai;
Trong nguc gio day con toi mit, Anh hong trudc mat da bung soi
(Trich Nhat ky trong tu)
3 Nghe thuat: Thanh cong ciia bai tho chinh la yeu to c6 dien ket hop vol
hi^n dai, su dung hinh anh tho gian di, mpc mac Ngoai ra, thanh cong cua bai
tho con la but phap ta canh ngu tinh, lay dong ta tinh, cac bien phap tu tir nhu:
diep ngu vong, an du, but phap mieu ta thoi gian
III T O N G K E T :
Tom lai, bai tho Chieu toi de lai trong long doc gia ve dep ve mQt buc tranh
thien nhien vung son cuoc qua nhirng net ve vua c6 thi vua hi?n dai Bai tho
da lam nguoi dpc xiic dong truoc tinh cam nhan ai bao la ciia nguoi tii chien si
cong san Ho Chi M i n h du trong hoan canh t i i day noi dat khach que nguoi
nhung N g u o i van vuot len tren tat ca mpi su kho dau, doa day ve the xac de
dua den cho nguoi doc nhung van tho tuyet biit Xin dugc mugn bo'n cau tho
ciia nha tho To Hiixi thay cho loi ket:
Lai thuong noi dpa day than Bac
M u o i bon trang te tai gong ciim
Oi chan yeu, mat mo toe bac
Ma tho bay canh hac ung dung
B T H A N BAI:
1 K h a i quat: Lai Tan la bai tho dugc sang tac trong khoang thoi gian boh
thang dau Ho Chi M i n h bj giam giii tai cac nha tu quoc dan Dang 6 Quang Tay
- Trung Quoc "Lai Tan" rut ra t u tap "NKTT" ciia Ho Chi Minh Bai tho mang npi dung phe phan che dp nha t i i va xa hoi Trung Quoc voi nghe thuat cham biem sac sao
•^Vc thyc thi phap luat, nhiing quan lai "guong mau" nhat trong viec v i pham phap luat
• Ban truang ngay ngay danh bac, canh truong an tien hoi 16 ciia pham '^han mot each trang trgn ; huyen truang thi "chong den lam cong viec" nhung 'hire chat "ngai dot den de hiit thuoc phien day Do la mot su that trong cac
^"y?n duong Quang Tay duoi thai Tuang"
Cau cuoi cung la mgt ket luan, mpt danh gia ve tinh trang ciia bp may
"^'itrinhatu:
^ " Nguoi dgc cho dgi mgt su len an quyet liet hung hon Nhung Ho Chi 'nh da khong lam n h u vay, ma ha mot cau eo ve dung dung, lanh liing: Troi dat Lai Tan van thai binh" Song don da kich doc dao bat nga ay, tham sau cay cung lai chinh la 6 cho day Thi ra tinh trang thoi nat v6 trach
121
Trang 2nhifm cua bon quan lai 6 Lai Tan la chuyfn binh thuong, tro thanh ban ch^|
ciia bp may cai tri 6 day
- Cau ket, nha't la chii "thai binh" nhu an giau "mpt tieng cuoi khay" ^-^
mia mai c6 y nghia Igt tay ban cha't tho'i nat cua ca bp may nha nuoc 6 Lai Taf,
Nha phe binh Hoang Trung Thong da nhan xet "6 dau danh giac thi cii dan|^
con cai trdi da't Lai Tan nay thi van thai binh nhu muon thua"
IIL KET BAI:
O mpt cho khac, Hoang Trung Thong con viet tiep: "mpt chii "thai binh'
ma xau tao lai bao nhieu vifc lam tren von la muon thuo ciia xa hpi Trung
Quoc thoi Tuong Gioi Thach, ciia giai cap boc Ipt thong tri Chi mpt chu ay
xe toang tat ca su thai binh doi tra, nhung ma that su dai loan la 6 ben trong"
(Bac Ho lam tho va tho ciia Bac)
Nguon: Hocmai.vn
TO AY
T d H m i
1: Phan tich cai "Tot" tm tinh trong bai tho TU ay Hoac phan tich
bai tho Tit ay de lam ro su chuyen bien trong nhan thirc cua nguoi thanh
nien Ian dau tien bat gap anh sang ciia Dang ciia ly tuong Cpng San
HI/6NG DAN CHI TIET
I M d BAI
To Hihi la nha tho ciia ly tuong cpng san la la c6 dau ciia tho ca each mang
Viet Nam Tap tho Tu ay (1937 - 1946) c6 the coi la tap tho dau tay danh dau
moi duyen dau ciia To Huu voi tho ca each mang Tap tho c6 ba phan tuong
ling voi nhung chang duong tranh dau ciia nha tho: Mau lua Xieng xich
-Giai phong Bai tho "Tu ay" dupe nSm 6 phan dau ciia tap tho la mpt trong
nhung bai tho hay nha't ciia To Huu Bai tho la cai Toi trir tinh tran day niem
vui suong han hoan khi Ian dau tien giac ngp anh sang ciia Dang ciia ly tuong
Cam xiic ay dupe nha tho ghi lai bang nhung van tho tu su tru tinh tran dav
niem vui va anh sang:
Tu ay trong toi bung nang ha
' ' Khong ao com cu bat cii bo
122
II THAN BAI
1 Khai quat: Truoc khi den voi anh sang ciia each m^ng To' Huu cung
bao thanh nien khac cung thoi khong tim tha'y loi di cho minh Do la liung thang ngay ma To Hiru da tung viet "Dau nhung ngay xua toi tha'y toi/ pan khoan di tim le yeu doi/ Van vo theo mai vong quanh quan/ Muon buoc jjian oi buoc chSng roi" Nhung roi anh sang eiia Dang nhu nguon sang di$u lam bung sang tam hon thi nhan:
Tu v6 vpng, menh mong dem toi s^
Nguoi da den Choi chang nang dpi
Trong long toi 6 i Dang than yeu
Song lai roi Hanh phiic bie't bao nhieu!
Thang 7 nam 1938, To Huu dupe vinh du dung vao hang ngQ ciia Dang, phiit giay ay da thang hoa eupe doi nha tho
2 N6i dung can phan tich:
a Bai tho md dau bSng khd tho diln ta niem vui suong, niem hanh phiic tpt dinh va sy say me khi bat gap li tuong Dang cua cai toi tre trung tran day nhi?t huyet Dang nhu vang duong sang soi cupc doi thi nhan
Tu ay trong toi bimg nang ha Mat troi chan ly choi qua tim Hon toi la mpt vuon hoa la Rat dam huong va rpn tieng chim
Thang 7.1938, sau thoi gian hoat dpng trong phong trao thanh nien a Hue, To' Hmx vinh du dupe dung vao hang ngu ciia Dang Vinh du va niem vui Ion
ay la ca mpt niem han hoan Tac gia khang dinh l i tuong cpng san nhu mpt nguon sang moi lam bimg tinh, bung sang tam hon va tri tue nha tho Hai chii Tir ay, khong chi c6 y nghla nhan manh mo'c thoi gian thang 7.1938 nha tho dw^c dung vao hang ngu ciia Dang ma eon con nhah manh mo'c son dang nhd
tJ'ong tam hon ciia chang thanh nien mudi tam tuoi Nha tho dien ta anh sang
ciia Dang bang mpt hinh anh tho rat choi chang am nong do la hinh anh "bung nang ha" Tu "bung" chi anh sang phat ra dpt ngpt: bung sang, bung ngp, '^'^g tinh Anh sang ay lam danh thiic mpt tam hon dang lac loi dan nha tho vupt qua u toi de vuon toi anh sang ciia ngay moi:
Con Ion len, con tim Cach mang Anh Luu, anh Dieu day eon di • M? khong con nua, con eon Dang su Diu dat con khi chiia bie't gi >v>
123
Trang 3H i n h anh " m a t t r a i chan l i choi qua t i m " la m p t h i n h anh dgc dao, bat ng,
tao bao g i a u y nghia t h a m m i m a rat c h i n h xac, g g i cam M a t t r o i la nguon sari;,
rue r d , c h o i chang va d u y nhat d u a lai su song cho m u o n loai H i n h anh "mat
t r o i chan l i " d i lien v o i n h o m t u "choi qua t i m " da d i e n ta d u g c n i e m v u i rat
d 6 i t h i e n g lieng, c6 cai g i do gan n h u "choang vang" ( c h u d u n g ciia Hoaj
T h a n h ) va sue x u y e n t h a u k i d i ^ u , m a n h me cua l i t u o n g D a n g d o i v o i tinh
cam, n h a n thuc ciia t h i si
H a i cau sau:
H o n t o i la m o t v u o n hoa la Rat d a m h u o n g va r o n tieng c h i m
V o i b u t p h a p t r i i t i n h , lang m a n c i i n g v o i h i n h anh so sanh c6 t i n h chat
khSng d i n h (To H i i u d i i n g tix " l a " c h u k h o n g d u n g t u " n h u " ) Tac gia da bay
to d u o c n i e m h a n h p h i i c v 6 bien, sue song k i d i ^ u cua tarn h o n m i n h trong
b u o i d a u den v o i l i t u o n g D a n g Cac t i n h t u chi m u c d o n h u " d a m " , "rgn" da
noi ho nha t h o ve n i e m v u i s u o n g v 6 b i e n ciia c h i n h m i n h H a n la t r u o c do,
t a m h o n t h i sT la m o t k h u v u o n m u a d o n g canh kho, la lia t h i g i o day duoc gap
g o l i t u o n g each m a n g , b o n g choc t a m h o n do t r o t h a n h m o t k h u v u o n m i i a ha
xanh t u o i , ngap t r a n anh na ng m a t t r o i , n o n g nan, r p n ra tiehg c h i m ea va ngat
ngao h u o n g she "rat d a m h u o n g va r o n tiehg c h i m " Ve dep ciia k h u v u o n tam
h o n ay, d o i v o i T o H i f u , nha t h o cpng san, con la ve d?p ciia sue song m o i cua
m o t h o n t h o m o i :
Co g i dep tren d o i h o n the
N g u o i yeu n g u o i song de y e u n h a u
D a n g cho ta trai t i m giau
T h a n g l u n g m a buoc, ngang dau ma bay!
