THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN VU TUAN ANH CHANGE DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SHORELINE IN THE NORTHEAST OF TAIWAN USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full - Time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : K44 – AEP THAI NGUYEN - 2016 i Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Full name NGUYEN VU TUAN ANH Student ID DTN1253180060 Thesis title Supervisor Change detection and analysis of shoreline in the northeast of Taiwan using remotely sensed data Assoc Prof Tang-Huang Lin and MSc Nguyen Van Hieu Abstract: This study focuses on the use of remotely sensed data for monitoring coastline changes from seven beaches located at the Yilan County in Taiwan during the 2000 to 2015 period For the satellite image data processing, in this study we use the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) as it can efficiently suppress from the water information the noise coming from built-up land, vegetation and soil A GIS (Geographic Information System) approach was used for the spatial analysis of coastline change It was observed that the coastline change in the Yilan County underwent complicated changes during this 15 year period In this period, the accretion rate in Yilan coastal area was about 1.04 km and the erosion rate was about 0.34 km For the analysis of the changes of the coastlines, multi-temporal Landsat images have been used The zones of varying erosion and accretion have important implications for coastal zone management in the Yilan County region Keywords Yilan County, erosion, accretion, MNDWI, remote sensing, geographic information system Number of pages Date of submission i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere thanks to the boards of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of International Training and Development Center; Advanced Education Program, for giving me this valuable and unforgettable chance studying and working in Taiwan, and more important providing me all necessary facilities, skills and knowledge to complete this bachelor thesis Furthermore, I want to deeply thanks to Assoc Prof Tang-Huang Lin (Head of Environmental Remote Sensing Laboratory (ERSL), National Central University, Taiwan) for given permission to accomplish my Bachelor thesis there, and also his contact motivating supervision during my studies in the research group of ERSL, I would like to thank to Ms Nicole Wang, who provided me the materials for my research This study was also supported and instructed by Professor Nguyen Van Hieu (Head of Spatial Research Laboratory, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam) In particular, I place on record my gratitude to him for the multivariate analysis, and the knowledge of some significant change of sandy beaches around the world Without him, this work cannot be done Finally yet importantly, I take this opportunity to record my sense of gratitude to my families and friends who encourage and backing me unceasingly Thank you very much! Student signature Nguyen Vu Tuan Anh ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 The requirement 1.4 Limitattions 1.5 The significance PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical basis 2.1.1 Shoreline erosion and accretion 2.1.2 Geographic information system (GIS) 10 2.1.3 MNDWI method 11 2.2 Practical basis 13 PART III METHODOLOGY 19 3.1 Material 19 3.1.1 The objects 19 3.1.2 The scope 19 3.2 Methods 19 3.2.1 Collecting and selecting data 19 3.2.2 Software 20 iii 3.2.3 Flowchart of methodology 20 3.3 Image pre-processing 21 3.3.1 Radiometric correction 21 3.3.2 Geometric correction 22 3.4 Compute Modified Normalize Difference Water Index (MNDWI) 23 3.5 Overlay 24 PART IV RESULTS 25 4.1 Result of shoreline change detection map 25 4.1.1 Radiometric correction 25 4.1.2 Geometric correction 27 4.1.3 Compute Modified Normalize Difference Water Index (MNDWI) 28 4.1.4 Overlay 30 4.2 Shoreline change mapping in research area 31 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 38 5.1 Discussion 38 5.2 Conclusion 38 REFERENCES 39 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Different types of coasts in Taiwan Figure 1.2 Map of study area Figure 2.1 Typhoon routes and No of occurrence (1897 - 1997) Figure 2.2 Relative spectral response (RSR) profiles showing the spectral band difference between Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) (solid curve) and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) (short dot curve) 12 Figure 3.1 The flowchart of analysis procedure 20 Figure 3.2 Band 7,4,2 21 Figure 3.3 Band 3,2,1 21 Figure 3.4 Band 4,3,2 21 Figure 4.1 Radiometric correction of Landsat 25 Figure 4.1a Original 25 Figure 4.1b Radiometric calibration 25 Figure 4.1c Region of interest 25 Figure 4.1d Dark object subtract 25 Figure 4.2 Radiometric correction of