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Chapter Five Weathering: The Breakdown of Rocks CHAPTER 5: WEATHERING: THE BREAKDOWN OF ROCKS A) WEATHERING: PROCESS BY WHICH ROCKS AND MINERALS BREAK DOWN AT OR NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE ΒΕΝΕΦΙΤΣ ΟΦ ΩΕΑΤΗΕΡΙΝΓ: ΠΡΟ∆ΥΧΕΣ ΣΟΙΛΣ (ΜΙΝΕΡΑΛΣ ΑΝ∆ ΕΛΕΜΕΝΤΣ) ∆ΕΤΡΙΜΕΝΤ ΟΦ ΩΕΑΤΗΕΡΙΝΓ: ∆ΕΣΤΡΟΨΣ ΣΤΡΥΧΤΥΡΕΣ ΩΕ ΒΥΙΛ∆ Β) ΕΡΟΣΙΟΝ: ΠΡΟΧΕΣΣ ΒΨ ΩΗΙΧΗ ΜΟςΙΝΓ ΩΑΤΕΡ, ΩΙΝ∆, ΟΡ ΙΧΕ ΧΑΡΡΙΕΣ ΠΙΕΧΕΣ ΟΦ ΡΟΧΚΣ ΑΝ∆ ∆ΕΠΟΣΙΤΣ Χ) ΣΕ∆ΙΜΕΝΤ: ΛΟΟΣΕ, ΦΡΑΓΜΕΝΤΕ∆ ΣΥΡΦΑΧΕ ΜΑΤΕΡΙΑΛ II WEATHERING PROCESS: Α ΜΕΧΗΑΝΙΧΑΛ ΩΕΑΤΗΕΡΙΝΓ (ΒΡΕΑΚΣ ΡΟΧΚΣ ΙΝΤΟ ΣΜΑΛΛΕΡ ΠΙΕΧΕΣ) ∀ • ΦΡΟΣΤ ΩΕ∆ΓΙΝΓ (ΕΞΠΑΝΣΙΟΝ ΟΦ ΧΡΑΧΚΣ ΙΝ ΡΟΧΚ ΑΣ ΩΑΤΕΡ ΙΝ ΤΗΕ ΧΡΑΧΚ ΦΡΕΕΖΕΣ ΑΝ∆ ΕΞΠΑΝ∆Σ) ∀ • ΣΑΛΤ ΧΡΨΣΤΑΛ ΓΡΟΩΤΗ (ΦΟΡΧΕΣ ΧΡΑΧΚ’Σ ΩΑΛΛΣ ΦΑΡΤΗΕΡ ΑΠΑΡΤ) ∀ • ΤΗΕΡΜΑΛ ΕΞΠΑΝΣΙΟΝ ΑΝ∆ ΧΟΝΤΡΑΧΤΙΟΝ (ΑΛΤΕΡΝΑΤΕ ΕΝΛΑΡΓΕΜΕΝΤ ΑΝ∆ ΣΗΡΙΝΚΙΝΓ) ∀ • ΜΕΧΗΑΝΙΧΑΛ ΕΞΦΟΛΙΑΤΙΟΝ (ΦΡΑΧΤΥΡΙΝΓ ΑΝ∆ ΡΕΜΟςΑΛ ΟΦ ΣΥΧΧΕΣΣΙςΕ ΡΟΧΚ ΛΑΨΕΡΣ ΑΣ ∆ΕΕΠ ΡΟΧΚΣ ΕΞΠΑΝ∆ Υ ΠΩΑΡ∆ ΑΦΤΕΡ ΟςΕΡΛΨΙΝΓ ΡΟΧΚΣ ΗΑςΕ ΕΡΟ∆Ε∆ ΑΩΑΨ) OTHER MECHANICAL WEATHERING PROCESSES GROWTH OF PLANT ROOTS (EXPANDS EXISTING CRACKS IN ROCKS) o BURROWING ANIMAL ACTIVITIES o ABRASION OF TRANSPORTED PARTICLES o Mechanical Weathering • Frost action – Mechanic effect of freezing (and expanding) water on rocks • Pressure release – Removal of overlying rock allows expansion and fracturing • Plant growth – Growing roots widen fractures • Burrowing animals • Thermal cycling – Large temperature changes fracture rocks by repeated expansion and contraction Mechanical Weathering Mechanical weathering-contd Mechanical weathering-contd Surface Area & Weathering Frost Wedging 3.OXIDATION (REACTION OF CERTAIN CHEMICALS WITH O2) ι ιι ΙΡΟΝ ΟΞΙ∆ΕΣ ΧΟΠΠΕΡ ΟΞΙ∆ΕΣ ΗΨ∆ΡΟΛΨΣΙΣ (ΡΕΠΛΑΧΕΜΕΝΤ ΟΦ ΜΑϑΟΡ ΠΟΣΙΤΙςΕ ΙΟΝΣ ΩΙΤΗ ΠΡΟΤΟΝΣ) ΟΦ ΠΟΤΑΣΣΙΥΜ ΦΕΛ∆ΣΠΑΡ ΙΝΤΟ ι) ΧΛΑΨ: ΒΕΧΟΜΕΣ ΠΑΡΤ ΟΦ ΣΟΙΛ ιι) ΣΙΛΙΧΙΧ ΑΧΙ∆: ΧΕΜΕΝΤΣ ΣΕ∆ΙΜΕΝΤΣ ΟΡ ΦΟΡΜΣ ΑΝΙΜΑΛ ΣΗΕΛΛΣ ΑΝ∆ ΣΚΕΛΕΤΟΝΣ ιιι) ΠΟΤΑΣΣΙΥΜ ΙΟΝΣ: ΠΡΟςΙ∆Ε ΠΛΑΝΤ ΝΥΤΡΙΕΝΤΣ Spheroidal weathering FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CHEMICAL WEATHERING 1.