(Bai ca xudn 61)
b K h o hai cua bai tho la kho tho bieu h i f n n h u n g nhan thiic, le song moi
cua cai toi tru tinh:
het la giac ngo ve cho d u n g N h a t h o chii d o n g , t u giac hoa "cai t o i " v o i "cai
ta" c h u n g ciia m p i n g u o i , ty nguy^n d u n g t r o n g han g n g i i n h i i n g n g u o i
kho T u "buoc" the h i e n y t h i i c t u n g u y e n sau sac va q u y e t t a m cao dp ciia T^^^
Huu n g u y e n gin bo m a t thie't, song chan hoa v o i " m p i n g u o i " , v o i " t r a m n o i '
1 2 4
V(^i q ^ ^ " c h u n g d o n g dao k h a p m o i m i e n da't nuoc N h o m t u "de t i n h trang
•;" the hien t a m h o n nha t h o n h u m u o h trai r o n g v o i cuoc d o i r p n g Ion, tao Icha nang d o n g cam sau xa v o i m p i canh ngo ciia n h u n g cupc d o i can lao
p - y la d i e u khac bi?t v o i cac nha t h o M o i d u o n g t h o i , t r o n g k h i To Hi>u giac ngP ^^^^ ' " ^ " ^ ^ ' d u o n g l y t u o n g t h i cac nha t h o m o i l ai d a n g dau buon v o i cai t o i be nho, c6 d o n , chon chat n i e m d a u t r o n g n h i r n g van t h o b i
lyy- N h a n t h u c m o i ciia T o H i r u c i i n g that khac xa v o i n h a n vat H a D u {Thuoc
, L 6 Tan), Ha D u xa roi quan chiing nhan dan de roi 6 m noi dau bi kich ciia
riguai each m a n g con To H u u lai biet d u n g ve n h a n d a n lao k h o v a giac ngp trong hang n g u ay
H a i cau sau: "De h o n t o i v o i bao h o n k h o m a n h k h o i d o i " k h a n g d i n h
tinh cam h i r u ai giai cap ciia To H i r u T a m hon ciia t h i si t u day se n g h i e n g ve
phia "bao hon k h o " de cam thong, chia se, de ca nhan hoa vao tap the, tao nen mgt sue m a n h q u a n e h i i n g d o n g dao, v l dai Sau nay, k h i da trai qua gan
40 nam d o i tho, d o i each m a n g To HiJu c i i n g da viet: "Tat ca c i i n g t o i T o i v o i muon n g u o i C h i la m o t N e n c i i n g la v 6 so!" That d a n g q u y biet bao t a m hon cao dep ay
c K h o tho cuoi cving khep lai la sxf chuyen bien sau sic trong tinh cam ciia
thi nhan L a s u hoa than ciia cai T o i vao cai ta chung ciia "kiep phoi pha":
Toi da la con ciia v a n nha
L a e m ciia va n kiep p h o i pha
La anh ciia v a n dau em nho
K h o n g ao c o m , cii bat c i i bo
To' H i i u k h a n g d i n h s u chuyen bien t i n h cam ciia m i n h Tac gia t u nhan minh la m o t t h a n h v i e n than thie't r u p t thjt t r o n g dai gia d i n h q u a n e h i i n g bj
ap buc, dau kho t r o n g xa h o i cii Cac di?p t u " l a " c i i n g v o i cac tir "con", "em",
'anh" da k h a n g d j n h d i e u do So tir uoe 1^ "van" c h i so l u p n g het sue d o n g dao H p la k i e p p h o i pha la chj vii e m v o i n o i b u o n than phan:
N a n g n h o con n a m t r o n g ciri lanh
K h o n g chan, k h o n g n e m am k h o n g m a n , ,
Co biet chang t r o n g nhii-ng g i o h i u q u a n h
N o g p i ten nang tieng da k h a n
L a lao d a y t o v o i n o i co cue than gia:
N h u cai k i e p an may
N g o i an t r o n g goc x6
B u o n t h i u n h u eon cho
A o rach chang ai m a y
Trang 4Quan rach gia tuo't ca!
Lanh thi nam chong queo Tro trui nhu con meo
Khong CO vai tain ra!
(Lao day to)
La CO gai giang ho tren song Huong voi bao noi nh\ic nhan cua kiep nguoi:
Em di voi chiec thuyen khong Khi mo v6 ben roi dong dam 6!
Troi 6i, em biet khi mo Than em het nhuc giay v6 nam canh
(Tieng hat song Huong) Chinh v i nhiing "nguoi anh" phai song "kiep phoi pha", nhiing nguoi
"em" "cu bat cu bo" ay ma nguoi thanh nien cpng san To H i m say me boat
dpng each mang, va hp cung chinh la doi tuqmg sang tac chu yeu ciia nha tho
To Huu Khong phai ngau nhien ma tir day To Hihi da bay to niem cam thong
sau sac voi nhirng "em be mo coi", "em be ban dao", "chi vu em", "c6 gai
giang ho", "lao day to" nhihig con nguoi ma tac gia cho do la "nhimg tu
nhan khon nan cua ban ciing"
3 Nghe thuat the hien: Bai tho "Tie ay" la mpt bai tho sau sac ve noi
dung, dpc dao ve ngh? thuat Ngoi but tinh te^ diing hinh tuong tho tao bao,
choi sang, giau khat vpng lang man bay bong, say me Cau tho manh, cam xiic
tho tran day Nhac tho bien doi sinh dpng, ham ho, don dap say sua, loi cuon
Cac bi?n phap tu tir sir dung nhuan nhuyen nhu: diep tir, so sanh, an du tat
ca da lam nen mot bai tho hay va loi cuoh nguoi dpc
I I L K E T B A I
Tom lai, bai tho "Tir ay" la mpt bai tho cua mpt cai toi tran day cam xiic Do
la cai Toi Ian dau dugc giac ngo ly tuong va nguy?n dem tat ca tinh than va
tuoi tre cua minh phung su cho ly tuong cao ca ay Bai tho con la mpt tuyen
ngon ngh^ thuat va mang dam phong each tho To Hiru No xung dang la mot
tieng hat lac quan, yeu doi, dam say li tuong, ngay nay van lam xiic dong hang
tri^u trai tim dpc gia
T U Y £ N N G O N D O C L A P
H 6 C h i M i n h
• LCJIBINH
Dong chi Tmong Chinh nhan xet: "Vevan phong, each noi va each viei cua
0Chu tich CO nhimg net rat doc dao: noi dung khang khdi, tham thia di sau vao tinh
^irtt cua con nguoi, chinh phuc ca trai tim va khoi oe con ngu&i ta: hinh thiec sinh
dong, g^^^ ^'"'^ ^^'^ ^^^^
Ban "Tuyen ngon DQC lap" la kei qua cua bao nhieu mdu da do, bao nhien tinh
da hi sinh ciia nhiing nguoi con anh diing ciia Viet Nam trong nha tii, trong trai
tap trung, trong nhimg hai dao xa xdi, tren may chem, tren chien tru&ng Ban "Tuyen
ngon DQC lap" la kit qua ciia bao nhieu hy vong, gang siec va tin tuong cua hon hai
mm trieu nhan dan Viet Nam" (Tran Dan Tien)
m 1: Ket thiic bin "Tuyen ngon DQC lap", Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da
trjnh trpng tuyen bo ring:
"Nuac Viet Nam c6 quyen hucmg tu do va doc lap, va su that da thanh mot ttuoc tu do, doc lap Todn the dan tQc Vi?t Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than vd luc luong, tinh mang vd cua cai de'giH vOng quyen tu do, dQc lap ay"
Dva vao nhung hieu biet ve tac pham 'Tuyen ngon Dpc lap" anh (chi) hay phan tich doan van tren de lam sang t6 nhimg tu tirong Ion cua Nguoi
H I / 6 N G D A N C H I T I E T
I M 6 B A I
"Tuyen ngon doc lap" cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh la ang van chinh luan mau
"Hrc, la ban khai sinh nuoc Vi^t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa, mo ra mpt ki nguyen
^ l?p, tu do cua dan tpc Ket thiic ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap", Chu tich Ho Chi
nh da trinh trpng tuyen bo': "Nude Viet Nam c6 quyen huong tu do va doc lap, va su
^ thank mot nuoc tu do, doc lap Toan the dan toe Viet Nam quyei dem toi ca tinh than lugng, tinh mang vd ciia cai de giii vimg quyen tu do, doc lap ay" Day la mpt loi
bo danh thep va himg hon, da ket tinh mpt each sang ngoi nhimg tu
^ 8 nhan van va khat vpng dpc lap tv do cita dan tpc
T H A N B A I
(jjij"^* quat: "Tuyen ngon doc lap" la mpt van ki^n lieh sir c6 y nghia trpng
' ' ^ ban khai sinh nuoc Vi?t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa La ket tinh cua chu
127
Trang 5nghla yeu nude ciia khat vong t u do, hoa binh va t u chu Ngay 2.9.1945, h{^:
Chi M i n h da dpc ban tuyen ngon nay truac hang van dong bao T h u do, m6
ky nguyen m o i cho dan toe
2 N o i d u n g p h a n t i c h : #
a Truoc het Ho Chii tich khang dinh: "Nude Viet Nam eo quyen huang tu
va doe lap". Khang d i h n h u vay v i do la dieu phu hop v 6 i dao l i va phap i,
Boi v i dat nuoc va con n g u o i Viet N a m ciing n h u tat ca m o i quo'c gia, m o i dati
toe va moi n g u o i "deu sinh ra c6 quyen binh dang, tao hoa da cho ho nhurig
quyen khong ai c6 the xam pham dugc, trong do c6 quyen dugc song, quyen
t u do va quyen m u u cau hanh phiic" ("Tuyen ngon Dpc l a p " nam 1776 cua
nuoc M y ) M a t khac "Nuoc Vi#t N a m c6 quyen h u a n g t u do va doc lap" boi Ig
"nguoi ta sinh ra t u do va binh dang ve quyen Igi, va phai luon luon dugc tu
do va binh dang ve quyen Igi" (Tuyen ngon N h a n quyen va Dan quyen cua
Cach mang Phap nam 1791) Cach lap luan m o dau cua Bac bang each lay hai
ban tuyen ngon cua Phap va M y da tao ra tien de de khang dinh doe lap t u do
cua Viet N a m la hoan toan phu hgp voi quyen binh dang quoc te
N h u n g cai hay ciia N g u o i la t u nhan quyen dugc dat ra trong ban tuyen
ngon ciia Phap va M y , H o Chii tjch da "suy rgng ra", noi den quyen t u quyet
m g i dan tgc- "Tat ca cac dan toe Iren the gioi deu sinh ra b i n h dang, dan toe
nao cijng c6 quyen song, quyen sung suong va quyen t u do" Le phai ay
" k h o n g ai ehoi cai dugc", va v6 cung thieng lieng Co the noi, sau hon 80 nam
bi thuc dan Phap thong t r i , lai tuyen bo "Nuoc Viet N a m c6 quyen huang tu
do va dge lap" bieu 16 niem t u hao dan toe va khat vong doc lap, t u do cua dat
nuoc va eon n g u o i Viet N a m
b Cach mang thing Tam thanh cong, nuoc V i f t Nam Dan chii Cpng hoa ra
doi "vd su that dd thdnh mot nuoc tu do, doc lap" Do la mpt su that lich sii
khong ai choi cai dugc. Truac khi noi ve thang Igi cua Cach mang thang Tam,
N g u o i da noi len nhi>ng kho dau mat mat cua dan toe ta bang dan chung danh
thep, l i le sac ben, hung hon H o Chii tich da vaeh tran nhiing tgi ac da man \'e
