CHUYÊN ĐỀ NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH: NGỮ ÂM

CHUYấN 18 NG M (PHONETICS) * PHN I: Lí THUYT CHNG 1: PRONUNCIATION Phn 1: NGUYấN M A Gii thiu v nguyờn õm (The vowel sounds): * 20 vowels in the English language: - The 12 pure vowels: /i - i:/, /e - ổ/, / - :/, / - a:/, /u- u:/, / - :/ - The diphthongs: /ei - - i/, /au - u/, /i - e - u / * Triphthongs and other vowel sequences: /ai /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron, /u /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower, /au /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour, /ei /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer, /i /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance, B Nguyờn õm n v cỏch phỏt õm ca ch cỏi (A, E, I, O, U) I Ch A cú õm n sau: m /e/ nhng ting c bit sau: many, any, anybody, anything, area m /ổ/ nhúm sau: a-: bad, bat, cat, dad, fan, fat, hang m /a:/ nhúm cú nhn trng õm: ar(-): bar, bark, car, cart, depart m /:/ 3nhúm sau: al-: all, ball, call, fall, halt, salt, talk, walk aw(-): draw, drawn, dawn, raw, want wa-: watch, wall, water, want m /:/ nhúm cú nhn trng õm ear-: early, earth, earthly, learn m //: mt s khụng nhn trng õm: woman, workman, about, away m /i/: khụng nhn trng õm ting tn cựng l: - age: passage, package, carriage, marriage - ate: temperate, climate, adequate, immediate II Ch E cú õm n sau: m /i:/ nhúm: e: be, he, me, she, we ee(-): bee, beet, meet, weep, wee, sweet ea(-): pea, beat, meat, heat, teat, tea, sea, seat m /i/ nhúm sau: English, enlarge, enhance, pretty, m /e/ nhúm: e-: egg, hen, fen, fed, ten, debt m /:/ nhúm: er(-): her, err, stern, sterse, verse m /u:/ mt s ting cú tn cựng l: -ew: crew, aircrew, screw, airscrew, flew Âm /ju:/ mt s ting cú tn cựng l: -ew: new, news, fews m // mt s khụng nhn trng õm: children, garden, problem, excellent, m /i/ cỏc tip u ng sau: be-, de-, ex-, em-, en-, pre-, reIII Ch I cú õm n sau: m /i:/ nhng t mn ca ting Phỏp: automobiles, machines, régime, élite, routine m /i/: cú nhúm: i-: big, dig, sick, thick, bin, bit, sin, sit, tin, tit m /:/ nhúm: -ir: fir, stir, whir -ir-: bird, firm, first, girl, skirt, shirt, third, thirst m // mt s khụng nhn trng õm: -il: pencil, to pencil, stencil, to stencil IV Chữ O có âm n sau: m /i/ ting women m // cú nhúm: o-: box, dog, god, got, pot, stop, spot m // nhúm sau: o-: won, son, Monday o-e: dove, glove, love, shove m /:/ nhúm sau: wor-: word, world, worm - or: doctor, inventor, sailor m // mt s khụng nhn trng õm: nation, formation, information m /u/ mt s ting: woman, wolf m /u:/ nhúm: -o(-): do, two, who, whom, tomb, womb -oo(-): too, bamboo, noon, school, afternoon V Ch U cú õm n sau: m /i/ mt s tiờng: Ex: busy, business, busily m /e/ ting c bit: to bury m / / cú nhúm: u-, -uck, -ug, : cut, duck, hug, must, trust m /:/ nhúm: -ur(-): blur, fur, burn, turn, hurt m // nhng khụng nhn trng õm: furniture, future, m /u/ mt s tiếng sau: u-: pull, push, bush m /u:/ mt s tiếng sau: rule, ruler, fruit m /ju:/ nhúm: u-e: cure, cute, acute, use VI Ch cỏi Y v cỏch phỏt õm * Ch cỏi Y: cú th l mt ph õm nu nú ng u mt t, cú th l mt nguyờn õm nu nú ng gia hay cui t Ch Y c phỏt õm /i/: Khi Y ng gia hay cui t cú hai õm tit tr lờn Ngoi l: Pyramid /'pirmid/) Ex: any /'eni/, gym, hymn, oxygen, system, myth, syllable, typical, baby, happy, candy, lively, worry, physics, sympathy, mystery, Ngoi l: July /du:'lai/ Ch Y phỏt õm l /ai/: Khi Y ng cui mt t n õm tit buy /bai/, shy, by, my, sky Ngoi l: deny /di'nai/ (2 õm tit) Ch Y c phỏt õm l /ai/ cỏc ng t cú uụi: -ify/-ly: simplify /'simplifai/, reply /ri'plai/, apply/'plai/, amplify, modify, multiply, rely, Ch Y c phỏt õm l /j/: yes, youth, yacht, yard, C Nguyờn õm ụi v cỏch phỏt õm: m /ai/: Cú 10 nhúm sau: -y: by, buy, dry, fry, guy, my, sky, shy, try, why - y-e: dyke, tyre, style -i-e: dike, tire, bite, five, guide, hike, like, time, wide - ie: die, tie, lie, flies - ye: dye, eyes - igh(-): fight, flight, light, high, height, right, sigh - ild: child, mild - ind: find, bind, grind, kind, behind, kind - C + i + V (consonant + i + vowel): lion, diamond Special words: pilot, science, silent, sign, design m /ei/: Cú nhúm sau: ey: obey, convey, -ei-: eight, weight, neighbor, veil, ea-: great, break, steak, a-e: late, mate, lake, take, sale, tale a - - e: table, change, waste ai-: nail, lain, sail, tail, waist -ay: day, may, ray, way, play -ation: nation, education -asion: invasion, occasion m /i/: Cú nhúm: -oi: noisy, coin, boil, -oy: boy, destroy, toy, enjoy, m /au/: Cú nhúm: -ou-: round, mountain, noun, house, count, ground, loud, - ow-: now, how, cow, crowd, m /u/: Cú nhúm: - o(-): no, so, go, don't, won't, host, rose, rope, soldier, cold, -ow (-): grow, grown, know, known, throw, -oa-: boat, coach, coal, goal, - ou-: soul, although, mould, - oe: toe, goes, m /i/: Cú nhúm: - ea(r): ear, rear, fear, clear, gear, near, - eer: beer, deer, engineer, mountaineer, auctioneer, - ere: here, atmosphere, sphere, Ngoi l: there/e/, where/we/ m /e/: Cú nhúm sau: - air: pair, hair, air, chair, fair, stairs, dairy, repair, affair, - ea-: pear, bear, - ary: Mary - eir: their m /u/: Cú nhúm sau: - our, - ure, - oor: tour, tournament /'tunmnt/, sure, poor/pu(r)/, - ual: usual, casual, actually, D T ng dng (Homographs) wound: - wound /waund/ (past participle): to wind - wound/wu:nd/ (n): vt thng wind: - wind /wind/ (n): cn giú - wind /waind/(v): chnh, lờn dõy, (ng h, ) lead:- lead /li:d/ (n): s lónh o, s hng dn - lead /led/ (n): than chỡ, chỡ row: - row /ru/ (v): chốo thuyn - row /rau/ (n): cuc cói vó house: - house /hauz/ (v): cho , cha - house /haus/ (n): ngụi nh live: - live /liv/ (v): sng, sinh sng - live /laiv/ (adj): trc tip record: - ['rek:d] (n): a hỏt, a ghi õm, thnh tớch - [ri'k:d] (v): thu, ghi li (õm hoc hỡnh nh) trờn a hoc bng read: - read /ri:d/ (v): - read /red/ (past participle): sow - sow /sau/ (n): ln cỏi - sow /su/ (v): gieo ht 10 close: - close /klus/ (adj) - close /kluz/ (v) 11 excuse: - excuse /ikskju:s/ (n) - excuse /ikskju:z/ (v) 12 use - use /ju:s/ (n) - use /ju:z/ (v) 13 abuse: - abuse /bju:s/ (n) - abuse /bju:z/ (v) etc, Phn 2: PH M A Gii thiu v ph õm (The consonants sounds): 24 consonants in English devided into voiceless and voiced consonants and are shown below: I Voiceless consonants: /p/, /f/, //, /t/, /s/, //, /t/, /k/, /h/ II Voiced consonants: /b/, /v/, //, /d/, /z/, //, /d/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, //, /r/, /w/, /j/ III The consonant clusters: /s/ + /p, t, k, f, m, n, w, j/: Spy, stay, sky, smile, snow, sleep, swear, suit, speak, / p / + / l, r, j /: Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant, /t/ + /r, w, j/: Tree, try, twin, twice, tune, tunic, / k / + / l, r, w, j /: Clerk, clay, crown, cry, quite, quick, cure, curious, /b/ + /l, r, j/: Blind, blow, brown, bring, brick, beauty, bureau, /g/ + /l, r/: Glass, glance, grass, grow, /d/ + /r, w, j/: Draw, dress, dwell, dwinkle, duty, /f/ + /l, r, j/: Fly, flat, free, frozen, few, fuse, // + /r, w/: Throw, throat, thwart, thwack, 10 /v/ + /j/: view, viewer, 11 // + /r/: shrink, shriek, 12 /m/ + /j/: Music, mule, 13 /n/ + /j/: New, nude, 14 /spr/: spread, spray, 15 /str/: strand, stray, string, 16 /skr/: scratch 17 /spj/: spure, spurious, 18 /spl/: splendid, split, 19 /stj/: stupid, student, 20 /skj/: skew, skewer, 21 /skw/: square, squash, B Cỏch phỏt õm ca mt s ph õm: Ch C cú th c c thnh õm: /s/, /k/, //, /t/ a C c phỏt õm l /s/: Khi C ng trc e, i, y Eg: ceiling /'si:li/, sentence, silence, cigarette, presidency b C c phỏt õm l //: Khi C ng trc ia(-), cie, cio, ciu v cean - cia(-) musician, mathematician, special, official, artificial - cie: efficient /ifi nt/, conscience /knns/: lng tõm - io(-): specious,delicious, unconscionable (khụng hp vi lng tõm), conscious: cú ý thc, efficacious, spacious: rng ch, specious: cú v ỳng - cean: ocean/'oun/, crustacean /kr'teiin/: Loi tụm cua - ciu: confucius /kn'fju:s/: c Khng T Ngoi l: science /'sains/ c C c phỏt õm l /k/: Khi C ng trc a, o, u v cỏc ph õm ca-: can /kổn/, car, cat co-: coat, come, computer cu-: cup, cut c + consonant: circle, class, crude, crowd, create d C c phỏt õm l /t/ cỏc t: cello /'telou/, cellist, concerto e C l mt õm cõm: - Khi C ng trc k: black /blổk/, duck, nickel - thnh thong 'c' cõm sau 's': scene /si:n/, science, muscle, scissors Ch D cú th c c thnh õm: /g/, /d/ a D c phỏt õm l /d/ hu ht mi trng hp eg date, dirty, down, damage, made, bird b D c phỏt õm l /d/ mt s trng hp c bit: soldier, education graduate, schedule /'skedu:l/, verdure /'v: du/: (mu xanh ti ca cõy c) c Ch D cõm mt s t: handkerchief, handsome, Wednesday Ch G cú th c c thnh: /d/, /d /, // a G c phỏt õm l /d/: Khi G ng trc cỏc nguyờn õm e, i, y v tn cựng ca mt t l ge Eg: germ, apology, ginger, ginseng, giant, gigantic (a) /'daigổntik/: khng l, gyp /dip/ (mng nhic), gymnastic, gill /dil/: n v o bng 1/8 lớt Eg: language, village, age, Ngoi l: get, hamburger, tiger, gift, gear, gill /gil/: mang cỏ b G c phỏt õm l // mt s t mn ca ting Phỏp Eg: regime /rei'i:m/, massage, mirage, garage /'gổra/, (to) rouge /ru:/: (tụ) son phn c G c phỏt õm l /g/: Khi ng trc bt k mu t no tr cỏc trng hp va nờu mc Eg: game, good, get, guard, figure, go Ngoi l:: a gaol /deil/(n) nhà tù, to gaol /deil/(v) = to jail/ to imprison: b tự d ' G cõm (silent G) * "g" cõm: nu nú ng u ca t v trc n: Eg: gnar /na:l/: mu, u mu; gnash /nổ/: nghin rng gnome /'noumi:/: chõm ngụn; gnu /nu:/: linh dng u bũ gnaw /n:/: ng vt gm nhm; gnostic /'nstik/: ng o * "g" cõm: nu nú ng cui ca t v trc "m", "n": Eg: sign, design, campaign, foreign, phlegm /flem/: m e G "ng" cui t hoc t gc c phỏt õm l //: Eg: sing, running, song, singer Ch n c phỏt õm l /n/ v // a Ch n c phỏt õm l //: n ng trc mu t mang õm /k/ v /g/ Eg: uncle, single, longer, English, ink, drink, b Ch n c phỏt õm l /n/ hu ht cỏc mu t tr k v g Eg: natural, not, name, strange /streind/, danger /'deind/ Ch qu c phỏt õm l /kw/ v /k/ a Ch q luụn i kốm vi u, v qu thng c phỏt õm l /kw/ Eg: question, quiet, quick, require, queen b Tuy nhiờn, thnh thong qu c phỏt õm l /k/ Eg: quay, technique, antique, liquor, queue Ch s c phỏt õm l /s/, //, // v /z/ a Ch s c phỏt õm l /s/ Eg: see, sight, slow, dispense, cost, b Ch s c phỏt õm l /z/ Eg: has, is, because, rose, reason, c Ch s c phỏt õm l // Eg: decision, vision, conclusion, occasion, usual, pleasure, measure, leisure, d Ch s c phỏt õm l //: Eg: sugar, sure, e Ch se cui t: se thng c phỏt õm l /s/ hoc /z/ Tuy nhiờn, se c phỏt õm l /s/ hay /z/ thng l da vo õm trc nú hoc da vo t loi * Ch se c phỏt õm l /s/: Khi nú ng sau õm /:/, //, /au/, /n/ v /i/ Eg: nurse, purpose, mouse, sense, promise, * Ch se c phỏt õm l /z/: Khi nú ng sau õm /ai/, /i/, /a:/ Eg: rise, noise, vase, * Ch se c phỏt õm l /z/ hay /s/ da vo t loi (Phn ny c trỡnh by mc D- t ng dng): - ng t: /z/; - danh t/adj: /s/ f Ch 's' cõm mt s t sau õy: corps /k:/ (quõn on), island /'ailnd/ (hũn o), isle /ail/(hũn o nh), aisle /ail/ (li i gia hai hng gh) g Cỏch phỏt õm mu t s dng ng t ngụi th ba s ớt, danh t s nhiu v s hu cỏch: * trng hp 1: s c phỏt õm l /s/ m ng Danh t s nhiu ng t ngụi th s ớt S hu cỏch Cỏch c kớ t trc 's' (Plural form) (3rd singular V) (Possessives) 's' /p/ /t/ maps cats, stops beats, Janet' s /s/ /k/ /f/ mates books, lakes paragraphs, calculates Attacks, makes photographs Frank' s Cliff' s // laughs, chiefs, safes months laughs bathes Gareth' s photographs photographs capes * trng hp 2: es c phỏt õm l /iz/: - Nu danh t s ớt cú tn cựng l: s, x, ch, sh, -ce, -es,-ge Ngoi l: nhng danh t gc Hy Lp tn cựng bng ch ch thờm 's' v c l /ks/ Eg: a monarch /m'nk/ (vua) monarchs /m 'nks/ m ng Danh t s nhiu ng t ngụi th s ớt S hu cỏch Cỏch c kớ t trc 's/es' (Plural form) (3rd singular V) (Possessives) 's/es' /s/ glasses kisses Bruce's /ks/ // // // /d/ /z/ sentences Boxes Churches Wishes Garages Pages bruises sentences Mixes Teaches Washes massages stages rise Felix's Mrs Gooch's Trish's Solange's Gorge's Rose's /iz/ * trng hp 3: s c phỏt õm l /z/: Cỏc trng hp cũn li: m ng Danh t s nhiu ng t ngụi th s ớt trc 's' (Plural form) (3rd singular V) /b/ Cubs robs /v/ Caves lives // clothes breathes /d/ Beds reads /g/ Eggs digs /l/ Hills fills /m/ rooms comes /n/ Pens learns // Rings brings /u/ potatoes goes /ei/ Days plays /e/ Hairs wears Note: Cỏch c tn cựng s nh trờn cũn cú th ỏp dng cho: - Danh t s ớt cú tn cựng l 's': physics /'fiziks/, series /'siriz/ S hu cỏch Cỏch c kớ t (Possessives) Bob' s Olive' s Smith' s Donald' s Peg' s Daniel's Tom's Jane's King's Jo's Clay's Clare's 's' /z/ - Th gin lc: What's /wts/ Phong doing? He's /hi:z/ reading - Tn cựng s uụi ca tớnh t nh: -ous, -ious: c c l /s/ Ch t c phỏt õm l /t/, /t/, // v // a Ch t c phỏt õm l /t/ hu ht cỏc t nh: take, teacher, tell, computer, until, amateur b Ch t c phỏt õm l // ng trc ch u Eg: picture/'pik/, mixture, century, future, actual, statue, fortunate, punctual, situation, mutual c Ch t c phỏt õm l // nú gia mt t v ng trc ia, io - t+ia: militia (dõn quõn), initial, initiate, potential, residential, differentiate, spatial (thuc v khụng gian) Ngoi l: Christian /'krisn/ (theo C c Giỏo) - t + io(-): patio (sõn trng gia nh), ratio (t l), infectious, cautious, conscientious, notion, option, nation, intention, information Ngoi l: question /'kwesn/, suggestion /s'esn/, righteous /'rais/ (ỳng n, thng), combustion /km'bsn/(s t chỏy), Christian /'krisn/ d Ch t c phỏt õm l // Eg: equation (n) /i'kwein/ (phng trỡnh) e Ch "T' cõm * kt hp thnh dng STEN cui t Eg: fasten /'fa:sn/, hasten/'heisn/ (thỳc gic), listen /'lisn/ * kt hp thnh dng STLE cui t castle /ka:sl/, apostle /'psl/ (tụng , s ), whistle /wisl/ (huớt sỏo) * Ngoi Ch "T' cõm trng hp sau: Christmas /'krisms/, often/ ': fn/, ballet (v bale), beret(m ni) Ch 'x' cú th c phỏt õm l /ks/, /gz/, /k/, /z/ a Ch 'x' cú th c phỏt õm l /ks/: fix, mix, fax, box, oxen b Ch 'x' cú th c phỏt õm l /gz/: x ng sau ch e bt u ca mt t Eg: example /ig'zổmpl/, examine /ig'zổmin/, executor /ig'zekjut/, exit, exhaust, exact Ngoi l: to execute /'eksikjut/: thi hnh c Ch 'x' cú th c phỏt õm l /k/: x ng trc u hay io(-) Eg: sexual, luxury, anxious, obnoxious ỏng ght) Ngoi l: luxurious/lg'uris/(sang trng, lng ly), anxiety/ổ'zaiti/: s lo lng d Ch 'x' cú th c phỏt õm l /z/ mt s t: anxiety / ổ'zaiti/: ni lo, lũng khao khỏt, xylophone (mc cm), Ch 'z' cú th c phỏt õm l /s/ nhng t c bit: waltz /w:ls/ iu nhy vanx eczema/'eksim/: bnh l lot Mozart /'mousa:t/: Mozart Nazi /nổtsi/: Quõn Phỏt xớt c 10 Ch 'th' cú th c phỏt õm l // v // a Ch 'th' cú th c phỏt õm l //: th ng u t, gia t hay cui t Eg: thick, thin, think, both, mouth, death, health, wealth, birth, author, toothache b Ch 'th' cú th c phỏt õm l //: ch dng danh t ca mt tớnh t Eg: width/wid/, depth, length, strength, c Ch 'th' cú th c phỏt õm l //: ch s th t Eg: fourth, fifth, sixth, tenth, thirteenth, fortieth, fiftieth, d Ch 'th' cú th c phỏt õm l //: th ng u t, gia t hay cui t Eg: this, that, these, weather, although, another, clothing, clothe, mother, Note: bath /ba:; bổ/ baths /ba:/ (n pl.) e th cõm cỏc t sau: asthma /ổsm/ (n): bnh hen suyn; isthmus /isms/ (n): eo t f Ch 'th' cú th c phỏt õm l // hay //: cũn ph thuc vo t loi hoc ngha ca chỳng North /n:/ (n) Northern /'n: n/ adj) South/au/ (n) Southern /sn/ cloth /kl/ clothe /klu; klu/(v) bath/b: ; bổ/ (n) bathe /bei/ teeth/ti:/ (n) teethe /ti:/ (v) 11 Ch 'sh' c phỏt õm l //: mi trng hp: Eg: wash /w/, she /i:/, fish/fi/ 12 Ch 'gh' & 'ph' a Ch 'gh' & 'ph' c phỏt õm l: /f/ Eg: laugh, cough, rough, phone, photo, orphan, phrase /freiz/, physics /fiziks/, paragraph /'pổrgra:f/, mimeograph /'mimiougra:f/, Note: - nephew /'nevju:/ (Br E) v /'nefju:/ (Am E) - 'gh' c phỏt õm l /g/: ghost, ghoul /gu:/ (ma c rng), ghetto (khu ngi Do Thỏi) b Ch 'gh' cõm: Khi gh ng cui t hoc trc t Eg: nigh, night, sigh (thở dài), though, sight, flight, light, plough, weight, ought, caught, 13 Ch 'ch' c phỏt õm l //, /k/, // a Ch ch phn ln c phỏt õm l: // Eg: chair, cheep, cheese, chicken, chat, children, channel, chocolate, chin, b Ch ch c phỏt õm l /k/ mt s ch c bit cú gc Hy Lp Eg: Christ, Christmas, choir /kwai/ (ca on), chorus /'k: rs/ (hp ca), chaos /'kes/ (s ri lon), chest, holera/'klr/(bnh th t), chemist, chemistry, architect, architecture, mechanic, scheme /ski:m/ (k hoch, õm mu) monarch (vua ch quõn ch), monarchy (nc quõn ch chuyờn ch), stomach, echo, orchestra, school, scholar, character, c Ch ch c phỏt õm l // nhng t cú ngun gc t ting Phỏp Eg: chic /ik/ (bnh bao), chef /ef/ (u bp), chute /u:t/ (thỏc nc), chauffeur/'ouf/ (ti x) chagrin /'ổgrin/ (s bun phin) chassis /'ổsi/(khung xe), chemise /'mi:z/, chiffon /i'fn/ (vi the), machine, charlatan /'a:ltn/ (thy lang), chevalier /'ev evev evli/ (hip s), chivalry /'ivlri/(hip s o), chandelier /'ổnd'li/(ốn treo), chicanery (i'keinri/ (s la o) parachute, Chicago, mustache, (to) douche (tm bng vũi), attaché /tổei/ (tựy viờn), chargé d' affaires C Nhng õm cõm L nhng nguyờn õm v ph õm c vit nhng khụng c c (ch cp n nhng õm cha c cp nhng mc trờn) 'B' cõm (silent B) - 'b' cõm trc 't': doubt /daut/, debt, subtle - 'b' cõm sau 'm': climb /klaim/, numb, thumb, tomb 'h' cõm (silent h) - 'h' cõm ng sau 'g' u t: Eg ghoul /gu:/, ghetto, ghost, - 'h' cõm ng sau 'r' u t: Eg: rhetoric /'retrik/, rhinoceros, rhubarb (cõy i hong), rhyme /rai/ (vn th), rhythm /'rim/ (nhp iu), - 'h' cõm ng sau 'ex' u t: Eg: exhaust /ig'z:st/ (kit sc), exhort /ig'z: t/ (hụ ho rỳt khớ), exhibit(ion), exhilarate (lm phn khi), exhilarant (iu lm phn khi), exhauster /ig'z:st/ (qut hỳt giú), - 'h' cõm nú ng cui t: Eg: ah (A! Ch!), verandah /vrổnd/ (hng hiờn), catarrh /k'ta:/(viờm chy) - 'h' cõm mt s t sau: Eg: heir /e/ (ngi k tha), hierdom (tỡnh trng k tha), heirless (khụng cú ngi tha k), heirloom (vt gia truyn), heirship (quyn tha k), hour (gi) honour (danh d), honourable (ỏng tụn kớnh), honorific honorary, honest, honestly, honesty, dishonest vehicle (xe c) /'vikl/ (Br