Human resource management gaining a competitive advantage 2014 chapter 12

Introduction • Organizations have a relatively large degree of discretion in deciding how to pay • Each employee’s pay is based upon individual performance, profits, seniority, or other factors • Regardless of cost differences, different pay programs can have very different consequences for productivity and return on investment 12-1 How Does Pay Influence Individual Employees? Three different theories help explain compensation’s effects: Reinforcement Theory Expectancy Theory Agency Theory 12-2 How Does Pay Influence Individual Employees? • Reinforcement Theory - A response followed by a reward is more likely to recur in the future • Expectancy Theory - Motivation is a function of valence, instrumentality, and expectancy • Agency Theory -The interests of the principals (owners) and their agents (managers) may no longer converge – Types of agency costs include: • perquisites • attitudes towards risk • decision-making horizons 12-3 Agency Costs • Agency costs may be minimized by the principal choosing a contracting scheme that helps align the interests of the agent with the principal's own interests • The type of contract depends partly on the following factors: – risk aversion – outcome uncertainty – job programmability – measurable job outcomes – ability to pay – tradition 12-4 Programs for Recognizing Employee Contributions • Programs differ by payment method, frequency of payout, and ways of measuring performance • Potential consequences of such programs are performance motivation of employees, attraction of employees, organization culture, and costs • Contingencies that may influence whether a pay program fits the situation are management style, and type of work Merit Pay Incentive Pay Profit Sharing Skill-based Gain Sharing Ownership 12-5 Merit Pay • Merit pay programs link performanceappraisal ratings to annual pay increases • A merit increase grid combines an employee’s performance rating with the employee’s position in a pay range to determine the size and frequency of his or her pay increases • Some organizations provide guidelines regarding the percentage of employees who should fall into each performance category 12-6 Merit Pay • Edward W Deming, who is a critic of merit pay, argues that it is unfair to rate individual performance because "apparent differences between people arise almost entirely from the system that they work in, not the people themselves.” • Criticisms of merit pay include: – The focus on merit pay discourages teamwork – The measurement of performance is done unfairly and inaccurately – Merit pay may not really exist 12-7 Individual Incentives • Individual incentives reward individual performance, but payments are not rolled into base pay, and performance is usually measured as physical output rather than by subjective ratings • They are relatively rare because: – Most jobs have no physical output measure – There are many potential administrative problems – Employees may what they get paid for and nothing else – They typically not fit in with the team approach – They may be inconsistent with organizational goals – Some incentive plans reward output at the expense of quality or customer service 12-8 Profit Sharing • Under profit sharing, payments are based on a measure of organization performance (profits), and payments not become a part of base pay – The advantage is that profit sharing may encourage employees to think more like owners – The drawback is that workers may perceive their performance has little to with profit but is more related to top management decisions over which they have little control 12-9 Ownership • Ownership encourages employees to focus on the success of the organization as a whole, but, like profit sharing, ownership may be less motivational the larger the organization • One method to achieve employee ownership is through stock options, which give employees the opportunity to buy company stock at a previously fixed price • Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) are employee ownership plans that give employers certain tax and financial advantages when stock is granted to employees – ESOPs can carry significant risk for employees 12-10 Gainsharing • Gainsharing programs offer a means of sharing productivity gains with employees, and are based on group or plant performance that does not become part of the employee’s base salary • Conditions that should be in place for gainsharing to be effective include: – management commitment – a need to change or a strong commitment to continuous improvement – management's acceptance and encouragement of employee input 12-11 Gainsharing • Conditions that should be in place for gainsharing to be effective include: – high levels of cooperation and interaction – employment security – information sharing on productivity and costs – goal setting – commitment of all involved parties to the process of change and improvement – agreement on a performance standard and calculation that is undesirable, seen as fair, and closely related to managerial objectives 12-12 Group Incentives and Team Awards • Group incentives tend to measure performace in terms of physical output • Team award plans may use a broader range of performance measures • Drawbacks are that individual competition may be replaced by competition between groups or teams 12-13 Balanced Scorecard • Some companies find it useful to design a mix of pay programs • The four categories of a balanced scorecard include: – financial – customer – internal – learning and growth 12-14 Managerial and Executive Pay • Top managers and executives are a strategically important group whose compensation warrants special attention • In some companies rewards for executives are high regardless of profitability or stock market performance • Executive pay can be linked to organizational performance (from agency theory) • There has been increased pressure from regulators and shareholders to better link pay and performance – The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 12-15 CEO Pay • Great Britain 3-1 • Japan 7-1 • USA 450 -1 12-16 Process and Context Issues Three issues represent areas of significant company discretion and pose opportunities to compete effectively: Employee Participation in Decision Making Pay and Process: Intertwined Effects Communication 12-17 Matching Pay Strategy and Organization Strategy Organization Strategy Pay Strategy Dimensions Risk sharing (variable pay) Time orientation Pay level (short-run) Pay level (long-run potential) Benefits level Centralization of pay decisions Pay unit of analysis Concentration Low Short-term Above market Below market Above market Centralized Job Growth High Long-term Below market Above market Below market Decentralized Skills 12-18 ... design a mix of pay programs • The four categories of a balanced scorecard include: – financial – customer – internal – learning and growth 12- 14 Managerial and Executive Pay • Top managers and... undesirable, seen as fair, and closely related to managerial objectives 12- 12 Group Incentives and Team Awards • Group incentives tend to measure performace in terms of physical output • Team award... plans may use a broader range of performance measures • Drawbacks are that individual competition may be replaced by competition between groups or teams 12- 13 Balanced Scorecard • Some companies