chinh trj, ve kinh te'ciia thuc dan Phap doi voi dan toe ta trong suot 80 nam troi
Chung ap bue, boc lot dan ta den tan xuong hjy, "khien cho dan ta ngheo nan,
thie'u then, nuoc ta xo xae, tieu dieu" Thuc dan Phap da tuoe doat Ur do, dim
r\han dan ta vao mau va nuoc mat trong dem truong no le: "Chiing lap ra nha tii
nhieu hon truong hoc Chiing thang tay chem giet nhung nguoi yeu nuae thuong
noi aia ta Chiing tam cae cuge khai nghla ciia ta trong nhiing be mau" Chiing
thii tieu moi quyen Igi kinh te'eiia dan tgc "cuop khong ham mo, nguyen lieu; dp^'
quyen in giay bac; boc lot cong nhan ta tan nhan" Mang tieng la bao hg ta nhung
thye te "trong vong 5 nam (1940 -1945), chiing da ban nuoc ta hai Ian cho Nhat"
19R
phap va Nhat da gay ra nan doi nam A t Dau (1945) lam cho " h o n hai tri^u dong bao ta bi chet d o i " K h i Nhat dao chinh Phap, truoc khi thua chay, bgn thuc dan phap "con nhan tam giet not so dong tii chinh tri d Yen Bai va Cao Bang"
Tie'p do, N g u o i noi len niem ty hao manh li^t ve su thang Igi ciia cugc Cach
m^ing thang Tam long troi 16 dat da lam nen lich sii nuoc nha Cach mang thang Xam bung no va thang Igi, "dan ta da lay lai nuoc Vi^t N a m t u tay Nhat, ehii Idiong phai t u tay Phap" Nuoc Viet N a m Dan chii Cong hoa ra d o i khi ba ke thu b} l?t do, bi that bai: "Phap chay, Nhat hang, vua Bao Dai thoai vi" Chi mgt cau
thoi ma N g u o i da tong ke't dugc ca mgt qua trinh v u a n len ky vT ciia dan tgc Vi^t
fjam: Ta da danh bai chii nghla thuc dan "Phap chay" Ta da dap tan xieng xich
ciia Nhat "Nhat hang" Ta da lam sup do che do Phong kien ton tai hang ngan doi
nay "Vua Bao Dai thoai v i " Do la le phai, la su that lich su khong ai ch6i cai dugc
Nhu vay, Dge Lap va T u Do la thanh qua dau tranh each mang ben bi, gan goc, lau dai eiia dan toe ta: "Mot dan toe da gan goc chong ach no 1? ciia Phap hon
80 nam nay, mgt dan tgc da gan goc dung ve phe Dong m i n h chong phat xit may
nam nay, dan toe d6 phai dugc t u do! Dan tgc do phai dugc dge lap!" Cach lap luan ay da lam "dep mat, dep long" voi cac nuoc Dong m i n h dong thoi each lap lu^n do da cho thay thai do nhuc nha ciia thuc dan Phap khi "phan bgi lai Dong minh" ban nuoc ta hai Ian cho Nhat
Nuoc Viet N a m Dan chii Cgng hoa ra doi la mgt su that Hch su, nen H o
Chii tich m o i tuyen bo mot each danh thep, hung hon: "Tuyen bo thoat l i han quan he thuc dan v o i Phap, xoa b6 het n h i i n g hiep uoc ma Phap da k i ve nu6e
V i f t N a m , xoa bo tat ca m g i dae quyen ciia Phap tren dat nuoc Vi^t Nam" Cach noi "x6a b6 het", "xoa bo tat ca" la each noi the hien su d i i t khoat ehoi bo
sy CO mat ciia n g u o i Phap tren dat nuoc ta T u nay, nuoc ta la nuoc dge lap
d D Q C lap tu do la khat vgng, la y chi ciia dat nuoc va con nguoi Vi?t
am, cua dan tgc V i ? t Nam Loi tuyen bo vang len n h u mpt loi the thieng
ieng lam chan dpng long nguoi: "Toan the dan toe Viet Nam quyei dem tat ed
inh than va luc luang, tinh mang va eiia cai de giit vitng quyen tu do, doc lap ay"
i tuyen bo hiing hon, chae njch n h u mgt loi the vang vgng khap niii s6ng
ym t u "Toan the dan toe Viet N a m " da noi len sue manh dai doan ket, trieu con n g u o i Viet N a m ket thanh mgt kho'i ma khong mgt ke thii tan bao
nao CO the khuat phue dugc Cac yeu to n h u " t i n h than", "luc l u g n g " , "tinh
'n^ng", "ciia cai" da dugc tap trung trong mgt cau ket xiet bao niem t u hao lam n g u o i dge r u n g r u n g xiic dong
L o i tuyen bo ay ciia H o Chii tjch cung la l o i canh cao nghiem khac d6i
Voi thuc dan Phap dang am m u u tai chiem Viet N a m mgt Ian r\\xa, dong thoi
keu ggi toan the dan tgc Viet N a m s i n sang chien dau h i sinh cho dge lap, t u
129
Trang 6do cua To quo'c Ba muai n5m khang chien chohg Phap va chong My cua nhan
dan ta da the hi#n mpt each hung hon 16i tuyen bo' m^nh me ay Do la khat
vQng, la y chi sat da ve dpc lap t\ do cua dan tpc ta, cua nhan dan ta Mpt Ian
nua, Nguai lai Tuyen bo': "Chiing ta tha hi sinh tat ca, chu nha't dinh khong
chiu mat nuoc, nha't djnh khong chiu lam no 1§!" ("Ldi keu gpi Toan quo'c
khang chien" -19.12.1946)
Han nua the ki da troi qua, ke tu ngay Chu tich Ho Chi Minh dpc "Tuyen
ngon Doc lap" Nhiing chang duong lich su ve vang cua dan tpc ta da trai qua
rat dang t u hao: Cach mang thang Tam chien thang Di#n Bien oai hung
-Chien dich Ho Chi Minh toan thang - Non song lien mpt dai, Bac Nam sum
hpp mpt nha Do la chien thang tat yeu cua cupc chien tranh v^ quo'c vi dai
cua mpt dan tpc Viet Nam be nho nhung c6 sue vuon len ky vi:
Ta nhu thuo xua than Phu Dong Vut Ian len danh duoi giac An Sue nhan dan khoe nhu ngua sat
Chi cam hon ta ren thep thanh roi Lua chien dau ta phun vao mat Lii sat nhan cuop nuoc hai noi
3 Nghe thuat: "Tuyen ngon Dpc lap" eo nghe thuat lap luan chat che, l i le
danh thep, bang chiing xae thuc, giau sue thuyet phuc Ngon ngu vita chinh
xac vua gai cam Gipng van linh boat "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" ciia Bac da tro
thanh mpt ang van chfnh luan mau muc noi tieng Dang sau do la mpt tam tu
tuong van hoa eiia Ho Chi Minh, Nguoi da tong ket dupe mpt each gian d\a
Stic tich nhirng kinh nghi?m dau tranh ciia nhieu the ky gianh dpc lap dan tpc,
dan quyen, nhan quyen ciia dan tpc ta va nhan loai
I I I K E T B A I
"Tuyen ngon Doc lap" xxing dang la mpt ang "thien c6 hiing van" No da ke
tue truyen thong vinh quang ciia "Nam quoc son ha" va "Binh Ngo dai cdo" No la
lai nuoc non cao ca va thieng lieng, the hi^n sau sac t u tuong vT dai: "Khong c6
gi quy hon dpc lap, t u do" Dpc doan van euoi ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap", chiing
ta cang tham thia tu hao ve dpc lap, t\f do ma dan tpc ta da gianh dupe bang
xuang mau ciia bao the he, ciia bao anh hung lift sT da nga xuong cho chiing ta
dupe tu do nhu ngay hom nay
2: Phan tich ngh# thuat lap Iu|n tai tinh ciia Ho Chi Minh trong tac
H I / 6 N G D A N C H I T I E T
L M ^ B A I
lio Chi Minh khong chi bie't den la mpt vj lanh tu tai ba, kift xuat ciia dan
tpc Viet Nam ma con dupe bie't den vai tu each la mpt nha van, nha tho Ion ciia the ky XX Nguoi de lai nhieu tac pham Ian 6 nhieu the loai nhu truyf n, ky,
tha ca, van chinh luan Trong do "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la mpt ang van chinh
luan mau muc, mpt nghf thuat lap luan tai tinh eo mpt khong hai trong lich su van hpc dan tpc
II THAN B A I
1 K h a i quat: "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la mpt van ki|n lich sit c6 y nghia
trpng dai, la ban khai sinh nuoc Viet Nam Dan chii Dong hoa La ket tinh ciia chii nghia yeu nuac ciia khat vpng tu do, hoa binh va t u chii Ngay 2.9.1945,
Ho Chi Minh da dpc ban tuyen ngon nay truac hang van dong bao Thii do, ma
ra ky nguyen moi cho dan tpc Ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la ket qua ciia bao
nhieu mau da do, bao nhieu tinh mfnh da hi sinh ciia nhiing nguoi con anh dung ciia Vi?t Nam trong nha tu, trong trai tap trung, trong nhirng hai dao xa
xoi, tren may chem, tren chien truong Ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la ket qua aia
bao nhieu hy vpng, gang sue va tin tuong ciia hon hai muai trifu nhan dan
Vi?t Nam" (Iran Dan Tien)
2 Noi dung c h i n h
a Mo dau, Nguoi neu len co sd phap li va chinh nghia ciia ban Tuyen ngon: Nguoi trich dan hai ban tuyen ngon dpc lap ciia Phap va My: Tuyen ngon Doc lap ciia My (1776): "Tat ca moi nguoi deu sinh ra co quyen binh d^ng Too hoa cho ho nhimg quyen khong ai co the xam pham duac; trong nhieng quyen ay, co quyen iugc song, quyen sung sit&ng va quyen mini cau hanh phuc" Tuyen ngon Nhan quyen va Dan quyen ciia Phap (1791) cCing da noi: "Nguoi ta sinh ra tu do va
^wh dang ve quyen lai; va phdi luon ludn dugc tu do va binh dang ve quyen lai" Do
'a nhi>ng le phai khong ai co the choi cai dupe
Vife trich dan nhu the mang lai mpt each lap luan co tinh chien thu^t sac ''^n, kheo leo, khoa mifng do'i phuong Do chinh la thanh cong ciia nghf thuat Gay 6ng dap lung ong" dimg chinh lai le ciia ke thu de danh lai chiing Cai hay o cho la: Bac mpt mat nhu ngpi khen, mpt mat lai ha b§ chiing Ngoi ca '^hirng "16i bat hii ay" lam cho Phap va My eung phai mimg ro khi nghe tuyen
%on ciia nuac minh lai ma dau cho mpt quoc gia khac Nhung Bac da nhanh
^•^ong lam chiing be mat boi hai chu "the ma" Chi vai hai chii ay, Bac da ha be
131
Trang 7c h i i n g k h o n g t h u a n g tiec Bac da chi ro thuc d a n Phap va de quoc M y xarn
lug-c V i # t N a m la c h i n h c h u n g da d a m da p len nhOng 16i bat h u ciia cha ong
c h i i n g , l a m v a y b a n la c6 n h a n dao va chfnh nghla m a cha o n g c h i i n g da dvmg
nen M a t khac n g u a i dpc c6 the thay Bac da dat ba cupc Cach m ^ n g , ba nen doc
lap, ba b a n T u y e n n g o n ngang hang nhau KhSng d i n h t u the day t u hao ciia
m p t d a n tpc dpc lap va c6 q u y e n de h u o n g t u do v a dpc lap D a y c h i n h la s u kr
t h u a v a p h a t b u y b a n T u y e n n g o n t h u hai ciia V i e t N a m la " B i n h N g o Da,