E) but /'vi:hik/ (Am E) 'k' cõm nú ng u t v trc 'n' knife /naif/, knee, knit, knitter (mỏy an s), knitting, Knitting-machine (mỏy an len, mỏy dt), knitting -needle (kim an, que an), know, knock, knob, 'l' cõm - ng sau 'a' v trc 'f', 'k', 'm' Eg: half /ha:f/, calf, balk, walk, chalk, balm, calm, palm, salmon, alms (ca b thớ) - ng sau 'o' v trc 'd', 'k': could, should, would, folk, 'M' cõm ng trc 'n' v u t: Eg: mnemonics /ni:'mniks/ (thut nh), mnemonic /ni:'mnik/ (giỳp trớ nh) 'n' cõm ng sau 'm' v cui t: Eg: autumn /':tm/, comdemn (kt ỏn, kt ti), culumn, hymn /him/ (quc ca), solemn (long trng, trang nghiờm), 'p' cõm - ng trc 'n' v u mt t: pneumatic /nju:'mổtik/ (thuc khớ/hi), pneumatics /nju:'mổtiks/ (khớ lc hc) pneumatology /nju:m'tldi/ (thuyt tõm linh), pneumonia /nju:'mounj/, pneumonic /nju:'mounik/ (thuc bnh viờm phi) - ng trc 's' psalm /sa:m/ (bi thỏnh ca) psalmodic /sổl'mdik/, psalmodist /sổl'mdist/, psalmodize /sổl'mdaiz/ (hỏt thỏnh ca) psalmist /'sa:mist/ (ngi son thỏnh ca) psalmody /'sổlmdi/ pseudonym /'sju:dnim/ (bit hiu, bỳt danh) pseudograph /'sju:dgraf/ (tỏc phm hc gi mo) pseudologer /sju:'dl d / (k trỏ hỡnh) psyche /'saiki:/ (linh hn, tõm thn) psychedelic /'saiki'delik/ (ma tuý, cm giỏc lõng lõng) psychiatry /sai'kaitri/ (tõm thn hc) psychiatrist /sai'kaitrist/ (bỏc s tõm thn) psychic /sai'kik/ ụng ng, b ng) psychology /sai'kl d/ (n) psychological /saikld ikl/ (adj) - 'p' cõm ng trc 't' receipt /ri'sit:/ (n), empty /'emti/, ptisan /ti'zổn/ (nc thuc sc) - 'p' cõm ng trc 'b' cupboard /'cbd/, raspberry /'ra:zbri/ (qu mõm xụi) 'u' cõm - ng trc 'a' Eg: guard /ga:d/ (s canh chng), piquant /'pi:knt/ (cay ng, chua cay), guarantee /gổrn'ti:/(m bo), - ng sau 'g' Eg: guerilla /g'ril/ (du kớch, quõn du kớch), guess /ges/(oỏn), guest/gest/ (khỏch), - ng trc 'e' conquer /'kk/ (chinh phc); league /lig/ (ng minh) catalogue /'kổtlg/ (n); dialogue /dai'lg/, prologue /'proulg/ (on m u), epilogue/'epilg/ (phn kt); fatigue /f'ti:g/ (s mt mi), oblique /'blik/ (nghiờng, xiờn) - ng trc 'i' buil /bild/, guild / gild/ (phng hi, hi) guillotine /gil'ti:n/ (mỏy chm) guilt /'gilti/ (cú ti, phm ti) biscuit /'biskit/; circuit /'s:kit/ (chu vi, vũng ua) conduit /'kndit/ (ng dn, mỏng nc), - ng trc 'y' plaguy /'pleigi/ (phin h, quỏ qut) ; buy /bai/, 'I' cõm ng sau 'u' Eg: fruit, juice, suit, bruise 10 'R' cõm - ng gia nguyờn õm v ph õm Eg:arm, farm, harm, dark, darn, work, mark, mercy, /'m:si/, world, word, worm, worn, Note: Ngi M thng phỏt õm R nhng t trờn - ng sau e uụi 'er': teacher, mother, water, 11 'w' cõm - 'w' ng trc 'r' v u t Eg: wrap, wreck (lm hng), write, wrong, wrist (c tay), wrest(git mnh), wrench (xon), wrinkle /'rikl/ (gn súng), wright /rait/ (th), writ /rit/ (lnh), wrick /rik/ (lm trt/tro) , wriggle /'rigl/ (lựa vo) - 'w' ng trc 'h' who /hu:/, whom, whose, whole, wholy, whoever - 'w' cõm nhng t sau õy: answer/'a:ns/, sword/s:d/ (gm), awe/:/(lm s hói), owe/ou/(v), awl /:l/ (dựi ca th giy), awn/:n/ (rõu u ht thúc), awning /:ni/(tm vi bt che), awry/'rai/ (xiờn, mo, lch), D Cỏch phỏt õm ed: I Cỏch phỏt õm uụi ed ca nhng ng t cú quy tc dng quỏ kh n: ed /id/: Nu ng t cú tn cựng bng cỏc õm /t/ hay /d/ eg needed, wanted, decided, started 'ed' /t/: Nu ng t cú tn cựng bng õm sau: /f/ (trong cỏc ch: f, fe, gh, ph), /p/ (trong ch p), /k/ (trong ch k), /ks/ (trong ch x), /s/ (trong ch s, ce), /t/ (trong ch ch), // (trong ch sh), / / (trong ch th) Eg: chaffed/ổft/(ựa cho vui), chafed/eift/ (xoa cho m lờn), laughed, paragraphed, coughed Eg: liked, mixed, voiced, missed, watched, washed, hatched 'ed' /d/: cỏc trng hp cũn li played, planned, called, offered, bathed, borrowed II Cỏch phỏt õm cỏc tớnh t tn cựng bng ed: Hu ht cỏc tớnh t c to thnh t cỏc ng t thỡ cú cỏch phỏt õm uụi ed ging nh ng t tn cựng bng ed Tuy nhiờn mt s tớnh t hoc trng t cú tn cựng bng ed, thỡ ed c phỏt õm l /id/: Eg: naked (a) trn tri wretched (a) khn kh crooked (a) cong, on ragged (a) nhu, c learned (a) uyờn bỏc deservedly (adv) xng ỏng supposedly (adv) cho rng unmatched (adj) vụ ch, khụng th sỏnh kp crabbed (adv) khú tớnh, khú nt markedly (adv) mt cỏch rừ rng, ỏng chỳ ý allegedly(adv) cho rng (c khng nh m khụng cn chng minh) rugged (a) g gh, lm chm Note: T 'aged' c c thnh /'eidid/ nu i trc danh t, v /'eidd/ nu i sau danh t hay ng t to be eg: an aged /'eidid / man: mt v cao niờn They have one daughter aged /'eidd/ seven (H cú mt gỏi lờn by tui) CHNG II: STRESS A Gii thiu v trng õm Trng õm l s phỏt õm ca mt t hoc mt õm tit vi nhiu lc