Landsat 26 Figure 4.2a Original 26 Figure 4.2b Radiometric calibration 26 Figure 4.2c Region of interest .26 Figure 4.2d Dark object subtract 26 Figure 4.3 Landsat image 2000 27 Figure 4.4 Landsat image 2015 27 vi Figure 4.5 The registration between Landsat image 2000 and 2015 28 Figure 4.6 MNDWI (Landsat 7) 29 Figure 4.7 MNDWI (Landsat 8) 29 Figure 4.8 Overlay 30 Figure 4.9 Shoreline change detection map in Yilan county, 2000 - 2015 31 Figure 4.10 Shoreline change detection map in Waiao beach and Wushi port, 2000 2015 33 Figure 4.11 Shoreline change detection map at the south of Toucheng Township, 2000 - 2015 34 Figure 4.12 Shoreline change detection map at the coast of Zhuangwei Township, 2000 - 2015 35 Figure 4.13 Shoreline change detection map at the coast of Wujie Township, 2000 2015 36 Figure 4.14 Shoreline change detection map at the north of Su'ao Township, 2000 2015 37 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Satellite and sensor characteristics .19 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CPAMI Construction and Planning Agency under the Ministry of the Interior CSRSR Center of Space and Remote Sensing Research DN Digital Number ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus GCP Ground Control Point GIS Geographic information system GPS Global Positioning System MNDWI Compute Modified Normalized Difference Water Index OLI Operational Land Imager RS Remote sensing RSR Relative Spectral Response SWIR Short-wave infrared ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale The total length of Taiwan’s shoreline is approximately 1,100 kilometers including sand, rock, cliff, gravel and reef coasts Taiwan is frequently attacked by typhoons, particularly serious in the Yilan County of northeastern Taiwan (Figure 1.1), and shoreline erosion is a major concern to local residents There always exists a panic among residents whenever a typhoon strikes because typhoons inevitably cause a threat to their safety and property The Yilan County is an alluvial plain surrounded by mountains on three sides, and its east coast borders the Pacific Ocean with a coast length of about 103 km from north to south The shoreline of the Yilan County can be divided into three coastal types: Jiaosi fault; Lanyang alluvial; and Suhua fault The topographical change of the Jiaosi and Suhua faults is little because the geological structures of both faults compose of sea rocks and coastal cliffs Therefore, this study focuses mainly on the 33-km sandy beach along the coast between Toucheng and Suao (Figure 1.2) Figure 1.1: Different types of coasts in Taiwan Figure 1.2: Map of study area Figure 4.5: The registration between Landsat image 2000 and 2015 4.1.3 Normalized Compute Modified Difference Water Index (MNDWI) In this research we use the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) as it can efficiently suppress from the water information the noise coming from built-up land, vegetation and soil 28 Figure 4.6: MNDWI (Landsat 7) Figure 4.7: MNDWI (Landsat 8) 29 4.1.4 Overlay Figure 4.8: Overlay 30 4.2 Shoreline change mapping in research area Figure 4.9: Shoreline change detection map in Yilan county, 2000 - 2015 31 The changes of shoreline in significant area On the North Coast of Yilan, artificial harbors have been constructed by building a series of breakwaters and jetties When an artificial harbor is built in an area that is subject to high-energy wave action, it will invariably interrupt the longshore flow of sand This will cause serious downdrift erosion Some harbor designs force the longshore current to make a 90-degree turn towards the ocean This causes a large rip current that may carry sand offshore that might otherwise remain in the surf zone This will have the effect of completely changing the shape of the ocean bottom An artificial harbor mouth can act as a trap for the longshore sand transport causing it to clog up with sand, which makes costly periodic dredging projects necessary 32 Figure 4.10: Shoreline change detection map at Waiao beach and Wushi port, 2000 - 2015 33 Toucheng faces east towards the Pacific and is backed by mountain from the north and east It has a coastline that stretches for 28km, which also presents in varying ways This long coastline served an important role since the Qing Dynasty, as an important business town The present helping Street is the best proof of this Figure 4.11: Shoreline change detection map at the south of Toucheng Township, 2000 - 2015 34 Figure 4.12: Shoreline change detection map at the coast of Zhuangwei Township, 2000 - 2015 35 Figure 4.13: Shoreline change detection map at the coast of Wujie Township, 2000 - 2015 36 Figure 4.14: Shoreline change detection map at the north of Su’ao Township, 2000 - 2015 37 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion Comparing the derived coastlines enables us to observe and