Cao" ciia N g u y e n T r a i T r u o c do, N g u y e n T r a i da t u n g v i e t " T u T r i f u D i n h Ly
T r a n bao d o i xay n e n dpc l a p / C i i n g H a n D u o n g T o n g N g u y e n m o i ben x u n g
de m p t p h u o n g " T u y nhien, each lap l u a n ciia N g u y e n T r a i la d a n g d o i can
x u n g h a i ve m p t each ro rang, cu the, con H o C h i M i n h lai tao nen s u d a n g doi
n g a m n h u n g m a n g t i n h hieu qua cao
T u vi^c trich dan tren Bac da di den mpt lap luan sang tao: Suy r p n g ra
d i e u do CO nghla la: "Tat ca cac d a n tpc tren the g i d i d e u s i n h ra b i n h d i n g , dan
tpc nao c i i n g c6 q u y e n song, q u y e n sung s u o n g va q u y e n t u d o " N h u vay,
d u a tren hai ban t u y e n n g o n n o i ve q u y e n I p i ciia con n g u o i Bac da n a n g len
t h a n h q u y e n I p i ciia dan tpc N g h l a la ban T u y e n n g o n ciia Viet N a m con cao
h o n ca hai b a n T u y e n n g o n ciia Phap va M y
T o m lai, v o i l o i le sac ben, d a n h thep, N g u o i da xac lap co so p h a p l y ciia
ban T u y e n n g o n , neu cao c h i n h nghla ciia ta D a t ra v a n de cot y e u la dpc ISp
d a n tpc D a y c u n g la co so de N g u o i vach t p i c h i i n g t r o n g p h a n tiep theo
D i i n g n h u C h e ' L a n V i e n n h a n d j n h "Cach lap l u a n ciia H o C h i M i n h ve p h i a ta
g i o n g n h u m p t trai tao con ve p h i a ke t h u no g i o n g n h u m p t trai l u u dan nhet
vao CO h p n g c h i i n g N u o t k h o n g v 6 m a khac c i i n g k h o n g ra"
b 6 l u a n diem tiep theo H o C h i M i n h da neu len c a sd thvrc te ciia ban
T u y e n ngon:
Bac da neu len l y le va lap l u a n het siic t h u y e t p h y c ve m a t p h a p l y va thuc
te n h a m bac bo l u a n d i § u ciia b p n de quoc t h u c dan D e vach t r a n l u a n d i f u ve
cong lao " k h a i hoa" ciia Phap d o i v o i D o n g D u o n g , Bac da neu ro " N h i i n g
h a n h d p n g t r a i hSn v o i n h a n dao va c h i n h n g h i a " cua c h i i n g t r o n g 80 n a m
t h o n g t r i n u o c ta ve hai p h u o n g dien: C h i n h t r i va K i n h te
Phap ke cong " K h a i hoa", Bac vach tran t p i ac ciia c h i i n g ve c h i n h t r i : c h i i n g
tuy?t d o i k h o n g cho n h a n d a n ta m p t c h i i t h r d o d a n c h i i nao C h i i n g t h i
h a n h n h u n g l u a t p h a p da m a n C h i i n g lap ba che dp khac n h a u 6 T r u n g , N a m ,
Bac de n g a n can viec t h o n g n h a t n u o c nha ciia ta, de n g a n can d a n tpc ta doan
ket C h i i n g lap ra nha t u n h i e u h o n t r u o n g hpc C h i i n g t h a n g tay chem giet
n h u n g n g u o i y e u n u o c t h u o n g n o i ciia ta C h i i n g t a m cac cupc k h o i nghia ciia
132
t r o n g nhiJTig be mau C h i i n g rang bupc d u l u a n , t h i h a n h c h i n h sach n g u
C h i i n g dung thuoc phi^n, r u p u con de l a m cho noi g i o n g ta suy nhupc
Ch u a het, ve m a t k i n h te: c h i i n g boc Ipt d a n ta d e n tan x u o n g t i i y , k h i e n cho
j S n ta ngheo nan, thie'u t h o n , n u oc ta x o xac, tieu d i e u C h i i n g c u o p k h o n g rupng " 8 " y ^ " C h i i n g dat ra han g t r a m t h i i t h u e v 6 l y , l a m cho dan ta, nhat la d a n cay va dan b u o n , t r o nen ban cung C h i i n g k h o n g cho cac nha t u san ta ngoc dau len C h i i n g boc l o t cong n h a n ta m p t each v 6 cung tan nhan
C( h a i d o a n v a n t r e n , cai t a i t i n h ciia H o C h i i t\ch la n g h § t h u a t l a p l u a n :
cau v a n l a p ca'u t r i i c , p h e p d i e p l i e n tuc " c h i i n g t u y e t d o i c h i i n g t h i hanh chiing lap ra c h i i n g t a m cac cupc k h o i nghla c h i i n g d u n g t h u o c p h i ^ n chiing c u o p k h o n g " tao nen m p t l i e n h o a n l o i , to cao m a n h m e , d a n h thep khien c h i i n g " k h o n g the cho'i c a i " va t r o tay k h o n g k i p M a t khac, Bac c u n g tranh t h i i q u a n t a m den g i a i cap t u san, cong n h a n , n o n g d a n k h o i day t i n h
doan ket h i h i ai g i a i cap Dac b i ? t t u t p i ac t r e n ciia t h u c d a n bac d a n h thep
ket an c h i i n g da gay ra cai chet t h a m t h u o n g cho h o n 2 t r i ^ u d o n g bao m i e n Bac vao n a n d o i n a m 1945
Phap k e c o n g "Bao h p " : bao hp nghia la bao v# n h u n g c h i i n g da k h o n g l a m dupe Bac da to cao t p i ac ciia c h i i n g : T p i ac t r o n g 5 n a m (1940 - 1945) T r o n g 5 nam c h i i n g da b a n n u o c ta hai Ian cho N h a t D o la m u a t h u n a m 1940, N h a t xam l a n g D o n g D u o n g de m o r p n g can c i i d a n h D o n g m i n h b p n t h u c d a n
Phap q u y g o i d a u ha n g m o ciia n u o c ta rude Nh$t N g a y 9 t h a n g 3 n a m 1945,
khi N h a t t u o c k h i g i d i ciia q u a n d p i Phap, b p n t h y c d a n Phap hoac la b o chgy, hoac la q u y g o i d a u hang Bac vach tran t h ai d p nhuc nha ciia Phap: q u y g o i dau hang, b o chay N h u v a y la c h i i n g da p h a n b p i D o n g m i n h , k h o n g dap
UTig lien m i n h c u n g Vi^t M i n h de chong N h a t , t h a m c h i t h a n g tay k h i i n g bo',
giet n o t t i l c h i n h t r j d Y e n Bai, Cao Bang D o la l o i k h a i t u d u t k h o a t cai s i i m?nh b i p b p m ciia t h y c d a n Phap d o i v d i n u d e ta n g d t gan m p t the k i
c T r o n g p h a n t i e p theo cua b a n t u y e n n g o n , N g u o i da n e u cao n h u n g tv
hao cua Cach m a n g V i ? t N a m : Ta l u o n d i i n g ve lap t r u o n g c h i n h n g h l a " D e m dai n g h i a de t h a n g h u n g tan/ L a y chi n h a n de thay e u d n g bao" V i e t N a m khoan h o n g v d i ke t h i i b i that the: g i i i p n g u d i Phap ehay qua b i e n g i d i , bao v?
tai san v a t i n h m a n g , eiia cai cho hp L a y d i lay l ai h a i c h i i "Sif t h a t " n h a m
^han m a n h t h a n g I p i to I d n ciia Cach m a n g ta k h i d u n g ve phe D o n g m i n h chong p h a t x i t , d o n g t h d i Bac cung d i i t khoat bac b d s y cd m a t ciia Phap tren
<Jat n u d e ta c i i n g cd n g h i a la Phap k h o n g cd c d g i de qua y t r d l a i V i ? t N a m : "Sy
thgt la t u m u a t h u n a m 1940, nude ta da t r d t h a n h thupc dja ciia N h a t , c h i i
k h o n g p h a i la ciia Phap nua Su that la n h a n d a n ta da lay l a i V i ? t N a m t u tay
^ h a t c h i i k h o n g p h a i la tay Phap" T h a ng I p i to I d n eiia Cach m a n g V i ? t N a m
Trang 8la: "Phap chay, Nhat hang, vua Bao Dai thoai vi" Che dp Dan chu Cpng hoa tu
do AuQC ra doi
d phan cuoi, chu tich Ho Chi Minh da phii dinh che dp thuQC dia ciig
th\rc dan Phap va khang dinh quyen dpc lap, ty do ciia dan tpc Phii dinh dut
khoat, tri^t de: "Tuyen bo thoat ly han quan h^ thuc dan voi Phap, xoa bo he't
nhiJTig hi#p uac ma Phap da ky ve nuoc Vi?t Nam, xoa bo tat ca mpi dac quyen
ciia Phap tren dat nuac Viet Nam" Cuoi cung Bac dua ra Loi tuyen bo'dpc lap
trudc the gioi: Loi tuyen bo' the hi^n li le danh thep vung vang ciia Nguoi ve
quyen dan tpc dong thoi the hi^n khat vpng tu do ciia ca dan tpc Dieu do the
hi^n qua gipng v5n hao hung manh li^t day niem tin: "Nuoc Vi$t Nam c6
quyen dupe huong tu do dpc lap va thuc su da tro thanh mpt nuoc tu do va
dpc Igp Toan the dan tpc Vi^t Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va luc lupng,
tinh mang va ciia cai de giii viing quyen ty do va dpc Igip ay"
3 Danh gia chung:
"Tuyen ngon dpc lap" c6 lap luan chat che, li le danh thep, bang chiing xac
thuc, giau siic thuyet phuc Ngon ngii vua chinh xac vua gpi cam Gipng van
linh boat Tuyen ngon Doc lap ciia Bac da tro thanh mpt ang van chfnh luan mau
muc noi tiehg Dang sau do la mpt tam tu tuong van hoa ciia Ho Chi Minh,
Nguoi da tong ket dupe mpt each gian di ma siic h'ch nhiing kinh nghi^m dau
tranh ciia nhieu the ky gianh dpc l$p dan tpc, dan quyen, nhan quyen ciia dan
tpc ta va nhan loai
III K E T BAI
"Tuyen ngon Dpc lap" xiing dang la mpt ang "thien co hung van" No da ke
tuc truyen thong vinh quang ciia "Nam quo'c son ha" va "Binh Ngo dai cao"
No la loi nuoc non cao ca va thieng lieng, the hi?n sau sac tu tuong vi dai:
"Khong CO gi quy hon dpc lap, tu do" Co the noi tuyen ngon dpc lap la mpt
ang van chinh luan mau muc 6 ngh$ thuat lap luan tai tinh, thau tinh dat ly
Ang van ay se mai mai song hanh trong chang duong phat trien ciia lich sii
hom qua, horn nay va mai sau
3: Giao su Nguyen Dang Manh da danh gia Tuyen ngon Doc lap ciia
Chii tich Ho Chi Minh nhu sau: "Tdi ngh^ a day la dan dung dugic mot lap
luan chat che, dua ra duoc nhung luan diem, nhung hang chiing khong at
choi cat duoc va dang sau nhung li le ay la mot tam tu tuong, tam van hoa
Ion, da tong ket duoc trong mqt van han ngan gqn, trong sang, khuc chief
kinh nghi^m cua nhieu theky dau tranh vi doc lap, tu do, vi nhan quyen cua
dan tqc vd cua nhan loai" (Gidng van Van hoc Viet Nam, Tai han Idn thii