hn so vi cỏc t hoc cỏc õm tit xung quanh Mt t hoc õm tiờt c nhn trng õm c phỏt õm bng cỏch s dng nhiu khớ t phi hn (Richard, J C et al 1992:355) Cỏc õm tit mang trng õm c phỏt õm mnh hn cỏc õm tit khụng mang trng õm (c phỏt õm nh hn hoc ngn hn hoc ụi c c rỳt gn) Ta dựng kớ hiu /'/ t u õm tit cú trng õm chớnh Trong nhng t nhiu õm tit cú trng õm chớnh v trng õm ph v c biu th /,/ Eg: father/'f:/, indication/,indi'kein/, representative/,repri'zenttiv/, B Mt s quy tc ỏnh trng õm: Trng õm ch ri vo nhng õm tit mnh (õm tit cha nguyờn õm mnh, nguyờn õm ụi hoc nguyờn õm di) m tit yu khụng nhn trng õm I/ Trng õm t cú õm tit: 1) a s ng t cú õm tit thỡ õm tit th nhn trng õm chớnh: Eg: es/cape, for/get, be/gin, ac/cept Tuy nhiờn cú mt s ng t ngoi l: / promise, /answer, /enter, /listen, /offer, /happen, /open 2) a s danh t v tớnh t õm tit cú trng õm chớnh ri v õm tit th nht: Eg: /butcher, /standard, /busy, /handsome Ngoi l: ma/chine, mis/take, a/lone, a/ware, 3) Mt s t va l danh t, va l ng t cú trng õm chớnh khụng i: ad/vice/ ad/vise, /visit, re/ply, tra/vel, /promise, /picture; 4) Cũn li a s cỏc t cú õm tit m cú chc nng thỡ trng õm thay i theo chc nng ca t: / record(noun)/ re/cord (verb), /present(noun)/ pre/sent (verb), /desert(noun)/ de/sert(verb) II/ Nhng trng hp khỏc 1) Cỏc t cú tn cựng bng cỏc hu t sau cú trng õm chớnh ri vo õm tit ng trc hu t ú -tion: pro/tection compu/tation - ial ; ially: me/morial, in/dustrial, arti/ficially, e/ssentially - sion: de/cision, per/mission Ngoi l: /television -itive: com/petitive, /sensitive -logy: e/cology, tech/nology -graphy; -etry: ge/ography, trigo/nometry -ity: a/bility, ne/cessity -ic; -ical: ar/tistic, e/lectric, po/litical, /practical Ngoi l: /Arabic, a/rithmatic, /Catholic, /politics 2) Cỏc t cú tn cựng bng cỏc hu t sau cú trng õm ri vo õm tit cỏch hu t ú õm tit -ate: con/siderate, /fortunate -ary: /necessary, /military Ngoi l: docu/mentary, ele/mentary, supple/mentary, extra/ordinary 3) Nhng hu t sau thng c nhn trng õm chớnh -ee: de/gree, refe/ree Ngoi l: com/mittee, /coffee - eer: mountai/ner, engi/neer - ese: Japa/nese, Chi/nese - ain (ch ỏp dng cho ng t): re/main, con/tain -aire: questio/naire, millio/naire - ique: tech/nique, an/tique - esque: pictu/resque 4) Mt s tin t v hu t thờm vo khụng lm thay i trng õm chớnh ca t ú a Tin t: * un-: /healthy un/healthy, im/portant unim/portant * im-: ma/ture imma/ture, /patient im/patient * in- : com/plete incom/plete, sin/cere insin/cere * ir- : \/relevant ir/relevant, re/ligious irre/ligious * dis: con/nect discon/nect, /courage dis/courage * non-: /smokers non/smokers, /violent non/violent * en-: /courage en/courage, /vision en/vision * re-: a/rrange rea/rrange, /married re/married * over-: /crowded over/crowded, /estimate over/estimate * under-: de/veloped underde/veloped, /pay under/pay Ngoi l: /understatement, /undergrowth, /underground, /underpants b Hu t: -ful: / beauty / beautiful, /wonder /wonderful -less: /thought /thoughtless, /hope /hopeless -able: /comfort /comfortable, /notice /noticeable -al: /season /seasonal, tra/dition tra/ditional -ous: /danger /dangerous, /poison /poisonous -ly: /similar /similarly, di/rect di/rectly -er/ -or: /actor, /worker, /reader -ise/ -ize: /memorize, /modernize, /industrialize -ing: be/gin be/ginning, su/ggest su/ggesting -en: /length /lengthen, /strength /strengthen -ment: en/joyment, a/musement, /government -ness: /happiness, /thoughtlessness -ship: /sportmanship, /relationship, /scholarship, -hood: /neighborhood, /brotherhood strength 5) Trng õm cỏc t ch s m: thirteen, thirty / fourteen, forty / fifteen, fifty Tuy nhiờn mu trng õm ny cú th thay i t ch s m xut hin cõu Vớ d: nú ng trc danh t thỡ trng õm ca nú l: nineteen people 6) Trng õm cỏc t ghp a Hu ht danh t ghp v tớnh t ghp cú trng õm chớnh ri vo õm tit u tiờn / dishwasher, /filmmaker, /typewriter, /praiseworthy, /waterproof, /lightning-fast Ngoi l: duty-/free, snow -/white b Tớnh t ghp cú t u tiờn l tớnh t hoc trng t thỡ trng õm chớnh ri vo t th 2, tn cựng l ng t phõn t Eg: well-/done, well-/informed, short-/sighted, bad-/tempered c Cỏc trng t v ng t ghp cú trng õm chớnh ri vo õm tit th up/stairs, down/stairs, down-/grade, ill-/treat, 7) Trng õm ca cỏc ng t thnh ng (Phrasal verbs): a Nu cm ng t thnh ng cú chc nng l mt danh t trng õm ri vo õm tit th nht Eg: 'setup (n): s thu xp 'upset (n): s quy ry 'holdup (n): v cp 'lookout (n) ngi xem 'checkout (n): vic toỏn ri (Khỏch sn, ) etc b Nu cm ng t thnh ng cú