calculate the areas of erosion and deposition in each stage Landsat imagery with 30 meters resolution is provided free by NASA that is appropriated for observing in a large area such as Yilan county The result is useful for studying the changing rates and the factors of the erosion and deposition in Mekong river delta This research also provides the useful information for land-use planning, as well as warning and finding out methods to overcome the consequence of rising sea level in future However, non-continuous data of Landsat satellite images by cloud coverage that makes results are not objective and balance when dividing range of time This method can be applied more effectively and accurately with different images that recorded continuously 5.2 Conclusion Taiwan is located in a monsoon area where typhoons strike frequently, and a large percent of the island's sandy beaches has undergone erosion to an alarming rate over the past decades This study investigates the observation data of shoreline changes collected during 2000 – 2015 at seven sandy beaches of the Yilan County The shorelines of these beaches appeared to have significantly periodic variations 38 REFERENCE Armah, F A (2009) GIS-based Assessment of Short Term Shoreline Changes in the Coastal Erosion-Sensitive Zone of Accra, Ghana, Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 5(7), 643-654 Bird, E C F., (1985) Coastal Changes: A Global Review John Wiley, Chichester [An excellent global view of the erosion problem] Bruun, P (1962) Sea Level Rise as a Cause of Shore Erosion Journal of Waterways and Harbors Division, American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings 88(15), pp 117-130 [A classic paper outlining the Bruun rule for prediction of shoreline retreat] Callaghan, D P., Nielsen, P., Short, A and Ranasinghe, R (2008) Statistical Simulation of 55(20), Wave Climate and Extreme Beach Erosion, Coastal , 375-390 Chen, L.C., Rau, J Y., (1998) Detection of shoreline changes for tideland area using multitempral Chiu, Y F (1999) Coastal Erosion and Protection Strategy in Taiwan, Civil Technology, 3(3), 102-110 Chu, F M and Lin, H M (2009): Proposal for the Investigation of Sandy Beach Erosion – A Case Study in Yilan, Taiwan: International Sediment Trap Workshop and Continental Margins 2009 (International Sediment Trap 39 Workshop) and (International Symposium on Sediment Transport and Sedimentation on Asian Continental Margins) 2009/3/24 (NSC 97-2621-M003-002) Dette, H H & Raudkivi, A J (1994) Beach Nourishment and Dune Protection, 24th ICCE, Fay, M (1988) Ancient backshore sediments between Bahari beach and Mbezi beach In: Beach Erosion Along Kunduchi Beach, North of Dar es Salaam A Report for NEMC by Beach Erosion Monitoring Committee, 55 pp El-Asmar, H M., Hereher M E (2010) Change detection of the coastal zone east of the Nile Delta using remote sensing Environmental earth sciences, 62(4), pp 769-777 Goncalves, G., Duro, N., Sousa, E and Figueiredo, I (2015) Automatic extraction of tide-coordinated shoreline using open source software and landsat imagery International Journal of Remote Sensing 31(7), pp 953-957 Griffiths, C J & Lwiza, K M (1988) Physical background of the study area In: Beach erosion along Kunduchi beach, north of Dar es Salaam A Report for NEMC by Beach Erosion Monitoring Committee 55 pp H M Lin, F M Chu and Y T Huang (2012) The beach degradation and sustainable management of the sandy coast: the Yilan coast of Northeastern Taiwan WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 166, © 2012 WIT Press 40 Hsu, M Y (1999) A Study on the Coastal Erosion and Backward at East Side of Taiwan, Civil Technology, 2(3), 64-89 Komeil R., Anuar A., Ali S and Sharifeh H (2014) Water Feature Extraction and Change Detection Using Multi-temporal Landsat Imagery J Appl Remote Sens 6(2), pp 4173-4189; doi:10.3390/rs6054173 Leu, L G (2004) Study and Application of Coastline Mapping and Area Estimation, Journal of Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 4(1), 71-88 pp 1007- 1022, Kobe, Japan Parvathy K N and Babu, D S S (2016) Spatial Shrinkage of Vembanad Lake, South West India during 1973-2015 using NDWI and MNDWI International Journal of Science and Research, 5(7), pp 1394-1401 Xu, T W (1995).The Study of Riversand Coastal Stabilization Strategy – The Studyof Protection and Ocean Program for Erosionin Yilan Coast (1).Department of Hydraulic Engineering.National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Xuejie, L and Michiel, C.J D (2010) Coastline change detection with satellite remote sensing for environmental management of the Pearl River Estuary, China Journal of Marine Systems 82 (20), pp 54 – 61 Yang (1995) Monitoring morphodynamic aspects of the present Huanghe River Delta, China An ap-proach of the integration of satellite remote sensing and geoinformatic systems 41 Yo, Q F., (1993) A study on shoreline change in Yilan Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering (Master thesis) National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 42 [...]