nhat - Nhd xuat han Gido due, 1997, trang 490)
Anh/chi hay phan tich tac pham "Tuyen ngon dpc lap" de lam sang to y
k i ^ tren
HU'6NG D A N
I, MO BAI (Gioi thieu Tac gia/ tac pham/ yeu cau ciia de)
II T H A N BAI
1 Khai quat chung:
- Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong, ngay 2.9.1945, tai Quang truong Ba Dinh - Thay mat chinh phii lam thoi Ho Chi Minh da dpc ban "Tuyen ngon Dpc lap" khai sinh ra nuoc VNDCCH
Ban tuyen ngon da mo ra ky nguyen moi cho dan tpc Vi?t Nam - ky nguyen dpc lap, tu chii
2 N6i dung phan tich
a Dpc Tuyen ngon Doc lap ciia Ho Chi Minh dieu ta nhan thay dupe dau
tien la tai ngh? ciia Nguoi, do la: "dan dung dupe mpt lap luan chat che, dua
ra dupe nhirng luan diem, nhirng bang chiing khong ai choi cai dugic":
a.l: Co so phap ly ciia ban tuyen ngon
Mo dau, Nguoi trich dan hai ban "Tuyen ngon Dpc lap" ciia My va Phap:
"Tat ca moi nguoi deu sinh ra c6 quyen binh dang Tao hoa cho ho nhirng quyen khong
ai CO the xam pham duoc; trong nhirng quyen ay, c6 quyen duoc song, quyen tu do va quyen muu cau hanh phiic." (Tuyen ngon Doc lap ciia nuoc My) Tuyen ngon ciia
nguoi Phap ding noi "Nguoi ta sinh ra tu do va binh dang ve quyen lai; va phdi
luon luon duoc tu do va binh dang ve quyen loi"
- Vi?c trich dan nhu the'mang lai mpt each lap luan co h'nh chien thuat sac ben, kheo leo, khoa mieng doi phuong Trich dan nhu vay, tac gia vua rat kheo leo vua rat kien quyet:
+ Kheo leo vi: Nguoi da ngpi ca "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" ciia My va Phap
dupe xem la nhiing tu tuong tien bp, chan ly ciia loai nguoi, dupe the gioi thua nhan
+ Kien quyet boi vi: Nguoi da diing ngh^ thuat "gay ong dap lung ong" de eanh bao chiing neu chiing xam lupc Vi^t Nam thi chiing da cha dap len nhung loi "bat hii", da lam vay ban la co nhan dao va chinh nghia ma to tien chiing da dung nen
- Mat khae, Nguoi dung nghf thuat dang doi can xiing de: ^''''' + Tu hao va kieu hanh vi dat ba eupc each mang, ba ban Tuyen ngon,
ba nen dpc lap ngang hang nhau (Nguyen Trai trong Binh Ngo Dai cao ciing
<Ja lap luan "Tie Trieu, Dinh, Ly, Tran bao doi xay nen doc lap/ Cung Han, Duong,
T^ong, Nguyen moi hen xung de mot phuong")
135
Trang 9- D o n g g o p I o n cua N g u o i la a y "Suy r o n g ra": "Suy rpng ra "- Day
chinh la l a p l u a n sang tao, t u q u y e n I g i cua con n g u o i , Bac da chuyen thanh
thanh q u y e n I g i d a n tpc D a t nen m o n g cho p h o n g trao giai p h o n g thuQC dia
tren toan the g i o i
- T o m l a i , each dat v a n de kheo leo, lap l u a n chat che, g i a u t i n h chien dau,
Bac bupc the g i o i p h a i t h u a n h a n dpc lap t u d o cua d a n tpc V i ^ t N a m
a.2 C o so t h u c te cua b a n T u y e n ngon:
* C o so k h a c h quan: t o i ac t r o n g 80 n a m
- Phap ke cong " k h a i hoa": H o C h i M i n h da vach t o i c h i i n g t r e n hai
p h u o n g d i ^ n :
+ V e C h i n h t r i : "Chiing tuyet doi suy nhuac"
+ Ve K i n h te: "Chung hoc lot tan nhan "
- B u t p h a p liet ke c u n g v o i phep lap cau triic " C h i i n g t u y f t do'i chxing
t h i h a n h c h i i n g t a m cac cuoc c h i i n g c u o p " tao nen s u t r u n g d i e p ciia toi
ac ke t h i i , chat c h o n g n h u n i i i L a m p t " l i e n h o a n l o i " d a n h t h a n g vao m a t ke
t h i i k h i e n c h i i n g het d u o n g cho'i cai
- G i p n g d i e u lap l u a n m a n g h a i g i p n g d i e u : k h i n o i ve ke t h u t h i danh
thep, cam p h a n ; k h i n o i ve n o i k h o ciia d a n tpc t h i d a u d o n xot t h u o n g
- Phap ke cong "Bao h p " : H o C h i M i n h da vach t p i c h i i n g t p i ac t r o n g
5 n a m t u 1940 d e n 1945:
+ Ban n u o c ta h a i Ian cho N h a t
+ D a y d a n tpc vao n a n d o i 1945 l a m " t u Q u a n g T r i den Bac K y , h o n hai
tri§u d o n g bao ta b i chet d o i "
* C o so c h i i quan:
- D a n tpc V i e t N a m y e u c h u p n g hoa b i n h : neu Phap giet no't so d o n g t u
c h i n h t r i a Y e n Bai, Cao Bang t h i ta l u o n c h i n h nghia, n h a n dao " g i i i p cho
n h i e u n g u o i Phap chay qua b i e n t h u y "
- Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m la n i e m t u hao: b o i "Su that l a s u that la ta da
lay lai V i e t N a m t u tay N h a t c h u k h o n g p h a i t u tay Phap" L a y d i lay la i hai t u
"su that" the h i f n n i e m t u hao d a n tpc
- T o n g ket 100 n a m d a u t r a n h c h i t r o n g m p t cau: "Phap chay, N h a t hang,
v u a Bao D a i t h o a i v i "
- T u n h i j n g co so khach quan, c h i i quan H o C h i M i n h d i d e n t u y e n bo:
" B o i the cho nen, c h i i n g t o i L a m t h o i C h i n h p h i i ciia n u o c V i ? t N a m m o D a i
b i e u cho toan d a n V i e t N a m t u y e n bo thoat l i hSn q u a n h f v o i Phap, xoa bo het
n h u n g h i ^ p u o c m a Phap da k y ve nuoc V i ? t N a m , xoa bo tat ca m p i dac q u y e n
cua Phap t r e n dat n u o c V i ? t N a m " Day c h i n h la l o i k h a i t u d i i t k h o a t d o i v o i
b p n t h u c d a n c u o p n u o c
1.%
a 3- C u o i c u n g N g u o i d u a ra l o i t u y e n bo' dpc lap t r o n g n i e m xiic d o n g trao dang <^^^ h a n g t r i ^ u con n g u o i V i ^ t N a m :
"Chung toi doc lap ay" i
* Tieu ket: t r e n d a y la tai ngh? lap l u a n tai t i n h cua H o C h i M i n h v o i su
j j i e o leo, lap l u a n chat che, d a n h thep, bang c h u n g t h u y e t p h u c k h i e h ke t h u
l a i o n g t h e c h o i c a i
b b i ?t "Dang sau nhung li le ay la mot tam tu tuang, tam van hoa Ian"
tm^g Minh, tam tu tuang ay "da tong kei duac trong ptQt van ban ngan gon, trong sang, khuc chiei kinh nghiem cua nhieu theky dau tranh vi doc lap, tu do, vi nhan quyen cua dan toe vd cua nhan loai"
T a m t u t u o n g , t a m v a n hoa I o n ciia H o C h i M i n h t r o n g " T u y e n n g o n Dpc l a p " d o la:
+ N g u o i da m a n g d e n cho d a n tpc va cho n h a n loai t u t u o n g I o n ve dpc l^p t u d o d a n tpc v a q u y e n l o i ciia m o i quo'c gia t r o n g cong d o n g quoc te
+ T h u hai, T u y e n n g o n Dpc lap k h o n g chi c6 gia t r i ve m a t p h a p l y m a con m a n g gia t r i n h a n dao sau sac
- T a m t u t u o n g , t a m v a n hoa ay l ai d u o c the h i e n n g a n gpn, siic tich, chat che Da d i i c r i i t d u p e k i n h n g h i e m dau t r a n h ciia d a n tpc t u bao d o i nay dac bift la ke t h u a v a p h a t h u y n h i i n g t i n h hoa t u b a n t u y e n n g o n 1 v a 2
3 T o n g ket n g h f thuat:
- K e t cau chat che, l i le sac sao, lap l u a n giau siic thuye't phuc
- N g o n n g i r c h i n h xac, t r o n g sang, g p i cam
- G i p n g d i ^ u l i n h hoat: tha thiet, t ra ng n g h i e m , h i i n g h o n , cam phan, xot
t h u o n g
I I I K E T B A I
Tom l a i , tac p h a m " T u y e n n g o n dpc l a p " ciia tac gia H o C h i M i n h la m p t ang v a n c h i n h l u a n m a u m u c - m p t nghe thuat lap l u a n tai t i n h K h o n g chi vay, tac p h a m con la " m p t t a m t u t u o n g , t a m v a n hoa I o n , da t o n g ket dupe trong m p t v a n b a n n g a n gpn, t r o n g sang, k h i i c chiet k i n h n g h i e m ciia n h i e u the dau t r a n h v i dpc lap, t u do, v i n h a n q u y e n ciia d a n tpc v a ciia n h a n l o a i "
^ g a y nay, k h i dpc l a i tac p h a m ay, gia t r i ciia no m a i con sang gia
137
Trang 10T A Y T I £ N
Q u a n g D u n g
* L6I NHAN XET - PHE BINH
Trong cuon sach "Tac pham van hpc, binh giing va phan tich", Giao
Ha Minh Due viet: "Tay Tien la mot sang tac cd gid tri ve tu tuang, ve nghe thuat
Bdi tha duac viet ra vai nhitng mau sac thd'm my phong phii Co cdi dep hiing trdng
cua nui rieng hie'm tra va ve dep binh di nen tha cua cugc song nai ban long qn^
huang; c6 cam hieng manh me hda hap vai chat trie tinh nhe nhdng mem mai trong
tha Doc "Tay Tien", nguai ta "nhu ngam dm nhqc trong mieng" (lai nhd tha Xuan
Dieu) Moi mot doan tha vai dm huang rieng, khi manh me, khi uyen chuyen da tai
hien thanh cong nhitng kho khan, gian kho cUng nhu tinh than song lac quan ciia bg
doi trong khang chien Bdi tha cd site hut manh liet giong nhu mot loqi tie tru&ng
khie'n "Tay Tien " cie "bang bang" di vdo long doc gid "
Nha phe binh Pham Xuan Nguyen noi: "Tay Tien" giong nhu mot vien ngoc
Ngoc cdng mdi thi cdng sdng, cdng lap Idnh vd hap dan Do la mot bdi tha ky dieu va
CO mot vi tri dqc Met trong long cdng chung mot bdi tha lam song day cd mot trung
doan, khien dia danh Tay Tien truang ton trong lich su vd ky itc mdi ngieai"
Nha giao Luong Duy Can rat say sua ca nggi Tay Tien: "Co nhimg ngmi
thdng khong the quen, cdi gian kho dc liet khong the quen, cd cdi hdo hung Idng man
Cling khong the quen May man thay, giiea nhieng ngdy thdng khong the quen dy, lai
CO nhimg bdi tha khong the quen, nhu Tay Tien ciia Quang DUng"
l.Phan tich doan tho sau trong bai Tay Tien cua Quang Dung de
lam noi bat ve d^p thien nhien Tay Bac va hinh tugtig nguoi linh bp dpi
Cu Ho:
Song Ma xa rot Tay Tim ai!
