A topical approach to life span development 6e chapter 6

Infancy Chapter Socioemotional Development • Emotions- feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important • Positive or negative • Biological but also embedded in relationships and culture • Providing diversity in emotional experiences • Primary - early on Like joy, anger, sadness, fear • Self-conscious - Self-Awareness, with a sense of 'me" jealousy, empathy and embarrassment Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • • Infant communication of emotions • Permits coordinated interactions with caregivers • Beginning of emotional bond Mutually Regulated (reciprocal or synchronous) • Parents change emotional expressions in response to infants • Infants modify their emotional expression in response to parents Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • • Crying (most important communication) • Basic Cry - Rhythmic pattern • Anger Cry - Variation of the basic cry • Pain Cry- Sudden long Smiling (key social signal) • Reflexive - not in response to stimuli • Social smile- in response to an external stimulus Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Fear - (typically appears around months) • But can appear as early as months in abused or neglected infants • Research - infant fear is linked to guild, empathy, and low aggression at 6-7 years of age Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Stranger Anxiety (frequent expression of fear) • Fear and wariness of strangers • Usually about 6-12 months • Less when in familiar setting • Less fearful of child strangers • Less fearful of friendly, outgoing, smiling strangers Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Separation Anxiety • Fear of being separated from caregivers • 6-12 months • Separation protest - crying when the caregiver leaves Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Emotional Regulation- infant gradually develops an ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions • Thumb sucking • Caregivers soothing, such as rocking, lullabies, stroking • Influencing infants' regulation of emotions • Sooner the better Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Research - Spoiling cannot happen in first year • Parents should soothe a crying infant • Helping infant develop a sense of trust and secure attachment to the caregiver Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Temperament-individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding • How quickly the emotion is shown, • How strong it is • How long it lasts, how quickly it fades away Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Biological Foundations, Kagan • Children inherit a particular type of temperament • Through experience they may learn to modify their temperament to some degree Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • • Gender and Temperament • Shapes environmental context that influences temperament • Parental reactions may be different for boys vs girls Culture and Temperament • May vary with parents from different groups • Childs environment can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Goodness of Fit and Parenting- Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope • Active child in quiet environment • Slow to warm child in a new environment • Can cause parenting challenges Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Parenting and the Child's Temperament" • Attention to and respect for individuality • Structuring the Child's environment • Understanding 'difficult child' • Be sensitive to the individual characteristics of the child • Be flexible in responding to these characteristics • Avoid apply negative label to the child (avoiding self-fulfilling prophecy) Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Personality Development • Personality the enduring personal characteristics of individuals • Emotions and temperament form key aspects of personality • Trust (Eriksons Trust vs Mistrust) • Developing Sense of Self (Self recognition and self-awareness) • Independence (autonomy vs shame) Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Social Orientation • Face-to-face play - linked to secure attachment • Interaction with peers (18-24 months) - increase their imitative and reciprocal play Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Locomotion • Influences exploration and expanding social world • Allows more independent social interchanges • The rewards from these pursuits lead to further efforts to explore and develop skills Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Social referencing • Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation • By end of second year They tend to check with their mother before the act Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Attachment • A close emotional bond between two people • Securely attached babies-caregiver is a secure base to explore the environment • Insecure avoidant babies-show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver (clinging anxiously or resisting, • Insecure disorganized babies-show insecurity by begin disorganized and disoriented (dazed, confused, extreme fearful)- stronger avoidance and resistance Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • The Family • • Constellation of subsystems (Generational, Gender, Role) • Father and child • Mother and father • Mother, father, child • Etc All with reciprocal influences Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • The Family • Transition to Parenthood • Disequilibrium and adaptation • New family effects on attachments • Other friends • Careers • Each other • Own interests • etc Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Reciprocal Socialization- mutual influence that parents and children exert on each other • Socialization that is bidirectional • Children socialize parents • Parents socialize children Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Scaffolding- A type of Reciprocal Socialization • Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with parents • Parental behavior support the child with positive reciprocal feedback • Skill building • Peek-a-boo, pat-a cake, etc Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Managing and Guiding Behavior • To reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors • Includes, child-proofing the environment • And corrective methods such as throwing objects, fussing, crying • Diverting Attention, reasoning, ignoring, negotiating • Harsh physical punishment can be harmful and progressive Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Child Care (economic issues0 • Quality child care can be achieved and seems to have few adverse effects on children • • Safe environments, • with age appropriate toys and activities • Low caregiver-to child ratio Research - Higher-quality child care Was linked with fewer problems in children [...]... reciprocal influences Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • The Family • Transition to Parenthood • Disequilibrium and adaptation • New family effects on attachments • Other friends • Careers • Each other • Own interests • etc Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Reciprocal Socialization- mutual influence that parents and children exert on each other • Socialization that is bidirectional... • Biological Foundations, Kagan • Children inherit a particular type of temperament • Through experience they may learn to modify their temperament to some degree Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • • Gender and Temperament • Shapes environmental context that influences temperament • Parental reactions may be different for boys vs girls Culture and Temperament • May vary with parents from...Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Temperament (Chess and Thomas' Classification) - moderately stable across childhood years • Easy child -generally positive, adapts easily • Difficult child - generally negative, cries frequently, slow to accept change • Slow -to- warm-up child- low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood Emotional Expression and Social Relationships... bidirectional • Children socialize parents • Parents socialize children Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Scaffolding- A type of Reciprocal Socialization • Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with parents • Parental behavior support the child with positive reciprocal feedback • Skill building • Peek -a- boo, pat -a cake, etc Emotional Expression and... • Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation • By end of second year They tend to check with their mother before the act Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Attachment • A close emotional bond between two people • Securely attached babies-caregiver is a secure base to explore the environment • Insecure avoidant babies-show insecurity by avoiding... environment can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Goodness of Fit and Parenting- Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope • Active child in quiet environment • Slow to warm child in a new environment • Can cause parenting challenges Emotional Expression and... Relationships • Personality Development • Personality the enduring personal characteristics of individuals • Emotions and temperament form key aspects of personality • Trust (Eriksons Trust vs Mistrust) • Developing Sense of Self (Self recognition and self-awareness) • Independence (autonomy vs shame) Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Social Orientation • Face -to- face play - linked to. .. secure attachment • Interaction with peers (18-24 months) - increase their imitative and reciprocal play Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Locomotion • Influences exploration and expanding social world • Allows more independent social interchanges • The rewards from these pursuits lead to further efforts to explore and develop skills Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Social... Social Relationships • Parenting and the Child's Temperament" • Attention to and respect for individuality • Structuring the Child's environment • Understanding 'difficult child' • Be sensitive to the individual characteristics of the child • Be flexible in responding to these characteristics • Avoid apply negative label to the child (avoiding self-fulfilling prophecy) Emotional Expression and Social... avoiding the caregiver (clinging anxiously or resisting, • Insecure disorganized babies-show insecurity by begin disorganized and disoriented (dazed, confused, extreme fearful)- stronger avoidance and resistance Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • The Family • • Constellation of subsystems (Generational, Gender, Role) • Father and child • Mother and father • Mother, father, child • Etc All with ... response to an external stimulus Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Fear - (typically appears around months) • But can appear as early as months in abused or neglected infants • Research... infant fear is linked to guild, empathy, and low aggression at 6- 7 years of age Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Stranger Anxiety (frequent expression of fear) • Fear and wariness... recognition and self-awareness) • Independence (autonomy vs shame) Emotional Expression and Social Relationships • Social Orientation • Face -to- face play - linked to secure attachment • Interaction