ΧΛΙΜΑΤΕ ι) ΜΟΙΣΤΥΡΕ ιι) ΗΕΑΤ ιιι) ςΕΓΕΤΑΤΙΟΝ ΛΙςΙΝΓ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΣΜΣ ΤΙΜΕ Mineral composition MINERAL COMPOSITION: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A MINERAL’S TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE OF CRYSTALLIZATION AND ITS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO WEATHERING (HIGH TEMP CRYSTALLIZATION LESS STABLE AND EASILY WEATHERED-EXAMPLE: OLIVINE & PYROXENE) REGOLITH: LOOSE, FRAGMENTED MATERIAL THAT COVERS MUCH OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE SOIL: UPPERMOST ORGANIC-RICH PORTION OF THE REGOLITH Rounded Boulder D.SOME PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING: a) CLAY MINERAL i) KAOLINITE ii) SMECTITE iii) PRACTICAL USES FOR CLAYS b) METAL ORES i) FORMATION OF BAUXITE ii) OTHER ORES Soil • Soil - a layer of weathered, unconsolidated material on top of bedrock – Common soil constituents: • • • • Clay minerals Quartz Water Organic matter • Soil horizons – O horizon - uppermost layer; organic material – A horizon - dark layer rich in humus, organic acids – E horizon - zone of leaching; fine-grained components removed by percolating water – B horizon - zone of accumulation; clays and iron oxides leached down from above – A horizon - partially weathered bedrock Bedrock composition on soil Soils and Climate • Soil thickness and composition are greatly affected by climate – Wet climates: • More chemical weathering and thicker soils • Soils in moderately wet climates tend to have significant clay-rich layers, which may be solid enough to form a hardpan – Arid climates: • Less chemical weathering and thinner soils • Subsurface evaporation leads to build-up of salts • Calcite-rich accumulation zones may form, cementing soil together into a hardpan – Extremely wet climates (e.g., tropical