Nha veritng nui nho chcti vol Sdi Khao suong lap doan qudn mot Mucmg Ldt hoa ve trong dent hoi
n JDoc ten khuc khuyu doc thdnt tham
Heo hat con may sung nguitrm
Ngdn thuac ten cao, ngdn thuac xuong Nhd ai Pha Luong mua xa khcri
Anh ban ddi dau khong buac nua
1.^8
Guc len sting mU bo quen doi!
Chieu chieu oai linh thdc gam thet Dim dem Mucmg Hich cop treu nguoi Nho di Tdy Tien com ten khoi
Mai Chdu mua em tham nep xoi
(SGK12 Ban ca bdn, NXB Giao Due 2011)
HLfdNG D A N CHI TIET
ivvri.Uiy-I, MO BAI
Quang Dung la mot Nha tho - Chien si, mot ngh| sT da tai: viet van, lam tho, ve tranh, soan nhac nhung thanh cong nha't van la tho ca Cac tap tho tieu bieu ciia Quang Diing dugc ban doc biet den nhieu nhu "May dau 6",
"Mua hoa gao" Nhung ten tuoi cvia Quang Dung c6 le da gan lien vdi bai tho
"Tay Tien" Bai tho ra doi vao nam 1948 in trong tap "May dau 6" la bai tho tieu bieu nha't cua tho ca khang chien chong Phap Doan tho ta sap phan tich sau day da xay dung thanh cong ve dep thien nhien Tay Bac va hinh tugng nguoi linh bo doi Cu Ho trong nhiing nam thang khang chien chong Phap gian lao ma anh diing:
"Song Ma xa roi Tdy Tien ail
Mai Chdu miia em tham nep xoi" "
II T H A N BAI
1 K h a i quat: Tay Tien la mgt phan hieu bp dpi dupe thanh lap dau nam
1947, thanh phan chu yeu la thanh nien tri thuc Ha Npi Nhiem vu cua hp la phoi hop voi bp dpi Lao bao ve bien gioi phia Tay Nam 1948, Tay Tien giai the
de thanh lap trung doan 52 Quang Diing cung chuyen sang don vi khac Sau khi roi don vi cii chua dupe bao lau Quang Diing da sang tac bai tho nay
Do^n tho ta phan tich sau day la muoi bon cau dau
139
Trang 11nua la "Tay Tien oi" la noi nho dong dpi, nho tinh dong chi cua mpt thai chinh
chie'n Do con la "nho ve rung niii" la nho dia ban hoat dpng giira thien nhieri
Tay Bac vua hung vT, hiem tra vua tho mpng t m tinh Dac biet la each noi
"Nho choi v o i " duong nhu da khac hpa dupe cai hon ciia ca bai tho Tho ca
Viet Nam khi noi ve noi nho c6 nhieu each dien ta Ca dao c6 eau:
Nha ai bot hoi boi hoi Nhu dung dong lua nhu ngoi dong than
Dien ta tinh cam each mang To Hiiu c6 eau:
Nha gi nhu nha nguai yeu i Trang len dau nui, nang chieu lung nuang
Nhung den Quang Dung thi noi nho sang tao hon ca "nho choi vol" "Choi
voi" la trang thai tro trpi giua khoang khong rpng, khong the ba'u viu vao dau
ca "Nho choi voi" c6 the hieu la mpt minh giiia the gidi hoai niem menh
mong, be bpn, khong dau, khong cuoi, khong thu t u thai gian, khong gian Do
la noi nho da diet, mien man, lung la, bang khuang, sau lang lam cho con
nguai CO cam giac dung ngoi khong yen Ngh^ thuat su dung van " o i " , ket
hpp t u lay "choi voi" la van bang tao am huong cua tie'ng gpi dong vpng mien
man khong dut lam eau tho sau lang, boi hoi cu the ngan dai tha thiet vpng
vao long nguai, vao khong gian xa tham menh mong ciia the gioi hoai niem
b Sau cau tho tiep theo, nha tho dua ta ve voi cupc hanh quan cua Tay
Tien givra nui rimg mien Tay vira hung vi lai vira tho mpng t m tinh dupe
cam nhan bang cam hung lang man va tarn hon lang man hao hoa Chat hao
sang trong tho Quang Dung la lay ngoai canh niii rimg mien Tay hiem nguy
de to d^m va khac hpa chi k h i anh hung ciia doan quan Tay Tiein:
Sai Khao suang lap doan quan moi
Nha ai Pha Ludng mua xa khai
Truoc het la mien Tay Bac hi^n len boi con duong hanh quan that gian nan,
vat va, thai tiet suang mil lanh leo, khac nghi^t nhung ciing that tru tinh:
Sai Khao suang lap doan quan moi Muang Ldt hoa ve trong dem hoi
Tren dinh Sai Khao, suong day den dp "lap" ca doan quan Doan binh hanh
quan trong suang lanh giiia niii rimg triing di^p Chii " m o i " lam hifn len
truac mat ta hinh anh ciia mpt doan quan mf t moi ra roi Tuy vay, hp van thay
con duong hanh quan that d?p va tho mpng: di trong "suong lap" that hiing
vT, trang 1$ Di qua dia danh Muong Lat vao ban dem lam ban voi loai hoa no
ngat huong, di trong dem suong toa khap khong gian huyen ao, ma mang Cai
hay cua nha tho la khong noi hoa no ma noi "hoa ve", khong noi dem suong
140
0ta noi "dem hoi" Cach dung tir ngCi do da chung to duoc ve d^p tam hon ciia
^ { j n g nguoi linh tieu tu san lang man, hao hoa
Quang Dung ta canh vupt doe, vupt deo, duong di nguy hiem voi doc cao, vycthim: r
Doc len khuc khuyu doc tham tham ,^ , Heo hilt con may sung ngid trai ; Ngan thuac len cao, ngan thuac xuong i
Nha ai Pha Ludng mua xa khai
Duoi ngoi biit cua Quang Diing, con duong hanh quan mo ra voi biet bao nhieu kho khan gian kho Duong di toan doc cao, vue tham dupe dien ta voi nhieu tir lay tao hinh: "khiic khuyu" (quanh co kho di), "tham tham" (dien ta dp cao, dp sau), "heo hiit" (xa each cupc song con nguoi) Cau tho sir dung nhieu thanh trac di lien nhau "Doe len khiic khuyu doe tham tham" (bay chir ma da c6 tai 5 chir la thanh trac) khien khi dpc len ta c6 cam giac tnic trac, m^t moi nhu dang ciing hanh quan voi doan binh vay Co the hinh dung nguoi linh Tay Tien vira leo len dupe dinh doc da met nhoai lai phai do xuohg mpt con doc khac va
cu the cupc hanh quan keo dai voi doc cao vue tham, rimg day
Cau tho "Heo hiit con may siing ngiri troi/ Ngan thuoe len cao, ngan thuoc xuong" mang den cho nguoi dpc su moi la, c6 chiit gi rat horn hinh diia vui kieu linh Mui siing cua nguoi chien binh duoc nhan hoa tao nen mpt hinh anh:
"siing ngiri trai" vira tinh nghich theo kieu linh vira giau cha't tha, mang ve dep cam hung lang man No khang dinh chi khi va quyet tam cua nguoi chie'n sT chiem ITnh moi tam cao ma di tai "Kho khan nao ciing vupt qua - Ke thii nao ciing danh thang!" No lam ta lien tuong de'n nguoi linh trong tho To Hini:
Rat dep hinh anh luc rang chieu Bong dai tren dinh doc cheo leo Nui khong de noi vai vuan t&i
La nguy trang reo vai gio deo
Chinh vi cha't linh tre trung ay ma truoc thien nhien dij" dpi nguoi linh Tay Tien khong bi mo di ma noi len day thach thiic Liic nay day, thien nhien
l^ong con la doi tupng de thuang thiic ngam nhin nxna ma la doi thu: "Ngan
woe len cao, ngan thuoc xuong" Cau tho nay co the hieu: cupc hanh quan
|>et len roi lai xuong, xuong thap roi lai len cao, deo noi deo, doc tiep doc, fiong diit Cau tho dupe tao thanh hai ve tieu doi: "Ngan thuoc len cao //
sn thuoc xuo'ng", nhu bj be doi, dien ta con doe vai chieu cao, sau rpn ngpp:
in len cao chot vot, nhin xuong sau tham th3m Hinh anh ay ta eung da timg
St gap trong "Vpng L u Son Bpe Bo" ciia Ly Bach "Phi thien true ha tam thien Bch" (Nuoc bay thang xuo'ng ba ngan thuoc) hay nhirng hinh anh rimg rpn
3ang da trong tha cua Khuang Hiru Dung:
141
Trang 12Day cao vol voi doc 6ng Manh Day am am thdc doKhong Ten
Co sudi chan hum viea dedau
Co lum cay viit tuyet du&ng chim
Co canh doan quan di trong mua vira hung vT lai rat nen tho: "Nha ai Pha Ludng
mm xa khai" Cau tha dugc det boi nhimg thanh bang lien tie'p, ggi ta su em diu,
tuai mat ciia tam hon nhijng nguoi linh tre, trong gian kho van lac quan yeu doi
Nhip tho Cling cham lai, am dieu nhe nhang nhu phiit nghi chan hiem hoi ciia
nguoi li'nh Trong man mua rung, tam nhin cua nguoi chien binh Tay Tien van
huong ve nhimg ban muong, nhiing mai nha dan hien lanh va yeu thuong Tat ca
nhat nhoa trong man mua rung day dac mang cai lang man ciia niii rung mien
Tay vua c6 cai d i i doi hiem nguy nhung lai c6 cai trii tinh dang nho
c Bon cau tho tiep theo, nha tho the hif n sy hi sinh bi trang cua nguoi
linh tren ch|ng duong hanh quan day chong gai, kho khan nguy hiem:
Anh ban dai dau khong buac niea Guc len sung mil bo quen dai Chieu chieu oat linh thdc gam thet Dem dem muang Hich cop treu nguai
Su d u doi ciia niii rung ciing vat kiet sue nguoi, Quang Dung khong he ne
tranh hien thuc: "Anh ban dai dau khong buoc nvtal Guc len siing mu bo quen
doi" Nguoi linh Tay Tien trong cuoc hanh quan gian kho ay da c6 nguoi nga
xuong v i ki^t sue "Dai dau" la gian kho nang mua, doi khat "Khong buoc nxta"
la kiet sue, khong the buoc tie'p "Bo quen doi" la hi sinh Cach noi giam noi
tranh ve cai che't, vua xot xa vua ngao nghe: "khong buoc niia", roi "bo quen
doi" cu nhu mot su binh tinh, su than nhien don nhan cai che't, xem cai che't nhe
tua long hong Coi che't ma nhu cae anh dang di vao gia'e ngii Van tho noi den
cai mat mat, hi sinh nhung khong chiit bi luy, tham thuong boi no da dup-c nang
do boi doi canh eiia l i tuong "Chien truong di chang tie'c doi xanh"
De tang them su bi trang ciia su hi sinh, Quang Dung da diem to them biic
tranh thien nhien Tay Bac bang nghf thuat di^n anh voi hai am thanh ghe rgn:
"Chieu chieu oai linh thac gam thet/ Dem dem muong Hich egp treu nguoi"
Cach noi "chieu chieu" roi lai "dem dem" ggi thoi gian khae nghi?t voi biet
bao hiem nguy rinh rap A m thanh thac gao hoang da "gam thet", roi "cop treu
