The world of the Counselor An introduction to the counseling profession 5e chapter 2

 Systems: Family and social systems perspective has become required focus by CACREP Field experience: Practicum, Internship, and other “field experiences” today seen as critical in co

The Counseling Profession’s

Past, Present and Future

 Since dawn of existence, people have attempted

to understand the human condition

 Shamans

 Egyptian papyrus (3330BCE)—attempt to

understand functions of the brain

he recommended getting married!

 Early philosophers (cont’d)

 Monotheistic religions: Old Testament, New Testament, Quran, and other religious text speak to how to “treat” suffering

 Plotinus (205-270): Soul separate from the body (dualistic understanding of mind and body)

 Descartes (1596-1650) and James Mill 1836): Mind a blank slate upon which ideas become generated

(1773- These three professions originated in the 19th

century and all impacted on the counseling field

 Over the years, they have maintained their

unique identities, but have all moved to many

of the same theoretical conclusions

 Today, they, along with the counseling

profession, can be seen on slightly different, yet parallel paths

 See Figure 2.1, p 35

 All of above led to

social casework, group

work, community, first

social work programs

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 1940s-1950s: focus on family and social

 Systems: Family and social systems perspective has become required focus by CACREP

 Field experience: Practicum, Internship, and other

“field experiences” today seen as critical in counseling programs

 Advocacy and Social Justice: Social work’s focus

on advocacy and social justice has become an important ingredient for the counseling

profession

Historical Background (Early Basis of Psychology)

• Greek philosophers

• Hippocrates: Focused on how to treat mental illness

• Plato (427-347 BCE ): Introspection and reflection—road to knowledge; dreams and fantasies—substitute

satisfactions; human condition: physical, moral and spiritual origins

• Aristotle (384-322BCE): Considered “first psychologist”

used objectivity and reason to study knowledge

• Augustine (354-430) and Aquinas (1225-1274): highlighted consciousness, self-examination, and inquiry

• Focus on Christianity during Augustine and Aquinas times limited the psychological nature of people

Historical Background (1800s)

• Europe: First experimental psychologists studied

similarities and differences of people

• E.g.,: Wundt and Galton

• 1800s in U.S.: experimental psychologists

• James Cattell & G Stanley Hall (1 st president of APA)

• Williams James’ theory of philosophical pragmatism:

truth and reality is continually constructed

• Testing: Binet, vocational assessment, personality

tests

• Mesmer (mesmerize), Charcot (hypnosis)

• Psychoanalysis and Freud

Historical Background (late 1800s to 1900s)

• 1892: APA

• Other schools arise:

• Pavlov (classical conditioning); Phenomenology

psychology; Existentialism psychology; Gestalt psychology

• Above schools led to today’s cognitive-behavioral

and existential-humanistic therapies

• Mid 1940’s: Division 17 (counseling psychology)

• Today: experimental psychologists, clinical and

counseling psychologists, school psychologists, psychologists in business and industrial

organizations

 Probably influenced counseling most of all

professions

 Gave us the first comprehensive approaches to

counseling and therapy

 Tests developed by psychologist used by early

vocational counselors and other counselors today

 Research techniques

 Early development of counseling skills

Historical Background

• Mental illness originally: mystical,

demonic treatment horrific

• Pinel (late 1700s): Founder of psychiatry; one of

first to view mental illness from a scientific perspective

• Other well known psychiatrists:

• Kraepelin (early classification system)

• Charcot and Janet: relationship between disorders and the mind

• Rush and Dix: Advocated for humane treatment of mentally ill (see Box 2.1, p 40)

• Assoc of Medical Superintendents of Am

Institutions for Insane—Forerunner of APA (1844)

Historical Background

• Early 1900s: Many psychiatrists into

psychoanalysis, some move toward psychobiology, some toward social psychiatry

• 1950s and 1960s: Expansion of psychotropics

• 1950s: DSM-I, Today DSM-IV-TR; 2013: DSM-5

• 1960s: Psychiatrists needed to work in

Community Based Mental Health Centers after

• Diagnosis

 Precursors to the Counseling Profession: The

1800s

 Read quote, top of p 41

 Beginning of Counseling Influenced by:

 Social Reform Movement of the 1800s

▪ John Dewey writings in education

▪ More humane treatment of the mentally ill

▪ Social Workers who worked with poor and destitute

 Beginning of Counseling Movement Influenced by:

 Need for Vocational Guidance in the late 1800s

▪ Traced all the way back to: Sanchez de Arevalo

(1468) Mirror of Men’s Lives

 Testing

▪ Binet Intelligence test

▪ Group tests (e.g., special and multiple aptitude

testing)