... the shoreline position and identifying of the coastline change in the sandy beaches since 2000 using different approaches; - Investigation and analysis of the reasons of coastline change; - Evaluation of the practically of satellite remotely sensed data in the detection of coastline change, and the assessment of digital image processing and GIS techniques for the quantificative of variation in coastline... times during June 1992 and June 1994, Xu (1995) estimated that the shoreline retreat was about 50 m along the coast between the south of the Wushi Port and the north of the Lanyang River A mixture of shoreline recession and accretion is found in the coast located south of the Lanyang River Nevertheless, the entire shoreline of the Yilan County still retains a stable morphology In sum, the shoreline change. .. largest inland body of salt water in the Middle East Nevertheless, the lake has been in a critical situation in recent years due to decreasing surface water and increasing salinity This study modeled the spatiotemporal changes of Lake Urmia in the period 2000–2013 using the multitemporal Landsat 5-TM, 7-ETM+ and 8-OLI images In doing so, the applicability of different satellite-derived indexes including... signatures of each ground target among the different spectral bands and using these signatures as input for a specific classification method Another way is using a band ratio approach of two spectral bands Ratio images are calculated by dividing for each pixel the DN values in one spectral band by the corresponding pixel value in another band The advantages of using the band ratio approaches compared to the. .. also in the East of the bay along the coast of Shekou peninsula, caused by extensive harbour construction and growth of polder systems Beach degradation and sustainable management of the sandy coast: the Yilan coast of the Northeastern Taiwan By: H M Lin, F M Chu and Y T Huang The purpose of this research is to improve the knowledge of citizens towards the Yilan coastal area The basic ideas behind this... 1.3 The requirement - To classify and process spatial data - To know the rate of erosion and accretion in the research area - To be familiarized in GIS software in mapping and analyzing data 3 1.4 Limitations In this study, the tidal level data is not available, therefore, the shorelines determined by visual and manual techniques are appropriately considered for the reference in validating the final... nautical data From the change analysis, it can be concluded that the largest variations in the position of the coastline over time occurred in the Nansha Development Zone, situated in the Northern part of Lingdingyang bay Sedimentation and land reclamation was responsible for the growth of the islands in the period 1960 to 2000, which however decreased slightly in the years after Various large changes... Yilan include: - danger to life in the case of sudden onset landslide events 9 - structural damage or destruction of buildings and infrastructure - damage or destruction of lifeline infrastructure such as water, sewage and gas pipes and roads - loss of land, resulting in coastal cliffs or shorelines retreating closer to other buildings - land instability at neighbouring slopes and properties - loss of. .. 1973 and 2015 was employed to map the change in surface area of the Vembanad Lake using the water index methods In the present study Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified Normalised Difference Water Index (MNDWI) methods were used to qualify the changes in the water area of the Vembanad Lake The estuarine area were mapped using visual interpretation and ArcGIS 10.2.1 environment The. .. spatial data, and users, in which: computer system includes hardware and software for capturing, processing, and displaying information Spatial data may be maps, aerial photographs, satellite images, and statistical tables, and other related documents And users have missions as designing of standards, updating data, analyzing information, and supplementing data for system Applications of Remote sensing ... and analysis of shoreline in the northeast of Taiwan using remotely sensed data Assoc Prof Tang-Huang Lin and MSc Nguyen Van Hieu Abstract: This study focuses on the use of remotely sensed data. .. - Investigation and analysis of the reasons of coastline change; - Evaluation of the practically of satellite remotely sensed data in the detection of coastline change, and the assessment of. .. resources The following tasks will be carried out to accomplish the aim of this research: - Detection the shoreline position and identifying of the coastline change in the sandy beaches since 2000 using