nguoi" ay da diem to vao biic tranh thien nhien Tay Bac von da hung vT, trang
1§ nay lai cang them bi an, hoang so Do chinh la dac trung ciia chon ma thieng
nuoc doc, lam son chuong khi Tuy nhien, doan quan van tien buoc, nguoi noi
nguoi, bang len phia truoc Uy luc thien nhien nhu bi giam xuong va gia trj
con nguoi n h u dugc nang cao han
142
J 5au chang duong dai hanh quan moi m#t, cac chien si c6 dip dimg
- l?i 6 mpt ban lang c6 ten gpi rat doi yeu thuong - Mai Chau Hai cau ''• doan tho, cam xuc boi hoi tha thiet nhu loi nhIn gui cua mpt khuc tam h* "h"' "^9* ni^m, vua bang khuang, vua tv hao:
Nho di Tay Tien cam len khoi Mai Chdu mua em tham nep xoi
"Nho 6i!" t u cam than mang tinh cam dat dao, do la tie'ng long ciia cac hien sT Tay Tien Cau tho dam da tinh quan dan Nho la nho liic nguoi linh (Jung chan, dugc dong bao na'u com cho an "com len khoi" Nho m i i i huong
"tham nep xoi" la nho huong v i niii rung Tay Bac, nho tinh nghia, nho tam long cao ca ciia dong bao than yeu Che'Lan Vien cung ttmg vie't ve huong vi ctia tinh quan dan ay trong bai tho "Tieng hat con tau":
Anh ndm tay em cudi mua chien dich Vat xoi nudi quan em giau giiea ritng
Biea xoi dau con toa nh& miii huong
Linh Tay Tien nay da "xa roi" nhung c6 bao gio quen "Bixa xoi dau con toa
nho miii huong" ay? Hai tie'ng "miia em" la mot sang tao doc dao ve ngon ngii
thi ca "Mua em" c6 phai chang la de noi deh mua thie'u nu, voi ve dep e ap,
duyen dang da de lai trong long nguoi linh tre bao niem thuong noi nho Co le
vi vay ma dieu tho tro nen uyen chuyen, mem mai, tinh tho tro nen am ap, tuoi vui M g i kho khan gian kho nhu bi day lui ma thay vao do la niem lac quan va tinh tho dong day
3 T o n g ket nghe thuat: Doan tho de lai mot dau an dep de ve tho ca
khang chien ma su thanh cong la ket hgp hai hoa giiia khuynh huong sii thi va cam hung lang man Ben canh do con c6 cac yeu to nghe thuat: Sii dung nhieu
^ lay tao hinh, each su dyng thanh trac, diep tu, nhan hoa, doi lap tat ca da t^o nen mot doan tho hay va giau gia tri •
III KET BAI Tom lai, m u o i bon cau tho tren day la phan dau bai Tay Tien, mgt trong
nhung bai tho hay nhat vie't ve nguoi linh trong chin nam khang chien chong Biie tranh thien nhien hoanh trang, tren do noi bat len hinh anh chien si can truong va lac quan, dang dan than vao mau liia Xin dugc mugn bon cau ciia Giang Nam thay cho loi ket:
Tay Tien bien cuang ma lifa khoi Quan di lap lap dong cay rimg
Va bdi tha ay, con nguai ay ,it ' < „ ; i ;
Van song mudn dai vai nui song. ; s* i i f i ; ! ! ? '
^ 143
Trang 13©^2;Binh giang doan tho sau trong bai tha "Tay Tien" (Quang Dung)
Doanh trai bieng len hoi dude, hoa , ,
Kia em xient do tu bao gio Khen len man dim ndng e ap Nhac ve Vien Chan xay hon tho Ngudi di Chdu Moc chieu suong ay
Co thay hon lau neo ben bo
Co nho dang ngttoi tren doc moc Troi ddng nuoc lit hoa dong dua
Hl/ONG D A N CHI TIET
I. M 6 B A I
Quang Dung la nghe sT da tai: viet van, lam tho, ve tranh, soan nhac
nhung thanh cong nhat van la tho ca Tho ciia Quang Dung la tieng long cua
nguoi linh, dam chat linh nhung la linh tieu tu san nen cai lang man hao hoa
luon dugc dat len hang dau Bai tho "Tay Tien" c6 mot doan tho rat hay, da ket
hop duoc chat lang man va chat hoi hoa von c6 trong tam hon Quang Diang:
"Doanh trai hung len hoi duoc hoa
Troi ddng nuoc lu hoa dong dua "
II THAN BAI
1 K h a i quat: Tay Tien la mot phan hieu bp dpi dupe thanh lap dau nam
1947 Thanh phan chu yeu la thanh nien tri thiic Ha Npi Nhiem vu ciia hp la
pho'i hpp v6i bp dpi Lao bao ve bien gioi phia Tay Nam 1948, Tay Tien giai the
de thanh lap trung doan 52 Quang Dung ctang chuyen sang don vi khac Sau
khi roi don vj cu chua dupe bao lau Quang Ddng da sang tac bai tho nay
Doan tho ta dang phan tich la doan tho thu hai trong bai "Tay Tien"
2 N6i dung phan tich:
a Bon cau dau, nha tho mang den cho nguoi dpc khong khi tuoi vui cua
dem lien hoan van nghf dam tinh quan dan Khong khi dem hpi d day dupe
Quang Dung diem to bang anh sang, am thanh va sac mau mang dau an ciia
tam hon tre trung, lang man yeu doi:
Doanh trai hung len hoi duoc hoa Kia em xiem do tu bao gia Khen ten man dieu ndng e dp Nhac veVien Chan xay hon tha
"Doanh trai" la noi dong quan cua Tay Tien cQng la noi dang dien ra le hpi
van hoa dam da tinh quan dan Dong bao dan tpc da tu hpp ve day de sinh
lioat va gop vui v6i bp dpi Tu "Btrng len" trong "Doanh trai birng len hpi
^^^oc hoa" gpi cam giac arn ap, gpi niem vui Ian toa Dem rung nui thanh dem hpi- Ng*?" duoc mia, duoc lau thanh "duoc hoa" ("Duoc hoa" la hoa chuc - cay
^gh dot len trong phong cuoi, dem tan hon, tupng trung cho hanh phuc ciia
uyen uong) 6 day, "duoc hoa" c6 y nghia la gpi khong khi am ciing gpi niem
vui/ niem hanh phiic trong long cac chieh si "Bimg" chi anh sang ciia duoc hoa, ciia lua trai, ciia khong khi nao nhiet, ciing con c6 nghia la tieng khen, tieng hat, tieng cuoi noi tung bung rpn ra To' H u u khi nho ve Vi^t Bac cung
fieng viet ve dem lien hoan sang bung trong ky ni^m:
"Nha sao lap hoc ita ^ Dong khuya duoc sang nhieng gia lien hoan "
Tu "Kia em" trong cau tho thu hai "Kia em xiem ao tu bao gio" the hi^n su ngac nhien, ngo ngang ciia linh Ha Thanh truoc ve dpp ciia c6 gai vung cao trong trang phuc "xiem ao" Ipng lay cung dang ve "e ap" rat thie'u nir Ve dep
ay khong phai la "doi mat nguoi Son Tay" ciia nguoi con gai que nha ma ve d?p tinh tu ciia nhihig c6 gai vung cao dang vao dp "mua em"
Quang Diing phat hien ra ve dep dang yeu ay ciia c6 gai bang ca niem yeu, niem say me den cam phuc Yeu say tu voc dang "e ap" den den trang phuc
"xiem ao" Chinh trang phuc truyen thong dam da ban sac van hoa ciia cac
thieu mx Tay Bac cang ton vinh len ve dep ciia hp Quang Diing khong khoi
than phuc den ngac nhien truoc ve dep ay Em tro thanh hat nhan ciia biic
tranh voi ve dep xii la phuong xa Nhirng thieu mx Muong, nhiing thieu nii
Thai, nhiing c6 gai Lao xinh dep, duyen dang "e ap", xuat hi^n trong bp xiem
ao rue ro dang lam dam say tam hon nhiing chang linh tre ^, Ngo ngang niia la tieng khen "man dieu" Khen la mot loai nhac cu ciia nguoi dan tpc mien niii Tay Bac con "man dieu" la mot dieu nhac "la" dac trung van hoa ciia nhiing con nguoi noi day Khen dang len man dieu va dang
|em cGng e ap, then thung theo tieng nhac Va hoa vao tieng khen ngat ngay ay
pa dif u miia Lam Vong quyen ru ciia nhirng c6 gai Lao da "xay hon tho" trong png cac chang linh tre Chinh cai la ay lam dam say tam hon nhiing chang trai Tay Tien go'c Ha Npi hao hoa Chinh trong khong khi ciia am nhac, vii dieu
%y da chap canh cho tam hon nhiing nguoi linh Tay Tien thang hoa, mpi moi
^?t nhu bi day liii, them vao do la long yeu doi, yeu mien dat la Chinh vi the
^Pi cam giac moi met, mpi vat va deu tan bien Thay vao do la niem lac quan, yeu doi nang buoc hp manh me hon tren con duong huong ve "Vien Chan xay hon tho" Tu do, ta c6 the thay dupe rang cac chieh sT ciia chiing ta du trong
J^hiiTig gio phiit vui ve, thoai mai nhat thi tam hon ciia hp van luon huong ve li
^ong each mang cao dep
- ^ 145
Trang 14b Bon cau sau Ik khung cinh chia tay tren nen song nu6c TSy B^c vvra
thvc vua mpng hoang vang, Hnh l|ng, buon thi vi Ca bon cau la cinh sac
Tay BIc ggi dm giac menh mang, huyen ao:
Ngu&i di Chau Mgc chieu sucmg ay
Co thay hon lau neo ben ba
Co nha dang ngubi tren doc moc Troi dong nude lii hoa dong dm
So voi bon cau tho tren la hinh anh khong khi dem le hpi tung bung hoa
hop voi anh sang lung linh va tarn hon tre trung, yeu dai cua cac chien si Tay
Tien thi bon dong tho tiep theo, Quang Dung dua nguoi doc den voi hinh anh
cua con nguoi va niii rung Tay Bac trong mot buoi chieu suong:
Nguffi di Chau Moc chieu sucmg ay
Co thay hon lau neo hen ho
Thoi gian chia tay la buoi chieu, khong gian chia tay la mpt khong gian
bang lang khoi suong nhu trong coi mpng Thien nhien Tay Bac hi^n len theo
chieu huong nh? hoa Cai d u dpi, khoc li^t cua "Ngan thuoc len cao ngan
thuoc xuong" dup-c day liai di va thay vao do la nhiing hinh anh nh^ nhang va
tho mong Hinh anh dau tien la hinh anh "chieu suong" cho ta thay net dac
trung von c6 ciia nui rung noi day Nhung suong 6 day khong phai la "suong
lap", suong che hay suong phii ma la mot khong gian niii rung mo mang trong
suong khoi Mot buoi chieu c6 suong nui giang mac khap khong gian mo mo,
ao ao Khong gian ay dii tao nen noi buon man mac nhung v6 ciing thi v i Co
nguoi cho rang "Chieu suong ay" la chieu suong trong cai nhin hoai niem nen
tat ca mo ao, nhat nhoa Ch^ng biet c6 phai the hay khong nhung doc cau tho
len ta thay no rat dac bif t Dai tu "ay" lam ro nghia hon cho tu "chieu suong"
de nha'n manh rang day la mot buoi chieu suong rat dac bi^t, chieu suong
trong noi nhd da thanh ky niem nen tinh nguoi ciang man mac, bang khuang!