▪ Others

 Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Turn of 20 th Century

▪ Offered a “psychological view” of people

 Vocational Guidance Movement—early 1900s

 Jesse Davis, Anna Reed, Eli Weaver

 Frank Parsons and Spread of Vocational Guidance

▪ Influenced by Jane Addams

▪ Man with a vision—”Founder” of guidance in America

▪ Vocational Guidance: 3-part process, see top of p 44

▪ Established Vocational Bureau

▪ Led to establishment of NVGA

 John Brewer

 Wagner-O’Day Act

 “Vocational” & “Guidance” counselors are first

counselors

Counseling and Expansion of Testing Movement

(1900-1950)

 Army Alpha (see Box 2.2, p 45)

 Strong Interest Inventory

 Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet

 Group testing and vocational guidance

 Some tests used in vocational guidance, other tests later used in school and agency

counseling

 Spread of Psychotherapy Impact on Counseling 1950)

(1900- Clifford Beers: A Mind that Found Itself:

▪ Congress passed laws to improve mental hospitals

 End of WWI, doughboys, PTSD

▪ Need for more helpers

 E G Williamson’s Minnesota Point of View (trait and

factory theory)

 Humanists fleeing Europe

 Carl Rogers and Rochester Guidance Clinic

 All of the above influenced the burgeoning counseling field as counselors moved from schools into other areas

 The 1950s: Emergence, Expansion, and

Diversification

 Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy

 Developmental theories of counseling arise:

career counseling, child development, lifespan

development Sputnik and NDEA

 End of WWII and college counseling

 1960s: Increased Diversification

 Ellis

 Behavioral: Bandura, Wolpe, Krumboltz

 Glasser’s Reality Therapy

 Gestalt: Perls

 Existential: Arbuckle, Frankl, May

 Expansion of services: Johnson’s Great Society

 Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963

 NDEA expanded

 Other federal acts

 APGA’s 1961 1 st ethical code

 Precursors of CACREP

 More ACA divisions and branches: NECA, AACE, State branches

 Continued Proliferation: 1970s

 Donaldson v O’Connor (see Box 2.3, p 44)

 Expansion of Community Mental Health Centers Act (12 services)

 Rehabilitation Act

 PL 94-142

 Microcounseling skills training

 Multicultural Counseling: Sue, Pedersen, Cross, Atkinson

 ACES draft of standards for counseling programs

 CORE

 NACMHC

 Virginia: First state to have licensing

 New Divisions: AMCD, ASERVIC, ASGW, IAAOC, AMHCA

 1980s-2000: Recent Changes

 CACREP (1981)

 NBCC started NCC (1982)

 IAMFC: certification for family therapists (1994)

 Increased focus on multicultural issues

 AMCD: Multicultural Counseling Competencies (1991)

 Focus on: ethics, supervision, teaching, & online

counseling

 ACPA disaffiliates

 AMHCA and ASCA threaten disaffiliation

 APGA becomes AACD (1983) then ACA (1992)

 New divisions: ACEG, AADA, IAMFC ACCA, AGLBIC, CSJ

 The New Millennium: 2000 and On

 Licensing in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and DC

 Divisions become increasingly independent (not separate) of ACA

 ASCA National Model

 New divisions: ACC and CSJ

 Importance of Evidence-Based Practice

 The New Millennium: 2000 and On (Cont’d)

 Multicultural Counseling know considered

“fourth force”

 Focus on Social Justice Advocacy

▪ 2003: ACA endorses Advocacy Competencies

▪ Fifth Force?

 Focus on Crisis, Disaster, and Trauma Training

 2005: New Ethics Code

 2010: 20/20 Standards (see bottom of p 54)

 We are what we are because of our past.

 Why not strive to understand from whence we

came, and attempt to make smart, conscious choices about our future

 It’s not easy taking a hard look at oneself, and it

is difficult memorizing all those names!

 See Table 2.1, pp 56-58

 Learning from the Past, Moving Toward the Future

 Are we moving fast enough?

 Today we must:

▪ Ensure all students are trained in the Multicultural Counseling Competencies and Advocacy

Competencies

▪ Ensure all students are working on their biases

▪ Ensure that all students have the knowledge and skills to be culturally competent

▪ Provide vehicles for increased scholarship, especially outcome research relative to social justice and

cross-cultural counseling

 Ethics: Changing over time

 Prior ethical codes tells us where we’ve been

 New ethical codes tell us where we are and point

us in the direction of the future

 Must be aware of our ethical codes

 Looking Back, Looking Ahead, and Embracing

Paradigm Shifts

 Our history tells us about where we have been

 Our history shows us our paradigm shifts

 But, where are we now?

 What new paradigm shifts might be occurring now?