rainforest) • Highly leached and unproductive soils (laterites) • Most nutrients come from thick O/A horizons Vegetation and soil development Typical Mature soil CLASSIFYING SOILS ΟΛ∆ ΧΛΑΣΣΙΦΙΧΑΤΙΟΝ ΣΨΣΤΕΜ ∀ • ΠΕ∆ΑΛΦΕΡΣ ∀ • ΠΕ∆ΟΧΑΛΣ ∀ • ΛΑΤΕΡΙΤΕΣ ΜΟ∆ΕΡΝ ΧΛΑΣΣΙΦΙΧΑΤΙΟΝ ΣΨΣΤΕΜ α) ΒΑΣΕ∆ ΟΝ ΜΑΝΨ ΠΗΨΣΙΑΛ & ΧΗΕΜΙΧΑΛ ΧΗΑΡΑΧΤΕΡΙΣΤΙΧΣ β) ΕΞΑΜΠΛΕΣ ΟΦ ΣΟΙΛ ΤΨΠΕΣ 1) ΕΝΤΙΣΟΛ 2) ςΕΡΤΙΣΟΛ 3) ΟΞΙΣΟΛ 4) ΥΛΤΙΣΟΛ ΠΑΛΕΟΣΟΛΣ (“ΟΛ∆ ΣΟΙΛΣ”) Typical Mature Soil SUMMARY – CHAPTER 5: • ∆ΕΦΙΝΙΤΙΟΝ ΟΦ ΩΕΑΤΗΕΡΙΝΓ ΑΝ∆ ΕΡΟΣΙΟΝ−∆ΙΦΦΕΡΕΝΧΕ ΒΕΤΩΕΕΝ ΤΗΕΜ • ΜΕΧΗΑΝΙΧΑΛ ΩΕΑΤΗΕΡΙΝΓ • ΩΕΑΤΗΕΡΙΝΓ ΒΨ ΤΗΕΡΜΑΛ ΕΞΠΑΝΣΙΟΝ & ΧΟΝΤΡΑΧΤΙΟΝ • ΜΟΣΤ ΙΜΠΟΡΤΑΝΤ ΦΑΧΤΟΡ ΑΦΦΕΧΤΙΝΓ ΧΗΕΜΙΧΑΛ ΩΕΑΤΗΕΡΙΝΓ • ΟΞΙ∆ΑΤΙΟΝ • ΗΨ∆ΡΟΛΨΣΙΣ • ΜΙΝΕΡΑΛ ΤΗΑΤ ΙΣ ΜΟΣΤ ΣΥΣΧΕΠΤΙΒΛΕ ΤΟ ΩΕΑΤΗΕΡΙΝΓ • ΩΕΤ/ΩΑΡΜ ςΣ ∆ΡΨ/ΧΟΛ∆ • ΜΙΝΕΡΑΛ’Σ ΣΤΑΒΙΛΙΤΨ ΦΟΡ ΩΕΑΤΗΕΡΙΝΓ • ΦΟΡΜΑΤΙΟΝ ΟΦ ΧΛΑΨ ΜΙΝΕΡΑΛΣ • ΡΕΓΟΛΙΤΗ ΑΝ∆ ΣΟΙΛ • ∆ΙΦΦΕΡΕΝΤ ΣΟΙΛ ΗΟΡΙΖΟΝΣ [...]... ΙΟΝΣ: ΠΡΟςΙ∆Ε ΠΛΑΝΤ ΝΥΤΡΙΕΝΤΣ Spheroidal weathering FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CHEMICAL WEATHERING 1.ΧΛΙΜΑΤΕ ι) ΜΟΙΣΤΥΡΕ ιι) ΗΕΑΤ ιιι) ςΕΓΕΤΑΤΙΟΝ 2 ΛΙςΙΝΓ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΣΜΣ 3 ΤΙΜΕ Mineral composition MINERAL COMPOSITION: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A MINERAL S TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE OF CRYSTALLIZATION AND ITS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO WEATHERING (HIGH TEMP CRYSTALLIZATION LESS STABLE AND EASILY WEATHERED-EXAMPLE: OLIVINE... PORTION OF THE REGOLITH Rounded Boulder D.SOME PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING: a) CLAY MINERAL i) KAOLINITE ii) SMECTITE iii) PRACTICAL USES FOR CLAYS b) METAL ORES i) FORMATION OF BAUXITE ii) OTHER ORES Soil • Soil - a layer of weathered, unconsolidated material on top of bedrock – Common soil constituents: • • • • Clay minerals Quartz Water Organic matter • Soil horizons – O horizon - uppermost layer;

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