Doan tho dam mau sac hpi hpa Cai thvc cua khi troi Tay Bac, cai mong cua
khong khi bang lang suong khoi hi|n len nhu mpt mien c6 tich Co le chat hoa
sT ciia Quang Diing da an sau vao tho 6 doan nay Net but phac thao ciia
Quang Diing that la tai hoa Chi mpt vai net chain pha vay ma cai hon ciia canh
vat va con nguoi hi^n len that sinh dpng day sue cuon hut
Song nude hoang dai den nen tho Bang thu phap nghe thuat nhan hoa,
Quang Diing da cam nhan nhiing canh lau qua hai tir v6 ciing tinh te^ do la
"hon lau" gpi cam giac hoang vang, tinh lang, giau chat tho sau lang vira c6
chiit gi do thieng lieng phang pha't chiit tarn linh rimg nui "Neo ben bo" c6
nghIa la: neo - loi di "Neo ben bo" la nhin dau ciing thay menh mang hon lau
"Hon lau" - nhiing cay lau khong con v6 tri v6 giac ma c6 linh hon Phai la
mpt hon tho nhay cam, tinh te, tai hoa va lang man moi cam nhan dupe ve dep
nen tho ay Che Lan Vien ciing da timg thon thiic trudc ngan lau trang:
146
"Ngan lau clran trong nang Hon ciia miia thu ve Hon cua miia thu di Ngan lau xao xdc trang"
(Che Lan Vien) IChong gian nen tho ay lam nen cho nguoi tho xuat hi^n: Giiia hinh anh thien nhien Tay BSc hien len day sue song va lang man thi hinh anh con nguoi noi day hi?n len mang mpt ve d?p khoe khoan, bat khua't, kien cuong: "Co nho dang nguoi tren doc mpc" Di?p ngii "c6 thay - c6 nho" luyeh lay nhu khac
ch^m vao long nguoi mpt noi nho da diet, chay bong khon nguoi Dpc mpc la mpt loai thuyen dupe lam tu than cay go Ion, dai Dang nguoi tren dpc mpc 6
(Jay CO the la hinh anh mem mai, uyen chuyen aia nhiing c6 gai Thai, Meo
dang dua cac chien sT vupt song Ciing c6 the hieu la dang hinh kieu diing ciia cac chien si Tay Tien dang cheo cho'ng con thuyen vupt song, vupt thac dii tien
ve phia truoc Tat ca nhiing hinh anh ay deu da de l^i trong long aia Quang Diing mpt hinh anh kho phai nhoa
Cau tho cuoi sir dung nghf thuat doi lap: "Troi dong nuoc lii hoa dong
dua" Do la su doi lap giiia cai dii dpi ciia thien nhien "Troi dong nuac lii" voi cai mem mai, de thuong "hoa dong dua" da lam cho thien nhien hoa hop ciing
voi xiic cam cua con nguoi Tir lay "dong dua" dupe sir dyng ra't gpi Khong phai canh hoa rirng troi noi dap denh tren dong nuoc lii ma la "dong dua"
theo gio Co the hieu canh hoa rimg nhu ciing quyen luyen con nguoi Canh hoa rirng nhu ban tay vay chao nguoi linh, tien nguoi linh vupt song di danh giac Dang hoa ay hoa hpp voi dang nguoi tren dpc mpc lam nen mpt biic tieu hpa that lang man ma ciing that hao hiing V|y moi hieu dupe each noi cua nguoi xua "Thi trung hiiu hpa" la nhu vay
3 Tdng ket nghe thuat: Doan tho de lai mpt dau an dep de ve tho ca
khang chien ma su thanh cong la ket hpp hai hoa giiia khuynh huong sir thi va cam hung lang man Ben canh do con c6 cac yeu to'nghf thuat: Ngh^ thuat nhan hoa day sue gpi Ngon ngir tho mpc mac, gian di, hon tho mang dam chat lang ''^^n, hao hoa Nhiing tir ngii nhu "c6 nho", "c6 thay" luyeh lay, khac hpa them iioi nho luu luyeh, boi hoi Tat ca da tao nen mpt doan tho hay va giau gia trj
III K E T BAI Tom lai, tam cau tho cua kho hai da ve nen khung canh thien nhien, con
•^gu-oi mien Tay voi ve dep m i 1§, tho mpng, trir tinh Chat nhac, chat hoa, chat
"^o mpng hoa quyf n chat che voi nhau trong doan tho tao nen mpt the gioi cua
'^ai dep Tirng net ve cua Quang Diing deu mem mai, tinh \e, uyen chuyen Day
'a doan tho bpc Ip ro nhat su tai hoa, lang man ciia Quang Dung trong tong the bai tho
^ 147
Trang 15^ 1 3 ; Binh giing do?n tho sau trong bai tho Jay Tien (Quang Dung)
Tay Tien doan binh khong mgc toe Qudn xanh mau Id die oai hum Mdt trieng gid mong qua hien giai Dim mo Ha NQI dang kieu thorn Rdi rdc hien cuong mo vien xH Chien truang di chang tiec dbi xanh
Ao bdo thay chieu anhvedai r~
Song Md gam len khuc dgc hdnh
(NgUvdn 12, NXB Gido due 2011)
H U ' 6 N G D A N C H I T I E T
I. M 6 B A I
Quang D u n g la nha tho a i a linh, da song mot d o i linh oanh liet hao hung
Co le chinh v i vay ma d o i l i n h da an sau vao d o i tho "Tay Tien" la bai tho ciia
linh Viet ve linh nen k h i doc len ta da thay ngay chat hao h u n g b i trang cua
n h i j n g chang trai "Thach Sanh cua the ky XX":
Tay Tien doan binh khong mgc toe Quan xanh mau la die oai hiim Mat trifng gid mong qua hien gicri Dim ma Ha Noi dang kieu thom Rai rdc hien cuang mo vien sif Chiih truang di chang tiec dai xanh
Ao hao thay chieu anh vedat Song Ma gam len khuc doc hanh
I I T H A N B A I
1 K h a i q u a t : Tay Tien la mot phan hieu bo doi dugc thanh lap dau nam
1947 Thanh phan chu yeu la thanh nien t r i thuc Ha N p i N h i e m cua ho la
phoi hop v a i bo doi Lao bao ve bien gioi phia Tay N a m 1948, Tay Tien giai the
de thanh lap trung doan 52 Quang Diing cung chuyen sang d o n v i khac Sau
khi r o i d a n v i cia chua dugc bao lau Quang D i i n g da sang tac bai tho nay
Doan tho ta dang phan tich la do^n tho t h u ba trong bai Tay Tien
2 N 6 i d u n g p h a n t i c h :
a G i u a nen t h i e n n h i e n khac nghi^t, h i n h anh n g u d i l i n h h i e n len that bi
trang Q u a n g D u n g da d u n g n h u n g h i n h anh rat hi?n thuc de to dam cai p h i
t h u o n g ciia ngutri l i n h :
Tay Tien doan hinh khong moc toe Quan xanh man Id die oai hiim
llai cau tho m o dau gpi len ve dep bi trang Dau tien do la cai bi thuong ggi len
^ j^goai hinh ciia nguoi linh o m yeu, tieu tyy, dau trpc, da de xanh n h u mau la poan quan trong that k i di: "khong moc toe", "quan xai^h mau la" Theo loi ke aia
Quang Diing, thoi ky do bp dpi ta phai cao trpc dau de de dang trong sinh boat va (Janh giap khang Phap nhiing anh linh n h u vay eon gpi la anh "Ve
"Ve trpc" Va nguyen do niia ma nguoi linh Tay Tien dau trpc, da xanh la
do hgu qua ciia nhiing thang ngay hanh quan vat va vi doi va khat, la dau ah cua phung tran sot ret ac tinh lam toe rung khong mpe lai dupe, da de heo lia n h u tau
la Nhihig con sot ret r i m g ac tinh ay khong ehi eo trong tho Quang Diing ma con
de lai dau ah trong tho ea khang chien chong Phap noi chung:
Toi vai anh biel tieng can an lanh So't run nguai vieng tran dam mo hoi
(Dong ehi - Chinh H i i u )
Cugc dai gid bui pha xuang mau Doi ret hao Ian xe thit da
Khudn mat da tin mau tat henh Dau con tuai nUa nhihig ngay hoa!
Long toi xao xuyen tinh thuang xdt Muon viit hdi tho tham le nhod Tang nhitng anh toi tieng rb mau Dem than xa xdc giie sanhd
(Len Cam Son - Thoi H i i u ) Ben canh cai b i ta con thay cai hao himg: thii phap ngh^ thuat doi lap giiia
ngoai hinh o m yeu va tam hon ben trong da lam nen k h i chat m a n h me trong the a i a n g u o i linh: "Doan binh khong mpe toe" Cau tho ta cai ngang tang cua n g u o i linh, lai n h u eo net diia vui, h o m hinh: khong can toe mpe Lai c6 them "Quan xanh m a u la", tuong phan voi " d u oai h i i m " Cach noi ay cho
thay nhiing n g u o i l i n h Tay Tien rat lac quan, yeu d o i , coi t h u a n g gian kho
Thuong lam sao n h i i n g con n g u o i anh dung, nuoc da xanh va dau khong mpe toe vi sot ret r i m g , the ma hp van quae thuoc hien ngang, x u n g tran danh giap
la ca " d i i oai h i i m " lam cho giae Phap kinh hon bat via M a t khac cai hao hiing
'^on hien len qua each d i m g tit H a n Vi?t "Doan b i n h " C h i i "doan b i n h " chii khong phai la "doan q u a n " da gpi len dupe s\f m a n h me la t h u a n g ciia su
^^ng diing, trong do c6 dang dap cua "Quan di di^p diep t r i i n g t r i i n g " (Viet
ac ~ To H i i n ) , ciia " T a m quan ti ho k h i thon n g u u " (Sue m a n h ba quan nuo't
*''oi trau) trong tho Pham N g u Lao Ba tir " d i i oai h i i m " gpi len dang ve oai P^Ong lam li$t, oai ciia chiia son lam Qua do ta thay n g u a i linh Tay Tien van
'^^nh me lam chii tinh hinh, lam chii n i i i r i m g , che'ngv m p i khac n g h i f t xung
^^anh, dap bang mpi gian kho