chc nng l mt ng t trng õm ri vo õm tit th hai Eg: to set 'up: thu xp to up 'set: lm tht vng, to hold 'up: cm, gi to check 'out: tr phũng to look 'out: canh chng etc * PHN II: BI TP VN DNG Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that has its underlined part pronounced differently from that of the other words A fascinate B fashion A balance B bake A fathon B fatality A bracket B calendar A ballet B ball A bellow B belong A ascend B assemble A December B decency C fatten C brave C bakery C calculation C catwalk C below C arrest C clement D fatigue D station D example D emphasis D salty D belongings D athlete D beneath A benefit C develop D telephone B depend 10 A kitchen B comedy C comet D defeat 11 A complicate B confident C commission D compile 12 A circumstance B etiquette C ability D cigarette 13 A decide B thirteen C circulation D circus 14 A combine B silent C arise D wind 15 A expedition B pencil C liberate D consider 16 A head B feature C theatre D teacher 17 A now B show C borrow D slow 18 A picture B culture C pure D nature 19 A new B sew C few D nephew 20 A thief B piece C tie D niece 21 A great B ground C August D intelligence 22 A column B known C phone D kind 23 A bomb B thumb C lamb D blue 24 A university B unique C undo D unit 25 A programs B subjects C individuals D celebrations 26 A ploughs B laughs C coughs D paragraphs 27 A reformed B appointed C stayed D installed 28 A supposed B admired C collected D posed 29 A verb B here C Deer D enginneer 30 A loud B amount C found D you Exercise 2: Choose the word with the main stress placed differently from that of the others in each group A mysterious B generous C extensive D pollution A exchange B purpose C casual D fashion A efficiency B environment C communicate D reputation A encourage B pagoda C material D grocery A provide B prevent C cover D receive A national B engineer C figure D scientist A social B electric C contain D important A money B annual C metal D design A convenient B dependent C deposit D different 10 A provide B combine C service D account 11 A follow B apology C experienced D direct 12 A adulthood B January C maximum D appropriate 13 A sociologist B developmental C contemporary 14 A appliances B scenario 15 A interpret B suspicious C interviewer C etiquettes D contributing D responsible D dishonest 16 A formality B acquaintance C regarded D ircumstance 17 A surprised B secure C contact D suggest 18 A associate B superior C equivalent D European 19 A disrespectful B untrustworthy C astonishment D acceptable 20 A disciple B depending C influence D discover 21 A collaborate B university C curriculum D development 22 A institution B destination C qualification D sociology 23 A employee B successful C volunteer D linguistics 24 A particular B representative C international D diplomatic 25 A qualified B deposit C submitted D semester 26 A appropriate B authorities C academic D admission 27 A junior B acceptance C applicant D excellent 28 A examination B international C documentary D institution 29 A success B records C admit D result 30 A appointment B ambition C applicant D diploma 31 A vacancy B interview C manager D employer 32 A accountancy B enthusiasm C certificate D profitable 33 A academic B inaccurate C managerial D unexpected 34 A asset B council C project D advance 35 A account B retail C outing D venue 36 A agenda B dynamics C manager D deposit 37 A subsequent B immature C practical D personal 38 A community B entrepreneur C activity D academy 39 A rhetoric B dynamic C climatic D phonetic 40 A medieval B malarial C mediocre D magnificent 41 A domestic B dormitory C dogmatic D deliberate 42 A redundant B acquainted C reluctant D microscopic 43 A desert B dessert C centre D circle 44 A government B expansion C excitement D fixation 45 A environment B petroleum C criterion D temperature 46 A brushwood B sandstorm C effect D farmland 47 A animal B mosquito C banana D Sahara 48 A endangered B destruction C deforestation D extinction 49 A environment B conservation C endangerment D existence 50 A vulnerable B appropriate C commercial D inaccurate [...]... /'/ đặt ở đầu âm tiết có trọng âm chính Trong những từ nhiều âm tiết có trọng âm chính và trọng âm phụ và được biểu thị /,/ Eg: father/'fɑ:ðә/, indication/,indi'kei∫n/, representative/,repri'zentәtiv/,… B Một số quy tắc đánh trọng âm: Trọng âm chỉ rơi vào những âm tiết mạnh (âm tiết chứa nguyên âm mạnh, nguyên âm đôi hoặc nguyên âm dài) Âm tiết yếu không nhận trọng âm I/ Trọng âm ở từ có 2 âm tiết: 1)... CHƯƠNG II: STRESS A Giới thiệu về trọng âm ‘Trọng âm là sự phát âm của một từ hoặc một âm tiết với nhiều lực hơn so với các từ hoặc các âm tiết xung quanh Một từ hoặc âm tiêt được nhấn trọng âm được phát âm bằng cách sử dụng nhiều khí từ phổi hơn’ (Richard, J C et al 1992:355) Các âm tiết mang trọng âm được phát âm mạnh hơn các âm tiết không mang trọng âm (được phát âm nhẹ hơn hoặc ngắn hơn hoặc đôi khi... chargÐ d' affaires C Những âm câm Là những nguyên âm và phụ âm được viết ra nhưng không được đọc (chỉ đề cập đến những âm chưa được đề cập ở những mục trên) 1 'B' câm (silent B) - 'b' câm trước 't': doubt /daut/, debt, subtle - 'b' câm sau 'm': climb /klaim/, numb, thumb, tomb 2 'h' câm (silent h) - 'h' câm khi đứng sau 'g' ở đầu từ: Eg ghoul /gu:/, ghetto, ghost,… - 'h' câm khi đứng sau 'r' ở đầu... trạng từ thì trọng âm chính rơi vào từ thứ 2, tận cùng là động từ phân từ 2 Eg: well-/done, well-/informed, short-/sighted, bad-/tempered c Các trạng từ và động từ ghẫp có trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 up/stairs, down/stairs, down-/grade, ill-/treat,… 7) Trọng âm của các động từ thành ngữ (Phrasal verbs): a Nếu cụm động từ thành ngữ có chức năng là một danh từ trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất... yếu không nhận trọng âm I/ Trọng âm ở từ có 2 âm tiết: 1) Đa số động từ có 2 âm tiết thì âm tiết thứ 2 nhận trọng âm chính: Eg: es/cape, for/get, be/gin, ac/cept Tuy nhiên có một số động từ ngoại lệ: / promise, /answer, /enter, /listen, /offer, /happen, /open 2) Đa số danh từ và tính từ 2 âm tiết có trọng âm chính rơi và âm tiết thứ nhất: Eg: /butcher, /standard, /busy, /handsome Ngoại lệ: ma/chine,... /neighborhood, /brotherhood … strength 5) Trọng âm ở các từ chỉ số đếm: thir’teen, ‘thirty / four’teen, ‘forty / fif’teen, ‘fifty … Tuy nhiên mẫu trọng âm này có thể thay đổi khi từ chỉ số đếm xuất hiện ở trong câu Ví dụ: khi nó đứng trước danh từ thì trọng âm của nó là: ‘nineteen people 6) Trọng âm ở các từ ghẫp a Hầu hết danh từ ghẫp và tính từ ghẫp có trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết đầu tiên / dishwasher, /filmmaker,... /'pleigi/ (phiền hà, quá quắt) ; buy /bai/, 9 'I' câm khi đứng sau 'u' Eg: fruit, juice, suit, bruise 10 'R' câm khi - đứng giữa nguyên âm và phụ âm Eg:arm, farm, harm, dark, darn, work, mark, mercy, /'mә:si/, world, word, worm, worn,… Note: Người Mỹ thường phát âm ‘R’ ở những từ trên - đứng sau ‘e’ trong đuôi 'er': teacher, mother, water,… 11 'w' câm khi - 'w' đứng trước 'r' và ở đầu từ Eg: wrap, wreck... động từ có trọng âm chính không đổi: ad/vice/ ad/vise, /visit, re/ply, tra/vel, /promise, /picture; 4) Còn lại đa số các từ có 2 âm tiết mà có 2 chức năng thì trọng âm thay đổi theo chức năng của từ: / record(noun)/ re/cord (verb), /present(noun)/ pre/sent (verb), /desert(noun)/ de/sert(verb) II/ Những trường hợp khác 1) Các từ có tận cùng bằng các hậu tố sau có trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết đứng ngay... holera/'kɔlәrә/(bệnh thổ tả), chemist, chemistry, architect, architecture, mechanic, scheme /ski:m/ (kế hoạch, âm mưu) monarch (vua trong chế độ quân chủ), monarchy (nước quân chủ chuyên chế), stomach, echo, orchestra, school, scholar, character,… c Chữ “ch” được phát âm là /ʃ/ trong những từ có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Pháp Eg: chic /ʃik/ (bảnh bao), chef /ʃef/ (đầu bếp), chute /ʃu:t/ (thác nước), chauffeur/'ʃoufә/... /'saiki:/ (linh hồn, tâm thần) psychedelic /'saiki'delik/ (ma tuý, cảm giác lâng lâng) psychiatry /sai'kaiәtri/ (tâm thần học) psychiatrist /sai'kaiәtrist/ (bác sỹ tâm thần) psychic /sai'kik/ ông đồng, bà đồng) psychology /sai'kɔlә dʒә/ (n) psychological /saikәlɔdʒ ikl/ (adj) - 'p' câm khi đứng trước 't' receipt /ri'sit:/ (n), empty /'emti/, ptisan /ti'zæn/ (nước thuốc sắc) - 'p' câm khi đứng trước 'b' ... burn, turn, hurt m // nhng khụng nhn trng õm: furniture, future, m /u/ mt s tiếng sau: u-: pull, push, bush m /u:/ mt s tiếng sau: rule, ruler, fruit m /ju:/ nhúm: u-e: cure, cute, acute, use ... thirst m // mt s khụng nhn trng õm: -il: pencil, to pencil, stencil, to stencil IV Chữ O có âm n sau: m /i/ ting women m // cú nhúm: o-: box, dog, god, got, pot, stop, spot m // nhúm sau:... stern, sterse, verse m /u:/ mt s ting cú tn cựng l: -ew: crew, aircrew, screw, airscrew, flew Âm /ju:/ mt s ting cú tn cựng l: -ew: new, news, fews m // mt s khụng nhn trng õm: children,